FAO s Pro-Poor Livestock Policy Initiative PPLPI Uganda pro-poor

FAO’s Pro-Poor Livestock Policy Initiative (PPLPI) Uganda pro-poor livestock policy stakeholder workshop Ridar Hotel, Kampala November 8, 2004 A Living from Livestock Pro-Poor Livestock Policy Initiative

Why Livestock? • Livestock can provide an asset-base for poor households through accumulation of stock • They are often the sole instrument for savings and insurance because banks are inaccessible to the poor • Although many products are sold, milk, meat and eggs are consumed at home and are important sources of nutrition, particularly for children • Family labour is an important asset for poor households and livestock can increase the returns to household labour A Living from Livestock Pro-Poor Livestock Policy Initiative

Why Livestock? • Keeping livestock gives the landless poor an opportunity to convert common grazing land into private assets • In small plots, effective use of livestock can enhance their productivity (can be fed crop residues, manure, traction) • Livestock-keeping increases household food security by spreading farm risk through diversification, and by creating employment opportunities, both on and off the farm. A Living from Livestock Pro-Poor Livestock Policy Initiative

Why Policies and Institutions? • Increasingly recognized that the process of development is strongly influenced by policies and institutions • • formal constraints (e. g. rules, laws, constitutions) informal constraints (e. g. norms of behaviour, conventions, selfimposed codes of conduct) • For economic development to proceed, people need to trade with others, often strangers from outside the village community • The more complex and impersonal the trading links become, the higher the transaction costs A Living from Livestock Pro-Poor Livestock Policy Initiative

Why Policies and Institutions? • Thus for economic change and development to occur, a society must adapt existing institutions, or create new ones, that will permit increasingly complex market exchanges • Changing market and institutional environments may provide opportunities to accelerate poverty reduction A Living from Livestock Pro-Poor Livestock Policy Initiative

But. . . • Livestock sector policy in developing countries rarely favours the poor • Based on poor information and analysis • • Limited stakeholder consultation • “Rather they [. . ] are created to serve the interests of those with the bargaining power to devise new rules. ” (North, 1990) “Institutions are not [. . ] created to be socially efficient. ” (North, 1990) A Living from Livestock Pro-Poor Livestock Policy Initiative

The Pro-Poor Livestock Policy Initiative • • • Overall goal: Poverty Reduction Entry point: Livestock Mechanism: Policies and Institutions • Operationalized through: • • A Central Facility at HQ Regional Modules/Hubs A Living from Livestock Pro-Poor Livestock Policy Initiative

Logical framework outputs Purpose Outputs Strengthened capacity of FAO member nations & international organizations to formulate [livestock] sector policies & implementation plans that reduce poverty whilst managing environmental and public health risks Increased awareness & consideration of the potential contribution of livestock to poverty red. Portfolio of livestockrelated policy interventions for poverty reduction, whilst …. Mechanisms for stakeholder representation & negotiation of policies & institutional changes … Effective systems for livestock policy information, analysis, decision support and M&E A Living from Livestock Pro-Poor Livestock Policy Initiative

PPLPI: Content Issues • • Role of livestock in economic development and poverty reduction Markets & market access (domestic & international) Livestock services (health, extension, AI, insurance, etc. ) Approaches and policies for dairy sector development A Living from Livestock Pro-Poor Livestock Policy Initiative

PPLPI: Process Issues • Information management • • • Information needs & sharing Decision support tools Communication strategies Monitoring & evaluation Instigating change • • Advocacy / awareness Stakeholder engagement Capacity building Establishment of fora A Living from Livestock Pro-Poor Livestock Policy Initiative

The Role of the Central Facility (1) • Fostering policy dialogue / promoting pro-poor livestock policies at international level • • IGG-meat, International Dairy Federation, OIE, WTO, etc Cross-regional assessments of issues impacting on livestock production in developing countries, e. g. • • impact of trade liberalization, SPS measures, etc livestock service delivery & retreating state A Living from Livestock Pro-Poor Livestock Policy Initiative

The Role of the Central Facility (2) • Standardization of approaches and methodologies used at regional level, e. g. • • quantification barriers to market access ex-ante impact assessment of policy changes cost of production / gross margins by product Co-ordination of and fostering information exchange between the regional modules, with PPLPF, and with other partners A Living from Livestock Pro-Poor Livestock Policy Initiative

PPLPI: Regional Hubs South Asia India Nepal West Africa Senegal Burkina Faso Andean Region Peru Bolivia Horn of Africa Uganda Ethiopia Kenya South-East Asia Viet Nam Cambodia A Living from Livestock Pro-Poor Livestock Policy Initiative

The Role of the Regional Hubs • • • Fostering the policy dialogue / promoting pro-poor livestock policies at national and regional level Identification of policy issues that impact directly on ultimate beneficiaries, i. e. poor livestock keepers (local, national & regional information) Enhancement of local capacity for policy analysis, formulation and negotiation A Living from Livestock Pro-Poor Livestock Policy Initiative

Horn of Africa Hub IGAD Inter. Governmental Authority on Development A Living from Livestock Pro-Poor Livestock Policy Initiative

Horn of Africa Hub Djibouti Eritrea Ethiopia Kenya Somalia Sudan Uganda A Living from Livestock Pro-Poor Livestock Policy Initiative

Poverty levels A Living from Livestock Pro-Poor Livestock Policy Initiative

Agro-Ecological Zones A Living from Livestock Pro-Poor Livestock Policy Initiative

Livestock Category Arid & semiarid AEZs Humid and highland AEZs Millions % Land area (km 2) 4. 0 77 1. 2 23 People (n) 69. 4 41 100. 5 59 Cattle (n) 50. 6 53 45. 1 47 Sheep and goats (n) 112. 3 70 48. 4 30 Pigs (n) 0. 3 15 1. 6 85 Chickens (n) 55. 7 45 67. 9 55 A Living from Livestock Pro-Poor Livestock Policy Initiative

Institutional set-up and partners • AU-IBAR: preparatory phase, national workshops (SC: Oxfam, ASARECA, . . ) • National focal points & resource persons in Kenya, Ethiopia, Uganda, Sudan, Tanzania • • ILRI (partnership in various studies) IGAD (regional organization) EU (funding proposal) Uganda – local network of organizations A Living from Livestock Pro-Poor Livestock Policy Initiative

Policy issues • Cross-cutting issues • • Capacity for policy analysis and formulation Livestock marketing and exports Livestock service provision Production-system / agro-ecological zones • • • Pastoralist / agro-pastoralist areas Highland / mixed-farming areas Urban / peri-urban areas A Living from Livestock Pro-Poor Livestock Policy Initiative

Capacity for policy analysis / formulation • • Poor information on which to base policies Poor participation in the policy process Many old, inappropriate, ineffectual policies Focus on economic growth, not poverty alleviation A Living from Livestock Pro-Poor Livestock Policy Initiative

Capacity for policy analysis / formulation • • Poor information on which to base policies Poor participation in the policy process Many old, inappropriate, ineffectual policies Focus on economic growth, not poverty alleviation • • Need for information systems and tools for policy analysis • Need to build capacity for policy formulation Need for livestock sector and policy analysis – role of livestock in poverty and growth A Living from Livestock Pro-Poor Livestock Policy Initiative

Livestock marketing and exports • • • Poor marketing infrastructure Parallel formal and informal marketing systems Increasing sanitary standards – trade restrictions A Living from Livestock Pro-Poor Livestock Policy Initiative

Livestock marketing and exports • • • Poor marketing infrastructure Parallel formal and informal marketing systems Increasing sanitary standards – trade restrictions • • • Need to harmonize formal and informal markets Reduce transaction costs (regulation, taxes) Increased participation in standard-setting A Living from Livestock Pro-Poor Livestock Policy Initiative

Livestock service provision • Major disease constraints throughout the region • • FMD, CBPP, Rinderpest, Rabies, RVF, Tryps. . . Poor accessibility and affordability of services A Living from Livestock Pro-Poor Livestock Policy Initiative

Livestock service provision • Major disease constraints throughout the region • • FMD, CBPP, Rinderpest, Rabies, RVF, Tryps. . . Poor accessibility and affordability of services • • Need for community-based approaches (CAHWs) Effective privatisation of service delivery A Living from Livestock Pro-Poor Livestock Policy Initiative

Pastoralist / agro-pastoralist areas • • • High levels of vulnerability Politically marginalised peoples Conflict zones A Living from Livestock Pro-Poor Livestock Policy Initiative

Pastoralist / agro-pastoralist areas • • • High levels of vulnerability Politically marginalised peoples Conflict zones • • Reducing vulnerability Land rights issues A Living from Livestock Pro-Poor Livestock Policy Initiative

Highland / mixed-farming areas • • High population densities High levels of land degradation A Living from Livestock Pro-Poor Livestock Policy Initiative

Highland / mixed-farming areas • • High population densities High levels of land degradation • • Small-scale dairy sector policies and institutions Natural resource management A Living from Livestock Pro-Poor Livestock Policy Initiative

Urban / peri-urban areas • • • Rapidly growing human populations Rapidly growing livestock populations Low input from Government and donors A Living from Livestock Pro-Poor Livestock Policy Initiative

Urban / peri-urban areas • • • Rapidly growing human populations Rapidly growing livestock populations Low input from Government and donors • • Public health and safety standards Poor waste management / environment A Living from Livestock Pro-Poor Livestock Policy Initiative

Activities and outputs - Regional • • Developed funding proposal for Ho. A hub • Post-harvest dairy losses – joint assessment with AGAP-PFL project (Kenya, Ethiopia, Uganda) Regional livestock sector review Country reviews (Ethiopia, Kenya, Sudan, Uganda) Political economy study & PRSP review (Ethiopia) Role of CAHW in service delivery (Kenya) Pathways in and out of poverty (Kenya) Urban livestock keeping – co-sponsored workshop (Kenya, Ethiopia, Uganda) A Living from Livestock Pro-Poor Livestock Policy Initiative

Funding proposal for Ho. A hub • Financing proposal prepared for 9 th EDF under the Regional Indicative Progamme • Three professional plus support staff over five years stationed within the region • Regional Authorising Officer - IGAD Executive Secretary A Living from Livestock Pro-Poor Livestock Policy Initiative

Funding proposal for Ho. A hub EC Delegation endorses Liaison Officers monitors and evaluates IGAD Secretariat Steering Committee Director Ag. & Env. (Chairperson) contracts PPLPI Coordinator FAO/PPLPI approves annual work programme & reviews progress employs Project Coordinator (Secretary) Project Staff manages & implements IGAD Countries (7) A Living from Livestock Pro-Poor Livestock Policy Initiative

Focus Djibouti Eritrea Ethiopia Kenya Somalia Sudan Uganda A Living from Livestock Pro-Poor Livestock Policy Initiative

Focus Djibouti Eritrea Ethiopia Kenya Somalia Sudan Uganda A Living from Livestock Pro-Poor Livestock Policy Initiative

Focus – Uganda • High proportion of rural poor • 42% = 8. 4 m people • Wide range of opportunities in the livestock sector • • Open attitude and willingness to change Relatively clear policy process A Living from Livestock Pro-Poor Livestock Policy Initiative

Poverty in Uganda (1992) Source: Uganda Bureau of Statistics, 2004. A Living from Livestock Pro-Poor Livestock Policy Initiative

Activities and outputs - Uganda • Engaged in trypanosomiasis policy formulation in Uganda • • Established pro-poor livestock policy network • • COCTU, ILRI, IFAD This meeting Livestock policy review and analysis • MAAIF, University of Ghent – Dr Saamanya A Living from Livestock Pro-Poor Livestock Policy Initiative

Activities and outputs - Uganda • Study on livestock and poverty linkages • • Post-harvest dairy losses • • UBOS, University of Oxford – Thomas Emwanu joint assessment with AGAP-PFL project – Dr Kasirye Livestock sector brief • In folders – Dr Chilonda A Living from Livestock Pro-Poor Livestock Policy Initiative

Uganda pro-poor livestock policy network A Living from Livestock Pro-Poor Livestock Policy Initiative

Uganda pro-poor livestock policy network PEAP A Living from Livestock Pro-Poor Livestock Policy Initiative

Uganda pro-poor livestock policy network PEAP Policy A Living from Livestock Pro-Poor Livestock Policy Initiative

Uganda pro-poor livestock policy network Legislation Finance PEAP Policy A Living from Livestock Pro-Poor Livestock Policy Initiative

Uganda pro-poor livestock policy network Parliament MTFP PEAP Legislation Finance Policy A Living from Livestock Pro-Poor Livestock Policy Initiative

Uganda pro-poor livestock policy network Parliament Legislation MTFP Finance Policy PEAP UPPAP PMA MAAIF A Living from Livestock Pro-Poor Livestock Policy Initiative

Uganda pro-poor livestock policy network Parliament Legislation MTFP Finance Policy PEAP UPPAP PMA MAAIF International – • NEPAD-CAADP • Donors (Df. ID, USAID, DANIDA, EC, etc. . . ) • Banks (WB, ADB) A Living from Livestock Pro-Poor Livestock Policy Initiative

Uganda pro-poor livestock policy network Parliament Research – NARO, Universities, Int. Organizations Legislation MTFP Farmers’ Organizations – UNFU, Local Organizations Finance Policy PEAP Autonomous – DDA, COCTU NAGRC&DB NGOs – Panos, Oxfam, HPI, Send-a-Cow, Land O’ Lakes UPPAP PMA Private Sector – Services, Traders. . Government – Local Govt. , Other Ministries, Bureaus MAAIF International – • NEPAD-CAADP • Donors (Df. ID, USAID, DANIDA, EC, etc. . . ) • Banks (WB, ADB) A Living from Livestock Pro-Poor Livestock Policy Initiative

Future plans • Build on the pro-poor livestock policy network • • Develop dairy sector policy • • Workshops, newsletters MAAIF, DDA, PMA, FAO-AGAP Develop policy analysis and decision support tools • EXTRAPOLATE, SAM/CGE models, Policy Manuals A Living from Livestock Pro-Poor Livestock Policy Initiative

Future plans • Political economy study • • Trypanosomisasis policy formulation • • University of California – Robin Turner COCTU, ILRI, IFAD Effect of school milk programmes on national market • • DDA, UBOS Regional School Milk Conference, 2005 A Living from Livestock Pro-Poor Livestock Policy Initiative

A Living from Livestock Pro-Poor Livestock Policy Initiative

Why policies and institutions? Increasing population pressure Transition from extensive livestock farming to crop farming Intensification without industrial inputs: manure, draft power Intensification with industrial inputs: eg fertilizer for manure Extensification Substitution of labour for land Substitution of capital for land, capital for labour Substitution of land for labour ACCESS RIGHTS MARKET INTEGRATION Reducing vulnerability Conditions for growth CONSERVATION, PROTECTION Coping with growth A Living from Livestock Pro-Poor Livestock Policy Initiative

Outline • • Institutional set-up and partners Policy issues affecting poor livestock keepers Activities, outputs and outcomes to date Perspectives and future plans A Living from Livestock Pro-Poor Livestock Policy Initiative