FAST BREAK: Career and College Readiness Through Accelerated Learning by Dr. Barry Stern Bsels@aol. com (540) 751 -0601 www. hipie. org, www. habermanfoundation. org Presentation to _____ School District ____, 2009
Overview Ø Demographic, socio-economic and high school performance trends in ______ Ø Your District’s/School’s major challenges? Ø Assumptions to guide new approaches to career and college readiness Ø Fast Break Program § History of Fast Break § The what, why, who, and how of program § Evaluation evidence + why it works § Alternative target groups and costs Ø Discussion: Starting Fast Break at ____ District
Major world problem: Unemployed and under-skilled youth Ø Result = poverty, crime, gangs, social unrest, illegal immigration, migrant labor, tensions with surrounding nations. Ø Poorly prepared population, particularly in technical areas, slows economic growth Ø Acute problem among young men. Female participation in higher education much greater in many countries, including U. S.
U. S. leaders concerned! Ø In so many meetings I have had in my district and elsewhere, employers say that our high school graduates are not ready for the workplace. Colleges say that our high school graduates are not ready for the college classroom. This is unacceptable. Congressman George Miller, Chair, House Education Committee, Speech on NCLB, 7/30/07 Ø The American high school is obsolete. Bill Gates, Microsoft Ø The longer kids are in the American school system, the worse they do relative to their peers in other countries. Third International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS).
Universal challenge: schools keeping up with economic + technological change Ø Instructors who haven’t kept up Ø Obsolete curricula, assumptions about schooling, equipment Industry + College Requirements Ø Dumbing down of curricula or lowering standards due to unprepared students Ø Lack of accountability, incentives to promote competition and quality Ø Minimal industry involvement in education Ø Bureaucracy Capacities of Educational System/Programs
When gap gets too big, major federal education initiatives follow Ø 1957 – Sputnik National Defense Education Act Ø 1983 – “Nation at Risk” study Ø 1991 – America 2000 initiative Ø 2001 - No Child Left Behind
Flurry of reforms and innovations: Ø Better teacher training, standards, selection methods Ø Higher pay, merit pay, school bonuses Ø Smaller schools, schools-within-schools, alternative Ø Magnet schools, career/theme academies Ø School report cards, accountability Ø Charter schools, competition, choice Ø Dual enrollment in community colleges Ø Computer-assisted instruction, online courses, etc.
More money invested in schools, yet … Ø Reading and math scores barely increase Ø High school and college drop out rates remain high, Ø High need for remediation among college entrants Ø Low employer satisfaction with graduates
Student population has changed: Ø More ethnically diverse Ø More from single parent households, more half-siblings Ø More speak English as 2 nd language Ø More low-income qualifying for school lunch program Ø More experiencing/witnessing abuse (drug, physical, mental, etc. ) Ø More transience – changing home location Ø More with disabilities (e. g. autism + related brain disorders) Ø Worse basic skills
Many with increased emotional “Load” Youth arrive at school with heightened emotional affect § Home - Impact of divorced or single parent family or home with turmoil § Media - conflict images and language • TV Programming with emotional and physical violence (solving conflict through physical means) • Advertising to pressure youth to do/buy something • Youth reacting on emotional impulse rather than clearly choosing life serving behavior or learning § PTSD in high violence environments • Psychological symptoms in schools similar to that occurring in war torn environments
Effects of youth with high emotional load Ø Reduced attention span Ø Distracted focus and low productivity Ø Reduced and disrupted learning capacity Ø Bullying and displacing emotions Ø Tragic sexual expression Ø Excessive illness and/or lateness Ø Limited opportunities and no safe format for students to express/reduce internal and external conflicts from home or school
Yet high schools have changed little in last 50 -80 years Ø Courses still called English, math, science, social studies, physical education, art, etc. Ø School day = 6 -7 periods/day – students change what they do in response to a bell every 45 -50 minutes Ø 50 -minute foreign language classes despite evidence of minimal effectiveness Ø Dualisms - college vs career prep, knowledge vs skills Ø College counselor and career counselors are different people, etc. Ø Little awareness of changing world of work
And students have been signaling for a long time that they… Ø Are bored/ not challenged – Astin’s (UCLA) studies of college freshmen over 30 years Ø Believe many teachers don’t care Ø Feel alienated and don’t fit in Ø Enjoy after-school activities far more than inschool activities (sports, clubs, robotics/debate/voc skills competitions, etc. )
U. S. urban high schools teach anti-work behaviors and attitudes Ø No screening process for getting the job beyond showing up. Ø There is a "boss" who will watch what you do and see that you do it. Ø You can come and go as much as you want and still keep the job. Ø You can be absent as long as you have a note from a doctor or a good excuse. Ø If you are late or absent, you can simply start working again without having to make up for or even know what you missed. Ø You get paid for the time you spend at work, not for what you accomplish. Ø No matter how long you work, the job never changes. Ø You can get a raise because of the length of time you have "worked. " Ø You don't have to really respect anyone who can't hurt you. Ø It won't matter if the place is successful or the work gets screwed up; that's not your problem. Ø It won't matter how many mistakes you make; you'll get another chance Ø You don't have to remember or follow the work rules if no one tells them to you. Prof. Martin Haberman, “Unemployment Training”, Ed. News. org, 2007, Phi Delta Kappan, 1997.
“Assembly line” high school unlikely to significantly improve reading and math scores, graduation rates, employer satisfaction with graduates, etc. ØIn its best days, never worked for half the students (most in authority benefited from current system) ØNever really changed how h. s. classes are organized, or tapped into desire of adolescents to become part of a group with a higher purpose and winning mission. ØNever asked teachers to work together and communicate about students they mutually teach. Ø Colleges more sophisticated but many still trapped in disconnected disciplinary silos that struggling entrants cannot relate to.
Fast Break approach: Better, faster, cheaper with more joy leading to result that is important to the student right now:
History of Fast Break Ø Focus Hope’s Fast Track program began in 1989 – readiness for Machinist Training Ø Colin Powell’s visit to FH in 1993 led to federal interest to replicate FH programs in other cities Ø $1 million grant from NSF to replicate Fast Track in Los Angeles – 3 year demo Ø “Operation Fast Break” in Michigan, 2000 -03 – 6 sites + Fast Break Futures (welfare to work) Ø Alabama uses as front-end of workforce development programs – Roger Penske + Gov.
What is “Fast Break”? ØComputer-assisted, intensive, accelerated learning / work preparation model that emphasizes reading, math, basic computer applications, employability and interpersonal skills.
Fast Break provides immersion-type curriculum that is effective and popular with young adults and teenagers Ø Cross-disciplinary, team taught courses with crosstrained instructors Ø Facilities, methods, and interpersonal relations that model high performance workplace § Workplace discipline and effective time management § Daily feedback on class and individual performance § Integration of “soft” skill training with “hard” academics Ø Heavy use of courseware (e. g. PLATO, Nova. Net, Key Train, WIN) to manage instruction and reporting.
Fast Break provides. . . Ø Strong career guidance and information to help select a career field (“menu’) Ø Fundamental learning and generic work skills to benefit from college or succeed in most entry-level career-track jobs (“meal’) Ø Certification of skills in math, reading, and basic computer applications (“dessert”) Ø Extended job/college placement and follow-up to ensure success (“social contract”)
Career Development Stages and Skill Levels Education and Training for Careers (“meal”) Career Guidance and Information (“menu”) Company/employerspecific skills Skill Certification and Placement into Jobs or Further Education (“dessert’) Industry-specific Skills (Portable Credentials) Generic Work Skills How to use resources, process information, use technology, understand systems, relate to others, work on teams Basic Skills Reading, writing, speaking, listening, math Fundamental Skills Thinking Skills How to learn, create, solve problems, make decisions, etc. Personal Qualities Responsibility, integrity, self-confidence, moral character, loyalty, etc. Source: Dr. Barry Stern, Career and Workforce Development Trends: Implications for Michigan Higher Education, Ferris State University, August 2003.
Who Are The Participants? Anyone needing better skills and/or work habits to enter college or career-track work: ü Out-of-school young adults (h. s. grads/dropouts) ü High school students ü College freshmen needing remedial education ü Welfare recipients needing better skills + work habits ü Ex-offenders ü Displaced workers/homemakers re-entering job market ü Incumbent workers desiring advance from basic level ü Recent immigrants needing skills and orientation to U. S. system of work and education
Critical elements of Fast Break: 1. Team approach – § Staff complement each other’s abilities and background § Haberman Star Teacher Interview protocol to select staff § Team challenges + customer service incorporated into instruction 2. Disciplined learning environment, attendance stds. 3. Academic entry and exit standards 4. Application of high performance workplace principles – touches all aspects of “human capital” 5. All instructors accessible to students the entire day 6. High intensity to accelerate gains (e. g. 5 -8 hours/day for 8 -12 weeks = 320 hours
Critical elements (cont’d) 7. Reading and math as workplace fundamentals 8. Heavy use of courseware, software to save time 9. Effective methods to reach students with different information processing preferences and degrees of “emotional loading” – teach emotional intelligence as teamwork component 10. Immediate outcome that grads value – e. g. job, college, faster advancement thru school/college 11. Strong business advisory committee 12. Data collection/entry on student performance and follow up what graduates are doing
Eventually introduce into program … Ø Teacher visits to supervisors of grads in their workplace – one day per month; feedback from workplace that possibly can be incorporated into curriculum Ø Community service project Ø Opportunities for grads to give back to program Ø Catered “power lunch” with local business leader Ø Saturday morning special workshops, e. g. § Internet etiquette § Workplace safety
How Does Fast Break Work? Tightly scripted curriculum of high-level, highly integrated academics that are taught along with computer applications to solve workrelated problems, while building workplace habits and personal character. Model uses a “boot camp” or highly focused approach to prepare students to succeed at the next level - a job or additional schooling.
FAST BREAK Program Details The What, Why, How, & Who of the Program.
FAST BREAK … ENTRY REQUIREMENTS Ø Work. Keys Level 3 • Reading for Information • Applied Math Ø Commits to attend 5 -8 -hours-a-day for 8 -12 weeks Ø Commits to going to work or school after graduating GRADUATION REQUIREMENTS Ø Work. Keys Level 4 and + 1 level (math, reading, locating info. ) Ø Satisfactory career speech Ø Satisfactory progress in basic computer applications (IC 3 cert? ) Ø Proper attitude (can work as team member, accepts criticism) Ø Certified attendance (no more than three unexcused absences or tardies) Ø Remains drug free
“Operation FAST BREAK” Program Two Components: Ø Fast Break – job/college readiness Ø Step-Up – math/reading readiness for Fast Break through coursewareassisted tutoring, with mentors overseen by specialists
FAST BREAK … CONTENT Ø Math (computer-assisted + small group) Ø Reading Ø Computer Applications - Word Processing - Spreadsheets - Databases - WINDOWS - Graphics Programs Ø Career & Employability Skills - Speaking, listening, bus. writing - Time management/calendars - Career selection - Resumes - Interviewing - Work habits PRINCIPLES/CULTURE Ø Hard work + high expectations Ø Earn way in and right to stay in Ø Integrated curriculum in applied work context Ø Continual feedback + improvement Ø Practice fundamentals daily, including learning on demand Ø Teamwork Ø Personal responsibility& discipline Ø Freedom from drugs Ø Reward for effort and excellence Ø Respect for others Ø Primacy of the customer Ø Employer driven
Set positive emotional tone through … Ø Total respect for “co-workers and supervisors” commensurate with high performance workplace Ø Language tools to deal with conflict and disagreement Ø Awareness of emotional functioning and how to manage emotional states Ø Use of “council” format to work through group challenges and acknowledge individual contributions Ø Parent support trainings to reduce emotional load at home (high school-based programs) and thus facilitate student accomplishment.
Features of FAST BREAK environment Ø Students buy in by 1 st week – why they’re there Ø Little lecturing – instead, small group + computerassisted to handle multiple ability levels in class Ø Class usually split in 2 – ½ computer lab; ½ classroom, and they switch periodically Ø No down time – everyone has daily plan + “plan B” Ø Math, reading, computer instructors assist one another + integrate curricula whenever possible Ø Career development and workplace applications throughout the curriculum Ø Staff meet daily after students leave to discuss day
Demonstrated successes of Fast Break-type programs Ø 80% program completion rate Ø 80% placement rate of graduates into jobs or college Ø 2. 5 grade-level gains in math and reading in 7 Weeks, i. e. 1 -2 Work. Keys levels Ø Computer application skills (word processing, spreadsheets & data bases) Ø Higher college placement test scores Ø Self directed learners Ø High degree of employer satisfaction with graduates
Employment impact Employers say graduates… Ø Are more trainable than most they have hired Ø Demonstrate ability to learn on their own as well as work on teams Ø Are punctual, responsible, eager to learn Ø Saves them money on recruiting, turnover, absenteeism & worker accidents.
Unusual outcomes Ø Males do as well as females Ø Large classes (30 -40) do better than small ones (15 -25) Ø Military recruiters in L. A. loved Fast Break Ø University students would enroll in the summer to hone their math and English skills (FB was “free” – only small processing fee) Ø Some parents enrolled, too, after their kids graduated and got jobs
Instructors benefit, also Ø Learn to function in a team-oriented educational environment Ø Improve own basic skills Ø Learn how to use educational technology and office equipment Ø Learn about different careers and the local economy Ø Improve instructional effectiveness by obtaining feedback from graduates and employers
Potential measures of high school success Scores on Student Achievement Tests High School Retention & Graduation High School Attendance Rates Enrollment in Advanced Placement Courses College Enrollment & Retention
Not yet tested in high schools, but … Ø $ millions federal + state have supported model for out-of-school youth (“wish they had it in high school”) Ø Content is secondary education Ø Some L. A. high school students successfully completed program during their summer break Ø Focus: HOPE has had success in using it to improve the college and work readiness of a number of Detroit high school students.
Features of Educational Software Ø Organized by Skill Level § Short Lessons § Identify Skill Gaps Ø Management System § attendance, time on task, lesson completion rates Ø Reports & Complete Tracking Ø Ease of Use for both Students & Instructors § Appealing Graphics
Courseware aligned to Work Keys + WIN or Key. Train curriculum Content Ø Applied Math Ø Reading for Information Ø Locating Information Ø Writing Workbooks Available Other courseware (e. g. PLATO, Nova. Net) can align to ACT test, G. E. D. and other assessments
Career Readiness Credential based on 3 Work. Keys Assessments 1. Reading 2. Math 3. Locating Information q. Bronze = Achievement at Level 3 q. Silver = Achievement at Level 4 q. Gold = Achievement at Level 5 Increasingly recognized by employers. Higher levels indicate more jobs that you 41 can learn.
Summary: Why Fast Break Works Ø Intensive, total immersion strategy Ø Emphasis on reading and math + integrated, contextually relevant curricula + learning on demand (e. g. career sp. ) Ø Powerful incentives (e. g. job, college, grade promotion) Ø Continual data-based feedback (individual and team) Ø Nurturing staff continually communicates about students Ø Model high performance business environment with opportunities for informal learning Ø Teachers visit job sites to follow up with employers and graduates Ø Focus on specific competencies + disciplinary standards Ø Manage instruction with computers - repetition, diversity
Fast Break Sites in Michigan Ø Flint - Mott Community College (with Workforce Board) Ø ** Detroit - TWW Associates, Detroit - now Fast Break Futures that adds MOUS certification - TANF + other $$ Ø * Detroit - Focus: Hope Fast Track (18 years experience) Ø Plainwell - Michigan Career Technical Institute (individuals with disabilities) Ø Lake County - Workforce Board/Baldwin Community Schools Ø ** Macomb County - Lakeshore Adult School (with Workforce Board) Ø ** Hamtramck Alternative High School Ø ** Battle Creek - Strive/Urban League/Davenport College * Developed original model. ** Program no longer active.
Positioning Fast Break in High School: Options Ø 12 th grade/adult transition-to-work-or-college program, Ø 9 th grade unit of instruction to upgrade basic skills, provide career direction, work/study habits, and orientation to high school Ø Front end of technical training programs Ø Module during any high school year Ø Alternative education program Ø Summer school program + other of above option(s)
For high schools, cost should not be issue to implement Fast Break Ø Have faculty who can be trained to operate Fast Break Ø Alternative way of delivering math and basic English Ø Have computers, printers, networks, office equipment and most facilities required for Fast Break Ø Few student recruitment costs. If incentive structure is right, students will line up to attend Ì Major new costs would be courseware, pre-program staff training, technical assistance during first 6 months, placement services, and data collection to follow up graduates
If school did not redirect current budget and added Fast Break to current offerings, it could serve 300 Step Up and Fast Break students/year with 20 -30 computer workstations with a budget of: § $660, 000 in operating costs if you don’t overstaff (assumes nothing in place - staff, facilities or inkind) and § $780, 000 if you overstaff by 1 -2 FTE § $2, 500 per student for 320 -hour program, or $7. 80 per student hour. § Another $150, 000 for one-time start-up costs software, computers, furniture & office equipment, minor remodeling
Program Costs (if starting from scratch) Assume program serves 300 students per year with 20 computer workstations, 2/3 in Fast Break, 1/3 in Step Up Annual Operating Costs = $780, 000 Ø Staffing + benefits for full-time Fast Break and part-time Step Up programs (incl. 2 FTE teaching assistants) Ø Work. Keys assessment and Key Train or WIN curriculum materials Ø Software renewals, books, supplies Ø Rent, amortization of equipment Ø Drug screens, insurance, advertising Ø Telephone, printing, duplication Ø Overhead @ 20% Capital Equipment & Expenses = $150, 000 (Start-up – one time) Ø Courseware licenses/student IDs Ø PCs, file server, printers Ø Copy machine, fax, telephones Ø Office, classroom, computer furniture, equipment, bookshelves, storage cabinets, white boards Ø Camcorder, VCR, TV, projectors Ø Remodeling, computer installation Ø Student smocks, tests, assessments
Steps for institutional implementation Ø Determine target group(s) and recruitment strategy Ø Develop incentives structure for institution, students, instructors – make sure it works for everybody Ø Select and train instructors (Fast Break full-time only) Ø Install computers in lab and student tracking software Ø Install educational software, purchase WIN or Key. Train curriculum Ø Adjust school scheduling & staffing Ø Set benchmarks and outcomes
Hints for start-up success: staffing Ø For Fast Break, count on full-time staff (except perhaps director) whose only job is Fast Break. Step-up staff may be part-time or volunteers. Ø Make sure director is hands-on and can do almost everything instructors do. Ø Use Haberman Star Teacher Selection Interview to select staff Ø Overstaff initially since it is hard to replace instructors who are absent or leave program; surplus staff also provides opportunity to expand program after first year Ø Pay well to attract instructors who are cross-trained in 2 -3 areas. Ø Diversity essential: Gender, age, experience in education Each site with at least one instructor with recent work experience outside formal education.
Questions? Observations?
Supplemental to presentation: Learning and teaching hypotheses that guide Fast Break and ought to be tested scientifically
Hypotheses (re. fundamentals of learning) 1. One cannot be too good at math, reading and writing. Test scores improve when these workplace fundamentals are practiced daily. 2. Reading and math skills (through Algebra I or II) improve faster when taught together rather than as separate subjects. 3. Students learn more when they practice their strengths as they address their weaknesses. Focusing only on weaknesses or achievement gaps will slow learning, impede integration of knowledge, demoralize students, and thus prove counterproductive. 4. The best way to remediate is to accelerate, and the best way to accelerate is to integrate and apply. – (Lessons from Adult Ed. )
Learning and teaching hypotheses (re. standards) 5. When it comes to standards, less is more. Standards should be competency-based, few in number, carefully selected, and tap thinking and application skills as well as memory skills. How to narrow these to a number that can be effectively managed and enforced: Ask the customers: the employers, colleges and universities that will receive the graduates.
Learning and teaching hypotheses (re. Human Capital) 6. Helping students acquire elements of human capital while they are learning skills is more cost-effective than narrow skill building approaches.
Why “human capital” ? According to David Brooks of the NY Times (11/13/05): …skills and knowledge -- the stuff you can measure with tests -- is only the most superficial component of human capital. U. S. education reforms have generally failed because they try to improve the skills of students without addressing the underlying components of human capital.
More from David Brooks “We now spend more per capita on education than just about any country on Earth, and the results are mediocre. No Child Left Behind treats students as skill-acquiring cogs in an economic wheel…We pour money into Title I and Head Start, but long-term gains are insignificant. ”
And still more … “These programs are not designed for the way people really are. The only things that work are local, human-to-human immersions that transform the students down to their very beings. Extraordinary schools, which create intense cultures of achievement, work. Extraordinary teachers, who inspire students to transform their lives, work. The programs that work touch all aspects of human capital.
So what is human capital? Ø Cultural capital: the habits, assumptions, emotional dispositions and linguistic capacities we unconsciously pick up from families, neighbors and ethnic groups – early family factors. Ø Social capital: the knowledge of how to behave in groups and within institutions -- civility, dealing with bad news. Ø Moral capital: the ability to be trustworthy. Brains and skills don't matter if you don't show up on time. Ø Cognitive capital: along with inherited brainpower is the ability to evaluate one’s own abilities and sense what others are feeling. Ø Aspirational capital: the fire-in-the-belly ambition to achieve.
Learning and teaching hypotheses (re. applied, intensive formats) 7. Learning rates improve when students must apply skills to solve problems like those they will encounter at work and in life. 8. Infusing academics into career-technical courses will improve academic skills faster than infusing career concepts into academic courses. (“Learning on Demand” – Sticht research) 9. Intensive formats work better for many subjects. These include reading, math, foreign languages, and physical education. The intensive format provides sufficient time to practice skills, eliminate bad work habits and produce good ones, and create the conditions for curricular integration and the establishment of a high performance team.
Learning and teaching hypotheses (re. course integration) 10. Most people learn math (through Algebra II) better when it is integrated with something else, like science and careertechnical subjects. This will require team teaching and longer class sessions (e. g. block/modular scheduling). 11. Students are more likely to learn about teamwork if their teachers model it. High school and community college teachers of the future must know not only their subject and how to teach, but how to integrate their subject with those taught by other teachers.
Learning and teaching hypotheses (re. marketable skills vs. college prep) 12. When students experience academic success and have a career plan, they will likely choose college on their own; you won’t have to persuade them. 13. High school graduates with a marketable skill (i. e. have met standards for a career entry position) will more likely enter college than those without. Thus, by getting students ready for work, you will be getting them ready for college.
Learning and teaching hypotheses (re. counseling and guidance) 14. Counselor-student ratios unlikely to improve (not affordable). Regular academic program must provide career guidance through: career academies or Career Pathway departments, CTE programs, and career information that students can obtain from the Internet (e. g. state career info system, Bridges). § Counselors add value by leveraging school resources to involve employers, workers, colleges and universities in the provision of guidance activities. § College and career counselors should be the same people.
Learning and teaching hypotheses (re. courseware) 15. Courseware enables students to progress at own speed and makes competency-based certification more feasible/popular. 16. Courseware facilitates teaching of students of different ability levels in the same class. 17. Courseware does not produce much learning unless teachers incorporate it into their lessons on a daily basis. Why? Because teachers quickly forget how to use courseware if they only use it occasionally.
Learning and teaching hypotheses (courseware – cont’d) 18. Integrating courseware into regular instruction is more cost-effective than placing it into remedial centers or programs that engage students for short periods of time. 19. Availability of “virtual” courseware from the Internet is only now becoming sufficiently diagnostic and interactive to engage struggling students. Even if it were, students (struggling or otherwise) tend to learn more when they are part of a group whose norm is to help one another achieve and exceed expectations. Some struggling students prefer “bowling alone, ” but most like to be in a group.
If aforementioned hypotheses are true, how would you redesign learning for teenagers and young adults? Ø Frequent, intensive practice of fundamentals Ø Much more course integration Ø Little ability grouping – instead an “opportunity culture” Ø Multiple opportunities to apply skills in work and community settings Ø Students stay together and form work team rather than dash from class to class § No bells to distract learning (instead, morning + afternoon modules)
Assumptions about human nature consistent with such hypotheses Ø People want to be part of, help form, COMMUNITIES – families, religions, groups, teams, …gangs Ø People like to be really good at, and admire institutions that are really good at, SOMETHING! Ø Adults/teachers like to work with peers not just kids Ø Both students and teachers like high performance environments – high expectations, continual feedback, teamwork, learn new things daily, incentives that make sense Ø Teenagers want to become adults. Thus, they like opportunities to learn in workplace-like settings.
Question: What would a school look like that made students want to exceed minimum standards and not merely slide by? Ø Answer: an interscholastic team (sports, robotics, debate, etc. ) that emphasized daily practice of fundamentals; daily feedback on individual and team performance by position coaches; continual communication among coaches (viz. teachers) on how to do better the next day; continual opportunity for students to practice skills in competitive ("real world" game like or workplace-like) situations; expectations of helping fellow teammates (classmates) to improve; integration of knowledge to help players (students) understand why they are learning something in a particular way; and the targeted use of technology to diagnose and improve abilities.
Program In Action (supplementary to presentation) Ø What’s Next § Details on why and how the Fast Break model works (used normally to train Fast Break staff in how to operate the program).
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