FCC Regulation & Standard Bodies Lecture 3 EMC 165 Computer and Communication Networks Jan 22, 2004
Last Time/Today l l Last time, we briefly discussed several types of networks and some important concepts and terminology e. g. what are bits and bytes, analog to digital conversion. Today, we discuss the various organizations that determine the standards and regulations for computer/communications networks.
Government agencies/Standard bodies l l l FCC ITU 3 GPP 2 IETF
FCC l l FCC stands for Federal Communications Commission It has 6 bureaus and multiple offices l l l l Consumer & Government Affairs Bureau Enforcement Bureau Wireless Telecommunications Bureau International Bureau Wireline Competition Bureau Media Bureau Office of Engineering and Technology Office of Communications Business Opportunities etc
Missions of different bureaus l Consumer & Government Affairs Bureau l l Educates and informs consumers about telecommunication goods and services Engages consumers input to help guide the work of the Commission Coordinates telecommunication policy efforts with industry and governmental agencies Enforcement Bureau l Enforces the Communication Acts as well as the Commission’s rules, orders and authorizations
Missions of the Bureaus - contd l l International Bureau –represents the Commission in satellite and international matters. Media Bureau – regulates AM, FM radio and television broadcast stations, as well as Multipoint Distribution (i. e. cable and satellite) and Instructional Television Fixed Services
Missions of the Bureaus - contd l Wireless Telecommunication Bureau l l l oversees cellular and PCS phones, pagers, and two-way radios. Regulates the use of radio spectrum to fulfill the communications needs of businesses, local and state governments, public safety service providers, aircraft and ship operators, and individuals. Wireline Competition Bureau l Responsible for rules and policies concerning telephone companies that provide interstate, and under certain circumstances intrastate, telecommunications services to the public through the use of wire-based transmission facilities (e. g. corded/cordless telephones)
Missions of the Offices l l l Office of Communications Business Opportunities l Provides advice to the Commission on issues and policies concerning opportunities for ownership and contracting by small, minority and women-owned communications businesses. Office of Engineering and Technology l Resolve and advise on complex technical issues objectively l Propose policies/rules for efficient use of the radio spectrum l Provide insight and advice to the commission concerning technology trends. l Enhance technical competence of commission staff Office of Legislative Affairs l Commission’s main point of contact with Congress
What is Spectrum? l l Spectrum is made up of electromagnetic waves. These waves are usually defined by their frequency, measured in hertz (Hz) or cycles/second. The spectrum ranges from 1 Hz to 1024 Hz with visible light in the 1015 Hz range. The electromagnetic waves are created by alternating current in an antenna. These currents create magnetic fields in the air by continually changing the power in the antenna.
What is Spectrum? - contd l The magnetic fields then induce a current in a receiving antenna. The fluctuating current that creates the fields s encoded with information based on its frequency, amplitude, duration etc. The picture below is an example of how the amplitude of a carrier wave might be modulated to carry the information from an input signal.
FCC Spectrum Regulations l l 90 years of spectrum regulations Regulates what frequencies each type of devices can operate within e. g. cell phones, police scanners, TV sets, garage door openers. For example: l l Satellite radio – use 25 MHz (same bandwidth as 4 analog TV channels) Wi-fi initially only has 84 MHz
Spectrum Auctions l 5 auctions in 2002 l l l Lower 700 MHz band Cellular Rural Service areas Analog Television Stations AM Broadcast Stations Multi-radio service (200 MHz, 800 MHz, LMS) Raised $112. 6 millions
Current US Spectrum Allocation
Current US Spectrum Allocation – contd l 3 -30 KHz: Very Low Frequency l l 30 -300 KHz: Low Frequency l l FM radio, police 300 M-3 GHz: Ultra High Frequency l l Short-wave radio and communication, amateur and CB radio 30 M-300 MHz: Very High Frequency l l Medium-wave, local and distant radio 3 M-30 MHz: High Frequency l l Long-wave radio communications 300 KHz-3 MHz: Medium Frequency l l Very long-wave radio, navigational beacon signal TV, aircraft landing systems 3 GHz above: Microwave l Radar, communication satellites, telephone and TV links.
Current US Spectrum Allocation – contd l l l l 3 KHz: Maritime Mobile, Radio Navigation, Aeronautical Mobile etc 300 KHz: Maritime Mobile, AM broadcasting, Land Mobile etc 3 MHz: Amateur, Maritime Mobile, Broadcasting etc (very congested) 30 MHz: Land Mobile, Broadcasting (TV Channels, FM Radio), Aeronautical Radionavigation, Mobile Satellite etc 300 MHz: Radio Location, Mobile, Fixed Satellite (very congested) 3 GHz: Mobile, Fixed Satellite, Broadcasting Satellite etc (very congested) 30 GHz: Mobile, Fixed Satellite etc (very congested)
New Spectrum recently made available MVDDS – multichannel video distribution and data services
Spectrum Scarcity? l l A spectrum policy task force is formed in year 2002 to study spectrum scarcity issue. Their findings: l l Much of the spectrum already licensed is not in short supply. Most bands are quiet most of the time. Only 4 of 18 UHF TV channels are used in Washington DC. New radio transmission and networking technologies can squeeze more and more capacity out of the same spectrum. l UWB operates at such low power that it can underlie existing licensed services. l Smart antennas – can locate a user and direct the radiation accordingly, reducing effective interference with other transmitters. l Software radios – receive/transmit across a broad range of frequencies Should allow multiple systems to share spectrum.
Some recent changes l Spectrum reallocation l l Spectrum leases l l Reallocation of bandwidth from government to new services such as mobile communications, broadband internet access, and video distribution Relaxation of technical and commercial limitations on existing spectrum licenses e. g. allow existing licensees to lease to 3 rd parties Spectrum sharing l Allocation of an unprecedented amount of spectrum for unlicensed or shared services
Spectrum Reallocation l l Reallocate 120 MHz spectrum for 3 G mobile services Authorize high-powered satellite systems to use 500 -1000 MHz spectrum for broadband video and data services (MVDDS) in the 26. 5 -40 GHz
Spectrum Leases l l Economists urged FCC to make spectrum licenses more flexible UHF operators and other broadcasters are not covered by new rules even though most licensed UHF TV channels are not used.
Spectrum Sharing l l l Growth of Wi. Fi market (from $2 billions in 2002 to $5 billions in 2005). Addition of 255 MHz in the 5 -GHz range Same band will also be used by new MAN which offers wireless last mile.
Policy Issues l Homeland Security l l l E 911 Implementations Unintentional 911 calls 800 MHz Public Safety NPRM Priority Access Service Portability Issues for cellphones
Wireline Competition Bureau l l Improves internet access penetration at public schools Improves communication technology used in rural hospitals Promotes competitions in wireline business Helps to take steps that promote telecom sector recovery l l Facilitates new revenue through new services Reform foundations Protect service continuity Promotes Vo. IP but needs to ensure that taxes are levied appropriately to allow for fair competitions.
Power Line Carrier Technology l l Possible new option for broadband to the home. Potential rule changes must be made to facilitate deployment Protect incumbent spectrum users from spurious emissions Establish rules and test procedures.
Cognitive Radios l l l Functions previously performed in hardware, such as, generation of transmitted radio signal, are performed in software Can be programmed to operate on or with any frequency, any bandwidth, any modulation or transmission format May require additional rule changes to facilitate deployment
ITU l l l ITU stands for International Telecommunications Union. It is an international organization within the United Nation System where governments and the private sector coordinate global telecom networks and services. It is divided into l l l ITU-R – Radio communication ITU-T – Telecom Standardization ITU-D – Telecom Development.
ITU-R l l Plays a vital role in the management of radio frequency spectrum and satellite orbits, finite natural resources e. g. fixed mobile, broadcasting, amateur, space research, meteorology, global positioning systems, environmental monitoring Some of the recommendations they publish l l l Broadcasting service (TV, radio) Satellite delivery Spectrum management
ITU-T l l Ensure an efficient and on-time production of high quality standards covering all fields of telecommunications. Have different study groups l Study Group 2 deals with operational aspects of service provision, networks, and performance l Study Group 3 deals with tarriff and accounting principles including related telecommunication economic and policy issues. l Study Group 4 deals with telecommunication management l Study Group 13 is for next generation networks, l Study Group 15 is for optical and other transport network infrastructures. l Study Group 16 is for multimedia terminals, systems, and applications
ITU-D l l Facilitate connectivity and access Foster policy, regulatory and network readiness, Expand human capacity through training programs Formulate financing strategies and enable enterprises in developing countries.
Examples of ITU Standards l l Video Conferencing related standards e. g. H. 323, H. 320 ITU-T 1. 120 - Integrated Services Digital Networks standards Frame Relay ITU Standards Modem related standards e. g. V. 92
3 GPP l l 3 rd Generation Partnership Project (3 GPP) was created by ARIB (Japan), ETSI (Europe), TTA (Korea), TTC (Japan), T 1 P 1(USA) in 1998. The partners agreed on joint efforts for the standardization of Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA). China Wireless Telecommunication Standard Group (CWTS) joined in 1999. Members are mostly vendors/service providers Within 3 GPP, there are 4 different technical specification groups (TSG) l l l Radio Access Network TSG Core Network TSG Service and System Aspects (SA) TSG Terminals TSG RAN TSG is further divided into 5 working groups, namely l l l WG 1 – Radio Layer 1 WG 2 – Radio Layer 2/3 WG 3 – Architecture & Interfaces WG 4 – Radio Performance & RF Parameters ITU Ad-Hoc – ITU activity coordination
3 GPP l l l CN TSG is further divided into l WG 1 – Mobility Management/Call Control/Session Management l WG 3 – Interworking with external networks l WG 4 – Mobile Application Part (MAP)/GTP/BCH l WG 5 – Open Service Access SA TSG is further divided into l WG 1 – Services l WG 2 – Architecture l WG 3 – Security l WG 4 – Codec l WG 5 – Telecom Management Web Site: www. 3 gpp. org
3 GPP l l l Plenary meeting for each TS every 3 months Each WG will have their own additional meetings. Usually each WG meets as frequent as 5 -6 additional times besides plenary Each vendor/service provider submits contributions before the meetings. The contributions will be discussed during the meetings. Consensus are summarized as “specifications” in standard documents.
3 GPP 2 l l CDMA 2000 air interface is the result of work in TR 45. 5. This proposal is similar to the Global CDMA 1 ITU proposal from TTA Korea. So, work done in TR 45. 5 and TTA was merged to form 3 GPP 2 focused on the development of CDMA 2000 directsequence (DS) and Multicarrier (MC) mode for the cdma 2000 third generation component. It is divided into 4 Technical Specification Group l l l TSG-A – Access Network Interface TSG-C – CDMA 2000 TSG-S – Service and System Aspects TSG-X – Core Networks Members are mostly vendors/service providers
Relationship between different bodies l l l ITU develops IMT-2000 recommendations for third generation mobile communication systems. IMT-2000 incorporates 3 GPP and 3 GPP 2 outputs. In IMT-2000, two technologies are included, namely TDMA and CDMA. For CDMA, UTRA FDD (WCDMA) (3 GPP standard) and cdma 2000 (3 GPP 2 standard) are both adopted. ITU-R TG 8/1 worked on the radio-dependent aspects while ITU-T SG 11 works on the radio independent aspects.
ANSI l l American National Standards Institute (ANSI) is a private, non-profit organization that administers and coordinates the US voluntary standardization and conformity assessment system. Founded on Oct 19, 1918 HQ at Washington DC Example of ANSI standard: T 1 standard, DS 1 standard
ANSI Structure l l l Comprised of nearly 1000 businesses, professional societies and trade associations, standards developers, government agencies, and consumer and labor organizations. Different Member Forum l Company Member Forum l Government Member Forum l Organizational Member Forum l Consumer Interest Forum Standard Bodies and Planning Panels l Healthcare Informatics standards Board l Medical Devices Standards board l Homeland Security Standards Panel l Information Systems Conference Committee
IETF l l l Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) is a large open international community of network designers, operators, vendors and researchers concerned with the evolution of the Internet architecture and the smooth operation of the Internet. Consists of working groups organized by topic into several areas (e. g. routing, transport, security etc). Each area is managed by an Area Director. The Ads are members of the Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Providing architectural oversight is the Internet Architecture Board (IAB). IAB also adjudicates appeals when someone complains that IESG fails. Much technical work is handled via mailing lists maintained by each working group. The IETF holds meetings 3 times per year
IETF – contd l l l Each working group has working group chair(s). Everyone can submit internet drafts proposing ways to solve problems related to the topics of interests to that particular working group. The internet drafts are discussed in the mailing list. The authors can also present ideas expressed in their internet drafts at IETF meetings. Once there is a consensus that the topic and/or the solution proposed is of interests to the community, more in-depth discussions will take place. After some revisions of the internet drafts, the working group members can vote to have the draft published as an RFC (Request for Comment)
IETF RFCs/Internet Drafts l RFCs l l Each distinct version of an Internet standards-related specification is published as part of the “Request for Comments” (RFC) document series This archival series is the official publication channel for Internet standard documents. RFCs can be obtained from a number of Internet hosts using anonymous FTP, WWW and other Internet document-retrieval systems. Internet Drafts l l l During the development of a specification, draft versions of the document are made available for informal review and comment by placing them in the IETF’s “Internet-Drafts” (ID) directory, which is replicated on a number of Internet hosts. An Internet-draft that has remained unchanged in the ID directory for more than 6 months is simply removed from the ID directory. At any time, an Internet-Draft may be replaced by a more recent version of the same specification, restarting the six-month timeout period.
Internet Standard Specification l l Specifications subject to the Internet Standards Process fall into one of two categories, namely Technical Specification (TS) and Applicability Statement (AS) TS l l l Any description of a protocol, service, procedure, convention or format. May completely describe all of the relevant aspects of its subject or may leave one or more parameters or options unspecifed. A TS may be completely self-contained or it may incorporate material from other specifications by reference to other documents. A TS shall include a statement of its scope and general intent for its use. AS l l Specifies how, and under what circumstances, one or more TSs may be applied to support a particular Internet capability. An AS identifies the relevant TSs and the specific way in which they are to be combined, and may also specify particular values or ranges of TS parameters or subfuctions of a TS protocol that must be implemented.
An example of a Working Group l l Go to www. ietf. org website Click on IETF Working Groups l l It shows a list of working groups organized under different areas Different areas are l l l l Applications Area General Area Internet Area Operations and Management Area Routing Area Security Area Sub-IP Area Transport Area
An example of a Working Group l l Let us take a look at Transport Area by clicking on the Transport Area button It shows different working groups under this category e. g. l l l AVT Audio/Video Transport IPTEL IP Telephony RMT Reliable Multicast Transport Etc Let us click on IPTEL It shows the IPTEL working group web page l l l l Names & emails of working group chairs Names & emails of Transport Area Directors How to join working group mailing list Archives of working group email discussions. Descriptions of working group Goals and Milestones of the working group Active Internet-Drafts for that working group Recent RFCs published by this working group e. g. l Telephony Routing over IP (TRIP) RFC 3219.
References l l l The End of Spectrum Scarcity, IEEE Spectrum, March, 2004 FCC Open Commission Meeting Presentations, Jan 15, 2003 FCC Frequency Chart US Spectrum, 2003 www. 3 gpp. org www. ietf. org
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