f Eric Prebys Accelerator Physics and Educational Programs

f Eric Prebys Accelerator Physics and Educational Programs at Fermilab

f What do particle physicists do? § Particle physicists use high energy particles to study things far to small to be seen any other way Ø Find the smallest particles Ø Find the rules for how these particles behave Ø Recreate conditions as they were right after the Big Bang § The first “particle physics experiment” told Ernest Rutherford the structure of the atom (1911) Study the way radioactive particles “scatter” off of atoms UT Austin Student Talk 2

f Accelerators allow us to probe down to a few trillionths of a second after the Big Bang! UT Austin Student Talk 3

f What do accelerator physicists do? § Accelerator physicists design, build, and operate the machines that accelerate particles to high energies for use in: Ø Particle physics Ø Medicine: • Cancer treatment • Medical isotope production Ø Materials science and biophysics • Study detailed structure of materials, cells, proteins, etc, using – Electrons – Protons – Neutrons – Photons Ø Industrial applications • Electron welding • Food sterilization • Etc, etc UT Austin Student Talk 4

f Evolution of accelerators § The first “accelerators” were natural radioactive elements § The first man-made accelerators would fit on a table Berkley “cyclotron” (1930) UT Austin Student Talk 5

f Things keep getting bigger § 60” cyclotron (1935) Ø Berkeley and elsewhere § Fermilab Ø Built ~1970 Ø Upgraded ~1985, ~1997 Ø Most powerful accelerator in the world (for a bit longer) UT Austin Student Talk 6

f Cockcroft Walton The Fermilab accelerators Linac Drift Tube Booster Main Injector UT Austin Student Talk Tevatron 7

f The future: even bigger My House (1990 -1992) § CERN Ø On Swiss-French border § LEP Ø 27 km in circumference!! Ø Built in 1980’s as an electron positron collider § Large Hadron Collider (LHC) /LHC Ø Built in LEP tunnel Ø About 7 times more energy that Fermilab Ø Started in 2008 • Had some problems Ø Just restarted!! • Come to my talk UT Austin Student Talk 8

f Other Accelerators: B-Factories - B-Factories collide e+e- at ECM = M( (4 S)). -Asymmetric beam energy (moving center of mass) allows for timedependent measurement of B-decays to study CP violation. KEKB (Belle Experiment): - Located at KEK (Japan) - 8 Ge. V e- x 3. 5 Ge. V e+ - Peak luminosity 2 E 34 PEP-II (Ba. Bar Experiment) - Located at SLAC (USA) - 9 Ge. V e- x 3. 1 Ge. V e+ - Peak luminosity 1 E 34 UT Austin Student Talk 9

f Major Accelerators: Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider - Located at Brookhaven: - Can collide protons (at 28. 1 Ge. V) and many types of ions up to Gold (at 11 Ge. V/amu). - Luminosity: 2 E 26 for Gold (? ? ) - Goal: heavy ion physics, quark-gluon plasma, ? ? UT Austin Student Talk 10

f Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF) § Locate at Jefferson Laboratory, Newport News, VA § 6 Ge. V e- at 200 u. A continuous current § Nuclear physics, precision spectroscopy, etc UT Austin Student Talk 11

f Light Sources: Too Many too Count § Put circulating electron beam through an “undulator” to create synchrotron radiation (typically X-ray) § Many applications in biophysics, materials science, industry. § New proposed machines will use very short bunches to create coherent light. UT Austin Student Talk 12

f Spallation Neutron Source (SNS), Oak Ridge, TN A 1 Ge. V Linac will loads 1. 5 E 14 protons into a non-accelerating synchrtron ring. These are fastextracted to a liquid mercury target. This will happen at 60 Hz -> 1. 4 MW Neutrons are used for biophysics, materials science, inductry, etc… UT Austin Student Talk 13

f International Linear Collider (ILC) § Proposed “next big thing” in physics § 30 km long, 250 x 250 Ge. V e+e§ Superconducting RF § Major push at Fermilab to host § Currently significant effort in UT Austin Student Talk Ø Ø Photoinjector Superconducting RF Low Level RF (LLRF) ect 14

f Many uses outside of science UT Austin Student Talk 15

f Some challenges in the Field § Theoretical challenges: Ø Beam stability issues Ø Space charge Ø Halo formation § Computational challenges: Ø Accurate 3 D space charge modeling Ø Monitoring and control. § Instrumentation challenges: Ø Correctly characterizing 6 D phase space to compare to models. § Engineering challenges: Ø Ø Magnets RF Cryogenics Quality control/systems issues. UT Austin Student Talk 16

f Accelerators as a Career: Pros § Accelerators are very complex, yet largely ideal, physical systems. Fun to play with. § Accelerators allow a close interaction with hardware (this is a plus or minus, depending on your taste). § Can make contributions to a broad range of physics programs, or even industry. § Many people end up doing a wide variety of things in their careers. § Still lots of small scale, short time, interesting things to be done. § Can be involved with HEP without joining a zillion member collaboration. UT Austin Student Talk 17

f Accelerator Physics as a Career: Cons § Accelerator physics is not fundamental, in the sense that finding the Higgs or neutrino mass is. Ø Although it’s a vital part of that research § Accelerator physics is a means to an end, not an end in itself. § Limited faculty opportunities Ø That may be changing UT Austin Student Talk 18

f The Problem § Although the need for accelerator physicists is growing, few schools offer specialized education in accelerator physics Ø Generally one undergrad class, and accelerator physics taught as part of particle physics in grad school. § Partial solution Ø US Particle Accelerator School (USPAS) • Started in 1987 to address the shortage of accelerator physics classes • Held twice a year (June and January) at varying host universities • One and two week courses – Two weeks = one semester • Open to both students and more senior people • Some financial aid available UT Austin Student Talk 19

f Sample USPAS Course Guide UT Austin Student Talk 20

f Fermilab Accelerator Ph. D Program § Started in 1985 by Leon Lederman in response to diminishing number of students going into the field. § A student works with an advisor at his or her home institution and a local advisor at Fermilab. § After completing the formal course requirements at the home institution, the student comes to the lab to work on thesis research. § Fermilab pays for tuition, stipend, and housing allowance. § Degree is granted by home institution. § Fermilab Ph. D Committee regularly reviews progress. UT Austin Student Talk 21

f § § § § § Graduates T. Koeth (Rutgers) 2009 R. Miyamoto (UT Austin) A. Poklonsky (Michigan State) 2008 P. Yoon (Rochester) 2007 P. Snopok (Michigan State) 2007 B. Bordini (Pisa) 2006 X. Huang (Indiana) 2005 R. Zwaska (UT Austin) 2005 K. Bishofberger (UCLA) 2005 S. Seletskiy (Rochester) 2005 L. Nicolas (Glasgow) 2005 M. Alsharoa (IIT) 2005 L. Imbasciati (Vienna) 2003 V. Kashikhin (SRIEA, Russia) 2002 V. Wu (Cincinnati) 2001 J. -P. Carneiro (U. of Paris) 2001 M. Fitch (Rochester) 2000 O. Krivosheev (TPU, Russia) 1998 K. Langen (Wisconsin) 1997 § § § § § E. Colby (UCLA) 1997 L. Spentzouris (Northwestern) 1996 D. Olivieri (Massachusetts) 1996 P. Chou (Northwestern) 1995 D. Siergiej (New Mexico) 1995 X. Lu (Colorado) 1994 W. Graves (Wisconsin) 1994 K. Harkay (Purdue) 1993 P. Zhou (Northwestern) 1993 T. Satogata (Northwestern) 1993 J. Palkovic (Wisconsin) 1991 P. Zhang (Houston) 1991 X. Wang (IIT) 1991 S. Stahl (Northwestern) 1991 L. Sagalofsky (Illinois) 1989 L. Merminga (Michigan) 1989 M. Syphers (Illinois - Chicago) 1987 Ø First graduate Ø Co-wrote definitive textbook UT Austin Student Talk 22

f New Program: Lee Teng Undergraduate Internship § Joint Program: Fermilab/Argonne National Accelerator Lab Ø Ø Ø § First year: 2008 Like existing internships, but focused on accelerator physics Under auspices of virtual “Illinois Accelerator Institute” ~5 students at each lab Joint selection process, after which program administered separately at the two labs Program Ø Matched to existing SULI/IPM Program • 10 weeks, ~June 1 -> August 7 • Includes 2 weeks at USPAS!! Ø Student works closely with a mentor on a predetermined project involving accelerator physics or related technology Ø Includes: • Transportation to/from lab • Lodging and daily transportation to work • $450/wk stipend (including time at USPAS) • Transportation, tuition, and board for USPAS § Eligible Ø Physics, Math, Engineering, or Computer Science majors at U. S. Universities (not necessarily U. S. citizens) Ø Juniors or outstanding Sophomores UT Austin Student Talk 23

f UT Austin Student Talk 24

f Argonne FNAL Total offers Rejections Males Females non-US Illinois schools Sophomores Juniors 2009 Interns 2008 6 5 13 2 10 1 3 5 1 10 2009 6 5 14 3 9 2 2 2 3 8 UT Austin Student Talk FNAL ANL 25

f For more information § USPAS Ø http: //uspas. fnal. gov/ § Joint Ph. D program Ø http: //phd. fnal. gov/ § Lee Teng Internship Ø http: //www. illinoisacceleratorinstitute. org § Or contact me Ø prebys@fnal. gov Ø http: //home. fnal. gov/~prebys/ UT Austin Student Talk 26