FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE

FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE (Mo. A) PRODUCTIVE SAFETY NET PROGRAM PUBLIC WORKS

PSNP Design Process Facts § Chronic food insecurity has been a noticeable feature of rural Ethiopia in the past years, § The reasons for chronic poverty and CFI in the country are: § Dramatic variations in the climate(RF); § Repeated environmental shocks; § Poor farming system-unwise use of land & forest resources; § Subsistence farming on small fragmented plots of degraded land, § For a long time the response to CFI problem had been emergency food aid through an emergency appeals approach (emergency relief).

. . § The emergency relief approach had limited effectiveness at protecting productive assets; and mitigating drought shocks. § There was an urgent need to look for an approach that would give sustainable and longterm solution to the problem (by the GOE & donors) § In 2005, the strategy of distributing food aid in CFI areas is revised (Emergency appeals were replaced with a standing safety net programme “The PSNP” as a response to the situation.

Objective of PSNP To provide transfers to the food insecure households in chronically food insecure woredas in a way that prevents asset depletion at the household level and creates asset at the community level.

PSNP Components 1. Direct Support Ensure supports to households who lack labour, have no other means of support, and who are chronically food insecure 2. Public Works Able bodied households targeted for PSNP will participate in PW , and they will be paid for their labor spent in PW’s

Area Coverage Covers food insecure woredas/districts in drought prone areas - 8 regions - 319 woredas/districts n Covers chronically food insecure households - recently > Five million beneficiaries n

Targeting n Targeting is the process by which chronically food insecure households are selected to participate in public works or receive direct support. n PSNP combines administrative and community based targeting approaches

. . Administrative targeting encompasses determining the number of PSNP clients in a specific geographic settings. n Community – based approaches is used for the identification of HH’s by the community FSTF , and the verification of clients in a public meeting in which the entire PSNP client list is read out and discussed n

Targeting criteria and process The household should be the member of that community n The HH should be CFI who faced continuous food shortage for at least 3 consecutive years or above , and n HH who suddenly become more food insecure as a result of a severe loss of assets and are therefore unable to meet their food needs n n

PSNP resources Cash & Food n Follows cash first principle n Transfer size: Wage rate equivalent to 3 kg of grain per day/person for 5 days a Month, for 6 months/ year. n Preference of beneficiaries n

Type and amount of transfer n n n Transfers are provided to households on a monthly basis for six consecutive months. All PSNP beneficiaries receive the same transfer regardless of whether they participate in Public Works or Direct Support The cash and food transfers are set at the level required to smooth household consumption or fill the food gap Households are provided transfers of cash, food, or a temporal mix of both resources. The mix of cash and food resources tends to be used in a way that addresses the seasonal rise in food prices

Public works n Public works are labour-intensive community-based sub-projects designed to address the underlying causes of chronic food insecurity through the provision of employment for chronically food insecure people who have labour.

Principles of PSNP PW’s Labor –based n Participation n Predictability n Proximity n Integration n Water shade approach n Follows ESMF guideloine n

. . n Major Public Works Activities - Soil and water conservation activities - SSI - Water harvesting schemes - Water supply schemes - Afforestation - Infrastructure development , and - Construction of social services

Main achievements of PSNP n The PSNP has demonstrated the value of a shift away from a humanitarian response to more development oriented approach in addressing food gap. n More than seven million people have received PSNP transfers enabling them to meet their consumption needs, reducing the risk they faced and providing them with alternative options to protect selling of productive asset 15

. . n So far measurable changes have been recorded in the livelihood of the program beneficiaries because of the implementation of the Safety net program n Countless worthwhile public work projects have been undertaken that have built community infrastructure; social services and protected the natural environment

. . n n PSNP public works have led to important improvements in rural infrastructure and watershed development. PSNP public works participants have constructed over 39, 000 km of road and maintained an additional 83, 000 km, thereby linking rural communities to small towns where they can access inputs, markets, and services.

. . n Public works have also contributed to improved access to education and health services through the construction of over 5, 000 health posts and construction/rehabilitation of 4, 300 school rooms

. . n In terms of watershed development, PSNP participants have constructed 600, 000 km of soil and stone bunds, which enhance water retention and reducing soil and water run-off; and protected 644, 000 ha of land in area enclosures, which increases soil fertility and carbon sequestration.

. . n Moreover, public works have supported livelihoods through the development of water infrastructure for household and agricultural use through the construction or rehabilitation of over 208, 000 ponds, the development of 8, 100 springs, the construction of over 55, 000 hand-dug wells, and the construction or rehabilitation of 8, 300 km of canals.

. . n PSNP has a large contribution to climate change adaptation. PSNP is building resilience and raising production within rain-fed agriculture. Through its watershed rehabilitation activities it is restoring local aquifers and springs as well as enabling the restoration of degraded lands.

Graduation The ultimate goal of the program is graduation n “A household will be graduate when, in the absence of receiving PSNP transfers, it can meet its food needs for all 12 months and is able to withstand modest shocks. ”

Contd. . n Progress towards graduation: - More than 3. 4 million program beneficiaries became food self sufficient who were food insecure in 2006

Institutional Arrangement Sharing of responsibility and coordination of activities between multiple actors n NRMD responsible for public works in PSNP n EWRD responsible for RFM n AED responsible for HABP n Mo. FED is responsible for cash resource management n

Coordination n n n n Use of country systems, existing GOE structure Program is aligned with national priorities Avoids parallel implementations structures One pooled account and channel for FM Agreed performance targets Mo. U to define roles and responsibilities Government and donors coordination mechanisms (JSOC, JTC, DWGs, DCT, JRIS, RRT, FSTF at district and community levels) Jointly agreed M&E systems (reviews, studies…)

Social Protection Policy of Ethiopia The social protection policy document has been developed for the country and it is endorsed by the council of Ministers. Vision n To see all Ethiopians enjoy social and economic wellbeing , security and social justice n

focus areas of the SP policy 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Promote Social Safety net. Employment generation and livelihood promotion. Promote social insurance. Addressing inequalities of access to social services. Addressing violence and abuse and providing legal protection and support.

The Social Protection Policy aims n n Protect the poorest citizens from economic and social deprivation Prevent deprivations that would otherwise result from shock Promote asset and human capital of poor households, boosting their income earning potential Transform the situation of the most vulnerable and powerless , by empowering them and protecting them from abuse and exploitation

Challenges - Capacity - Staff turnover - Delay in resource transfer - Quality of some of the PW’

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