Faculty of Oecotrophologie Facility Management Hot Spots

Faculty of Oecotrophologie • Facility Management Hot Spots in the value chain of Cashew Nuts – Results of a Hot Spot Analysis by Evelyn Aich, Pia Bonke & Verena Steffens

Contents 1. The Cashew Nut Tree 2. Commodity Flow 3. The process chain of Cashew Nuts 4. Results of the Hot Spot Analysis 4. 1 Agriculture/Production 4. 2 Processing 4. 3 Consumption and retail 4. 4 Waste 5. Ecological and social Hot Spots – Overview 6. Summary 7. Reflection on the method 2 Hot Spot Analysis of Cashew Nuts - Evelyn Aich, Pia Bonke & Verena Steffens 10/02/2018

1. The Cashew Nut Tree • The cashew tree (anacardium occidentale) was discovered in 1558 by the French natural scientist André Thevet • In the 16 th century, the Portugese brought the tree to India where it was used to protect coasts from erosion • Since the 19 th century, the economic use of cashew trees has been recognised • Moreover, distribution was carried out in other countries such as Africa, Asia or South-America 3 Hot Spot Analysis of Cashew Nuts - Evelyn Aich, Pia Bonke & Verena Steffens 10/02/2018

1. The Cashew Nut Country of cultivation month India 800 -1200 kg February – June Vietnam 1000 kg February– June Brasil 500 kg March – June West-Africa 4 harvest 175 -250 kg August – February Hot Spot Analysis of Cashew Nuts - Evelyn Aich, Pia Bonke & Verena Steffens 10/02/2018

1. The Cashew Nut Cashew apple: 6 -10 % are processed to juice or jam The largest part is used for composting Kernels: Mostly used for consumption Nut shell: Used for the paint and plastic industries Testa Skin: Used for animal feed or in the leather industry 5 Hot Spot Analysis of Cashew Nuts - Evelyn Aich, Pia Bonke & Verena Steffens 10/02/2018

2. Commodity Flow of Cashew Nuts Main markets of cashew nuts (U. S. A. , Europe) Producing countries (Africa, Mexico, China, …) Producing and processing countries (India, Vietnam, Brazil, …) 6 Hot Spot Analysis of Cashew Nuts - Evelyn Aich, Pia Bonke & Verena Steffens Raw Cashews Cashew kernels 10/02/2018

2. Commodity Flow of Cashew Nuts World production 2010 Total quantity: 2. 468 Mio. t Overall turnover: 349. 388. 000 U. S. -$ Africa: 825. 000 t India: 630. 000 t Brazil: 320. 000 t Vietnam: 300. 000 t Indonesia: 155. 000 t Others: 238. 000 t Producing countries 7 Hot Spot Analysis of Cashew Nuts - Evelyn Aich, Pia Bonke & Verena Steffens 10/02/2018

2. Commodity Flow of Cashew Nuts Imports & Exports Main processing countries for raw Cashew Nuts 1. Vietnam Indonesia, Western Africa 2. India own production, Africa 190, 5 Mio. kg 95, 2 Mio. kg 3. Brazil own production 42, 0 Mio. kg 8 Hot Spot Analysis of Cashew Nuts - Evelyn Aich, Pia Bonke & Verena Steffens 10/02/2018

3. The Process Chain of Cashew Nuts àIdentification of social and environmental “hot spots” for each life cycle phase and their respective aspects 9 Hot Spot Analysis of Cashew Nuts - Evelyn Aich, Pia Bonke & Verena Steffens 10/02/2018

4. Results of the Hot Spot Analysis 10 Hot Spot Analysis of Cashew Nuts - Evelyn Aich, Pia Bonke & Verena Steffens 10/02/2018

4. Results of the Hot Spot Analysis 4. 1 Agriculture/Production Environmental aspects Category within the phase Phase Category Identification of Hot Spots Abiotic resources 1 3 Biotic resources 1 Energy resources 1 Water resources 1 Land use & biodiversity 1 3 Waste 1 3 Emission to air 1 3 Emission to water 1 3 3 3 3 3 Category: 1 = low Category 2 = medium Category 3 = high Category 0 = no data/no effects 11 Hot Spot Analysis of Cashew Nuts - Evelyn Aich, Pia Bonke & Verena Steffens 10/02/2018

4. Results of the Hot Spot Analysis 4. 1 Agriculture/Production Social aspects Category within the phase Phase category Identification of Hot Spots General working conditions 3 9 Social security 3 9 Training & education 2 6 Workers health & safety 2 6 3 Human rights 3 9 Living wages 3 9 Consumer health & safety 1 3 Product quality 1 3 Category: 1 = low Category 2 = medium Category 3 = high Category 0 = no data/no effects 12 Hot Spot Analysis of Cashew Nuts - Evelyn Aich, Pia Bonke & Verena Steffens 10/02/2018

4. Results of the Hot Spot Analysis 4. 2 Processing Environmental aspects Category within the phase Phase Category Identification of Hot Spots Abiotic resources 1 3 Biotic resources 0 0 Energy resources 1 3 Water resources 1 3 3 Land use & biodiversity 0 0 Waste 1 3 Emission to air 2 6 Emission to water 2 6 Category: 1 = low Category 2 = medium Category 3 = high Category 0 = no data/no effects 13 Hot Spot Analysis of Cashew Nuts - Evelyn Aich, Pia Bonke & Verena Steffens 10/02/2018

4. Results of the Hot Spot Analysis 4. 2 Processing Social aspects Category within the phase Phase Category Identification of Hot Spots General working conditions 3 9 Social security 3 9 Training & education 2 6 Workers health & safety 3 9 3 Human rights 3 9 Living wages 3 9 Consumer health & safety 0 0 Product quality 1 3 Category: 1 = low Category 2 = medium Category 3 = high Category 0 = no data/no effects 14 Hot Spot Analysis of Cashew Nuts - Evelyn Aich, Pia Bonke & Verena Steffens 10/02/2018

4. Results of the Hot Spot Analysis 4. 3 Consumption and retail Environmental aspects Category within the phase Phase category Identification of Hot Spots Abiotic resources 0 0 Biotic resources 0 Energy resources 2 Water resources 1 Land use & biodiversity 0 0 Waste 2 2 Emission to air 2 2 Emission to water 0 0 0 2 1 1 Category: 1 = low Category 2 = medium Category 3 = high Category 0 = no data/no effects 15 Hot Spot Analysis of Cashew Nuts - Evelyn Aich, Pia Bonke & Verena Steffens 10/02/2018

4. Results of the Hot Spot Analysis 4. 3 Consumption and retail Social aspects Category within the phase Phase category Identification of Hot Spots General working conditions 2 2 Social ecurity 2 2 Training & education 2 2 Workers health & safety 1 Human rights 0 0 Living wages 2 2 Consumer health & safety 1 1 Product quality 1 1 Category: 1 = low Category 2 = medium Category 3 = high Category 0 = no data/no effects 16 Hot Spot Analysis of Cashew Nuts - Evelyn Aich, Pia Bonke & Verena Steffens 10/02/2018

4. Results of the Hot Spot Analysis 4. 4 Waste Environmental aspects Category within the phase Phase category Identification of Hot Spots Abiotic resources 1 Biotic resources 1 Energy resources 3 Water resources 1 Land use & biodiversity 0 0 Waste 1 1 Emission to air 1 1 Emission to water 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 Category: 1 = low Category 2 = medium Category 3 = high Category 0 = no data/no effects 17 Hot Spot Analysis of Cashew Nuts - Evelyn Aich, Pia Bonke & Verena Steffens 10/02/2018

4. Results of the Hot Spot Analysis 4. 4 Waste Social aspects Lebenszyklus Entsorgung Category within the phase Phase category Identification of Hot Spots General working conditions 1 Social security 1 Training & education 1 Workers health & safety 1 Human rights 0 0 Living wages 1 1 Consumer health & safety 0 0 Product quality 0 0 1 1 1 Category: 1 = low Category 2 = medium Category 3 = high Category 0 = no data/no effects 18 Hot Spot Analysis of Cashew Nuts - Evelyn Aich, Pia Bonke & Verena Steffens 10/02/2018

5. Ecological and social Hot Spots – Overview Ecological Hot Spots – Overview Life cycle phase Agriculture aspects Processing Consumption and retail Waste Ecological aspects Abiotic resources 3 3 0 1 Biotic resources 3 0 0 1 Energy resources 3 3 2 3 Water resources 3 3 1 1 Land use & biodiversity 3 0 0 0 Waste 3 3 2 1 Emission to air 3 6 2 1 Emission to water 3 6 0 1 Category: 1 = low Category 2 = medium Category 3 = high Category 0 = no data/no effects 19 Hot Spot Analysis of Cashew Nuts - Evelyn Aich, Pia Bonke & Verena Steffens 10/02/2018

5. Ecological and social Hot Spots – Overview Social Hot Spots – Overview Life cycle phase Agriculture aspects Processing Consumption and retail Waste Social aspects General working conditions 9 9 2 1 Social security 9 9 2 1 Training & education 6 6 2 1 Workers health & safety 6 9 1 1 Human rights 9 9 0 1 Living wages 9 9 2 0 Consumer health & safety 3 0 1 0 Product quality 3 3 1 0 Category: 1 = low Category 2 = medium Category 3 = high Category 0 = no data/no effects 20 Hot Spot Analysis of Cashew Nuts - Evelyn Aich, Pia Bonke & Verena Steffens 10/02/2018

6. Summary Most Hot Spots were identified within the two life cycle phases of Agriculture and Processing Reasons • Social deficiency in Africa, India and Vietnam • approximately 95% of cashew nuts are sourced from smallholders • Price pressure owing to unstable trading conditions, volatile commodity prices and increasing speculation on the stock exchange 21 Hot Spot Analysis of Cashew Nuts - Evelyn Aich, Pia Bonke & Verena Steffens 10/02/2018

7. Reflection on the method This qualitative method + leads to extensive knowledge on the entire process chain: indicates the complexity – even of unprocessed foods + creates an image of the complicated commodity flow of complex processed foods and products (e. g. frozen pizza/cars/electronic devices) + illustrates and categorises critical spots throughout the value chain in order to point out an immediate need for action - is time-consuming and complex in terms of researching valid data from credible sources - can be of limited significance due to concentration on specific locations and research areas à an important method of analysis and an instrument within the scientific field of sustainability 22 Hot Spot Analysis of Cashew Nuts - Evelyn Aich, Pia Bonke & Verena Steffens 10/02/2018

Thank you for your attention Evelyn Aich, Pia Bonke & Verena Steffens 23 Hot Spot Analysis of Cashew Nuts - Evelyn Aich, Pia Bonke & Verena Steffens 10/02/2018