Farmers Participatory Adaptive Research for Large scale Roll-out

Farmers Participatory Adaptive Research for Large scale Roll-out of Resource Conserving Technologies Raj Gupta and ML Jat International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT)

Challenges of South Asian Agriculture - Water, labor and energy shortages - Plateauing crop yields - Large yield gaps due to poor management - Factor productivity decline - Resource and Policy fatigues - Weak networks of public-private partnerships & Extension systems - Climate changes is a new emerging challenge 2

Agricultural Productivity in USD /ha Nexus of low productivity , poverty and rainfall between 78. 83°E to 86. 13° E longitude - Low lands ( Chaur , Tal and Diara lands), shifting river courses - ‘Rice-Fallows’, Seeds, Low fertilizer Use, weak infrastructure and technologies - Little ground water development during Kharif Source: Data Adapted from Ramesh Chand et al. 2009

CSISA Action Corridors • 163 districts in IGP • 67 districts covered • 1/3 of the IGP • Nine hubs with one satellite established and fully functional Hub Name Haryana Punjab EUP Bihar Tamil Nadu Total Area (mha) Area, Mha 2. 75 3. 9 4. 5 7. 3 4. 5 22. 95

Conceptual Framework of CSISA Strategic Entry Points and Potential Options for solutions 1. Water shortages • Laser land leveling • Raised beds • DSR & remove puddling 5. Labor, Energy shortages, High production cost • • Minimal tillage Zero tillage Raised bed Double no-till system • New Machines 2. Rainwater Management • In-situ moisture conservation • Groundwater recharge 6. Diversification and ‘Fallows’ • Relay/Para cropping • Crop substitution • Cotton –wheat) • S. Cane –wheat ) • Rice Fallows 3. Nutrient Imbalances • Conjunctive use of nutrient inputs • LCC/ SPAD/GS • Super granules 7. Herbicide resistance / Weed mgt. • Test new molecules • Integrated weed management approach 4. Terminal Heat tolerance/ Seed • • Cultivar choices Seed increase Water schedules Residue manage. 8. Net works and Capacity Building • Public –Private partnerships • Trainings • Traveling seminars 5

Layering of Strategic Entry Points: An example 8. N Mgt. 7. Water Mgt. AWD 6. Weed Mgt. Stepwise Layering of strategic technologies 5. Paired row 4. + Control traffic Free Wheeling 4 - _ 1. Laser Leveled and bunded + Conventional PTR +LCC 5 Equal space 3. + Residues Unpuddled transplanted or DSR- Zero till Wheat in flats Manual 80% basal 3_ 1 - 2. Primed improved seed +/- Other example of layering of improved technologies • Farmers seed v/s Improved HYV choice • Flat v/s Raised bed Planting • Raised bed 67 cm v/s 90 cm • Planting time late v/s Early • Aged v/s Young seedling of rice • # of seedling/hill (1 v/s 3 -4) • Manual v/s Mechanical transplanting

Schematic Diagram of Operations in CSISA Hubs

CSISA Focus of Last-Mile Delivery • Farmers often seek immediate gains, produce more at less costs • Bridge ‘geographically differentiated’ management yield gaps • Strengthen Public -Private partnerships / net works • Developing Technical options to match endowments of farmers • Empower farmers with knowledge- provide timely solutions. • Strengthen the input chain - weak / dysfunctional • Training and machinery use for timely operations • Inclusive of deployment of seed to facilitate technology transfer

Laser Assisted Precision Land Leveling • Laser land leveling introduced in the region • 6700 units (Farmer investment ~ USD 9. 0 Million) • Saved 800 Kwhr-1 units /ha during rice season in Punjab; USD 55 M in India( Sidhu, 2009), and saves 25 -30% water at least • Employs 4 persons for 125 -150 days / year.

Crop Enhancement Research Gaucho Treated Untreated • HD 2824 not responsive to seed treatment • HD 2733 respond more to Raxil • K 307 responds more to Cruiser Crop enhancement research enthusing seed companies to Join us

Zero v/s Conventional till Wheat : planting time effects in eastern Gangetic plains

Choice of wheat cultivars for RW and MW systems in EGP Maize –Wheat system Rice -Wheat System Common cultivars : Ufan , DBW 17, HD 2967 RW System : Baaz, HD 2967, HD 2985, Ufan , DBW 17 MW System : DBW 17, Ufan, Raj 4120, HD 2643, HD 2967

Turboseeder (ZT+R): Offsetting Terminal Heat in Wheat Terminal heat

Wheat Productivity and Soil compaction under ZT v/s Conventional (Rotavator) 5600 5400 5393 Grain yield (kg/ha) 5200 N=10, Haryana 5056 5000 4800 4537 4600 4400 4200 4000 ZT + Residue ZT clean field CT-rotavator broadcast

Direct Seeded Rice becomes a Reality: Relevant to all ecologies DSR in uplands • DSR rice improves productivity of Wheat • DSR and PTR yield can be similar at less cost and saving of water • Rice hybrids useful for in irrigated areas • Choice of rice cultivars and use of herbicide molecule holds the key for success in DSR in flood prone areas

Dual-purpose wheat for green fodder and grain Dual purpose wheat to promote croplivestock integration in NW -IGP Oat + Berseem to be tried • • 18 t/ha of Green fodder – USD $600 ha Screen new cultivars/ regeneration? Sole Cut for green fodder Berseem

Cotton- Wheat System • • Relay planter developed ( for timely planting of wheat in cotton) About 10% gains in cotton yield due an additional pick Gain in wheat yield are nearly 1. 0 ton / ha (USD 200) Obviate seasonal labor shortage

Emerging Cropping Systems • Shift from Rice –Potato+maize) (DSR- - BINA 7 – (Potato+Maize) likely benefit ~ USD 1000 • Rice-Rice-maize/pulses • Cane –Wheat - Sugarcane + wheat /onion/garlic ~ USD 1750 (Intercropping becoming real) • Rice-potato-wheat/sunflower Rice-potato-maize in north west

Seed Systems 800 tons seed of elite crop cultivars for Eastern Gangetic plains 21

New CA Machinery Developed for Large Scale Adoption Bucket Spreader PCR planter High clearance Axle less multi-boom lost cost sprayer

Thanks