Factors Affecting Student Attrition and Success in Distance

Factors Affecting Student Attrition and Success in Distance Education (Case of Universitas Terbuka, Indonesia) Research Team Except where otherwise noted, content on this site is licensed under

Student Attrition in DE Why is student attrition important? Who and Why? How to address those issues?

Why student attrition is important!

Multiple causes of student attrition (Simpson, 2002) ODL is a new education system to open up HE access Equity principles to guarantee equal opportunity Increased Completion Rate Indonesia’s HE quality standard

(Tinto (1977); Belawati (1995); Kember (1995); Kristanti and Islam (2003)) (Keller (1987); Visser (1998); Sedyaningsih at all (2003) Miltiadou, M. & Savenye, W. C (2003), Tri Darmayanti and Belawati (2002)

Study Program Management (S 2) Attrition Rate 2006(1) 0. 4 0. 2 2009(2) 0. 2 Public Administration (S 2) Food Technology Mathematics Biology Statistics Agribusiness Management Accountancy 0. 4 0. 2 0. 3 0. 2 0. 8 0. 5 0. 6 0. 3 0. 2 0. 4 0. 3 0. 2 0. 1 0. 6 0. 2 0. 5 0. 3 0. 4 Business Administration 0. 2 0. 3 Public Administration Government Studies Sociology Communication Mathematics Education Physic Education Taxation Library science 0. 2 0. 1 0. 2 0. 3 0. 2 0. 5 0. 1 0. 3 0. 4 0. 2 0. 4 0. 1 Basic Education 0. 3 0 0. 1

Who did withdraw from the program ?

Semester and GPA 45 40 diatas 3. 0 35 1 30 2. 0 - 3. 0 14 25 20 1. 0 - 2. 0 62 15 10 dibawah 1. 0 23 5 0 0 kurang 2 Sem 2 - 4 Sem 4 - 6 sem 6 -8 lebih 8 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

GENDER AND AGE 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 dibawah 20 U 21 -25 U 26 - 30 diatas 30

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND 4% 9% 26% High School Diploma Bachelor 61% Post Gaduate

PARENT EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND 1= High School; 2= Diploma; 3= Bachelor; 4= Post Graduate

Employment Status 5. 2 3. 2 14. 8 Self employment 15. 5 Permanent employment Part time employment unemployment others 56. 1

TYPE OF EMPLOYMENT 6% 23% 31% 40% N/A Pemerintah Swasta BUMN

Why did they withdraw from the program?

illness no longger required degree/certificate Lack of social support Lack of family support Frequent alteration of domicile exhausted Lack of required skill and competence The program is out of student expectation Trasfer to other University lack of motivation The program is unfitted with the demand examination venue is difficult to be reached Isolated domicile Limited information about examination Tutorial venue is unreacheble Limited course feedback No internet access Limited student advisory and counseling (online) Regional office is unreacheable Course is dificult to be understood financial mater Being isolated Limited informaion about the program Busy with the own work Limited information about student registration Limited student advisory and counseling (face to face) Lack of sufficient information about the course 0 5 10 15 20 25

SOCIO-CULTURAL INSTITUTION INDIVIDUAL • Busy with the own work (24) • financial mater (18) • No internet access (14) • Isolated domicile (8) • The program is unfitted with the demand (6) • lack of motivation (6) • The program is out of student expectation (5) • Frequent changes of domicile (3) • exhausted (3) • Illness (1) • Lack of sufficient information about the course (27) • Limited student advisory and counseling (face to face) (26) • Limited information about student registration (25) • Limited information about the program (22) • Course is difficult to be understood (17) • Regional office is unreachable(15) • Limited student advisory and counseling (online) (15) • Limited course feedback (14) • Examination and Tutorial locations are difficult to be reached (11) • Being isolated (27) • Unfamiliar with self directed learning (16) • Lack of family support (2) • Lack of social support (2) • no longer required degree/certificate (1)

• • Financial mater (18) No internet access (14) Isolated domicile (8) Frequent changes of domicile (3) • Regional office is unreachable (15) • Examination location is difficult to be reached (11) • Tutorial location is difficult to be reached (6%) UNAVOIDABLE INVOLUNTARY • Being isolated (27) • Lack of sufficient information about the course (27) • Limited student advisory and counseling (face to face) (26) • Limited information about student registration (25) • Limited information about the program (22) • Course is difficult to be understood (17) • Unfamiliar with self directed learning • Limited student advisory and counseling (online) (15) • Limited feedback (14) • The program is unfitted with the demand (6) • lack of motivation (6) • The program is out of student expectation (5) • exhausted (3) • Busy with the own work (24) • Illness (1) • no longer required degree/certificate (1)

Reasons Individual Institution Socio Cultural Voluntary The program is unfitted with the demand (6) lack of motivation (6) The program is out of student expectation (5) Limited knowledge about the program (2) Lack of sufficient information about the Being isolated course (27) Limited student advisory and counseling Unfamiliar with (face to face) (26) self directed Limited information about student learning (16) registration (25) Limited information about the program (22) Course is difficult to be understood (17) Limited student advisory and counseling (online) (15) Limited feedback (14) Involuntary Regional office is unreachable(15) Examination and Tutorial locations are difficult to be reached (11) Lack of family support (2) Lack of social support (2) Unavoidable Busy with the own work (24) exhausted (3) Illness (1) Program ceased No longer required degree/certificate (1) Financial mater (18) No internet access (14) Isolated domicile (8) Frequent changes of domicile (3)

MAIN ISSUES Reason Voluntary Involuntary Unavoidable Individual Institution Socio-Cultural Motivation Communication Adaptation Motivation Adaptation Communication Motivation

STUDENT – INSTITUTION EXPECTATION GAP

RATIONAL CHOICE MODEL Individual v Motivation v Latar Belakang v Integration/ Adaptation v Kesulitan belajar Institution factor v Communication v Academic Supports v Learning Supports v Value added of the program Socio-Cultural vawareness vfamily supports vsocial supports Drop Out Decision Line

RETENTIONERING Pre Admission During Admission Re- Admission Post Admission

Effectiveness Sources: Ormond Simpson (2003) Student retention in online, open and distance learning.

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