External Program Spring 2010 ELCA 101 Prepared by

External Program Spring 2010 ELCA 101 Prepared by : Najet Khalifa Sahli

UNIT 1: Friendship Focus on Vocabulary -Friendship: relationship between friends. -Website: a place on the internet where you find information. -Popular: liked by many people. -Goal: something you want. -Advice: an idea or opinion to help someone.

-Laugh: a sound you make when something is funny. -Volunteer: someone who works for no money. -Community: all the people working in one place. -Quote: someone’s exact words. -Online: on the internet. -Young: not old.

Focus on Language Parts of Speech: -A noun: is a person, place, thing, or idea (woman, school, car, or happiness). -An adjective: tells something about a noun (a tall woman, a good school, a blue car). -A verb shows action (speak, walk, like) or being (be, become).

Focus on Grammar The simple present of the verb to be: -Affirmative statement use: Subject + verb to be I am/you are/ he is/ she is/ they are/ we are/ you are. -For yes/no questions use: The verb to be + subject -Is The Friendship Page a website? Yes, it is. (Positive answer) No, it isn’t. (Negative answer)

-For wh-questions, use: wh-word + be + subject Who is Bronwyn Polson? What is the friendship page? When is your birthday? Where are they from? How old is the Friendship Page?

The Sentence: Focus on Style 1 -A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete idea. 2 -A sentence must have a subject and a verb * Bronwyn is a university student. * Volunteers help with the friendship page. 3 -The first word in a sentence must begin with a capital letter. * Friendship is important to everyone. * The website offers information and advice. 4 - Use a period at the end of a sentence. * The Friendship Page has fun information. Use a question mark at the end of a question. * Is age important on the internet? Use an exclamation point at the end of a sentence with strong feeling. * The Friendship Page is three years old! * I want to make a book about friendship.

UNIT 2: Art for everyone Focus on Vocabulary -Ad : ( stands for advertisement) words or pictures that make you want to buy something. -Drawing: picture made with a pencil or a pen. -Energetic: very active. -Graffiti: pictures and writing on public walls and buildings. -Museum: a place to work at (but not to buy) art.

-Painting: a picture made with paint. -Public: for everyone to see or use. -Sculpture: art made with stone, wood, or metal. -Upset: feeling unhappy, angry, or nervous about something.

Focus on Language Positive Adjectives vs Negative Adjectives: -A positive adjective: shows good feeling (energetic, happy relaxed……. ). -A negative adjective: shows bad feeling (upset, angry, nervous……).

Focus on Grammar The simple past of the verb to be: -The simple past forms of the verb to be: was and were I was/you were/ he was/ she was/ they were/ we were/ you were. -For negative sentences, use: Subject + was/were + not *His art was not /wasn’t in museums in the early 1980 s. *His paintings were not/weren’t in museums at first

-For yes/no questions use: was/were + subject *Was Haring different from other artists? - Yes, he was. (positive answer) - No, he was not/ wasn’t. (negative answer) * Were his drawings always famous? -Yes, they were. - No they were not/weren’t. -For wh-questions, use: wh-word + was/were + subject Who was Keith Haring? What was his art about? How were his pictures different?

Focus on Style Commas *we use a comma: -After words like for example and finally. He also made commercial art. For example, he made ads for magazines. -In dates. Keith Haring was born on May 4, 1958. -To join two small sentences with and, but, and or. Haring’s art was funny, but it was also serious.

-To separate the names of cities from the names of the states and countries. *lived in Knokke, Belgium in 1987. -To separate things in a list. *He liked to paint, draw, and sculpt.

UNIT 3: What’s It worth to you? Focus on Vocabulary -Educational: helping you to learn. -Condition: the form or state of something. -Secret: an idea or fact that you do not want other people to know. -Expert: a person with a lot of knowledge and experience with something. -Worth: has a value or a price. -Sentimental value: having a value in personal feelings or emotions. -Valuable: precious/priceless.

-Items: objects or things. -Antique: very old. -Collection: collected works. -Rare: not common; not often seen. -Sentimental: emotional.

Focus on Language -Remember that a noun is a person, place, thing, or idea. An adjective is a word that describes a noun. -Some nouns end in -tion /-ment/-or. (collection/excitement/collector) -Some Adjectives end in-al/-able/-ible. (sentimental/valuable/collectible)

Focus on Grammar The Simple Present: - Use the simple present tense for everyday actions or facts. *Sometimes the telephone rings, but I don’t answer it. -When the subject is he/she/it put an s at the end of the regular verb. ( be/have are irregular) -For negative sentences, use: do/does+not+the base form of the verb *I do not like to play golf(In speaking and informal writing use don’t/doesn’t) *Stone does not watch football on Mondays.

-For yes/no questions use: do/does+ subject + the base form of the verb Use do or does in short answers. *Do diamonds cost a lot? - Yes, they do. (positive answer) * Does Dan Stone watch football on Mondays? - No, he doesn’t. -For wh-questions, use: wh-word + do/does + subject+ the base form of the verb *Where do you like to play golf? *What do you watch on Monday nights?

Focus on Style The Paragraph -A paragraph is a group of sentences that develops a one main idea. -The first sentence usually gives the main idea of the paragraph. -Indent the first line of your paragraph. - There are two margins on your paper. Write your paragraph between the two margins. - When you write a paragraph, do not start each new sentence on a new line. Continue writing to the right margin.

UNIT 4: Strength in Numbers Focus on Vocabulary -At risk: may have problems in the future. -Avoid: to stay away. -Dangerous: the adjective from danger. -Generous: willing to give money, food, or time. -Member: a person who is in a group or organization. -Urban: big city.

Nickname: a special name or a short form of your real name. -Positive: good, helpful, not negative. -Respect: to honor, to have a high opinion of. -Role models: people who are good examples for other people to follow. -Support: to give money, food, or help to someone -Teenager: young people from 13 to 19 years old

Focus on Language -Synonyms: are words that are related in the same way. -Opposites: are words that are different in meaning.

Focus on Grammar Pronouns and Possessive Adjectives: -A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun. Pronouns are useful when you don’t want to repeat a noun in a sentence. 1/ Subject pronouns take the place of the subject in a sentence. *Urban Angels have many activities. *They go on trips to local museums. - Subject pronouns include I, you, he, she, it, we, and they.

2/Object pronouns take the place of an object. Objects usually come after the verb. Object pronouns also come after prepositions like for, to, and from. *Urban Angels like to help people. (object) *Urban Angels teach them (object pronoun) about safety. -Object Pronouns include me, you, him, her, it, us, and them. * The Urban Angels program needs support. The New York City government helps pay for it.

3/Possessive adjectives are like pronouns. They show possession or ownership. They always come before a noun. *Urban Angels help out in their community. -They always come before a noun * My goal is to be a fashion designer. -Possessive adjectives include my, your, his, her, its, our, and their. -Kelly isn’t an Urban Angel, but her friend is.

Focus on Style Writing a personal letter: People write personal letters to their friends and family members. Here are the five parts of a personal letter. 1/ Date: Write the date in the top right corner. 2/ Greeting: Begin with "Dear” and the person’s name. 3/ Message: Write your message in paragraphs. 4/ Closing: End your letter with sincerely, best wishes, best regards, love or something similar. 5/ Signature: Write your name after the closing. Use these five parts when you write a letter to your friends and family.

UNIT 5: Going Out Of Business Focus on Vocabulary -Compete: to try to be the best at something. -Benefit: a good thing; something that is helpful to you. -Discount: a lower price than usual. -Employee: someone who works in a store or for a company. -Increase: to become more in price or number. -Selection: choice. -Loyal: not changing; faithful. -Owner: a person who has or owns something. -Customers: people who buy things from a store or a company.

Focus on Language Verb Compete Employ Increase *** Serve Own Noun Competition, competitor Employee Increase Loyalty Service Owner Adjective *** *** Loyal ***

Focus on Grammar There is/ There are: 1/ Use there is or there are to describe something in the present. -There is/are + noun There is a bakery on my street. -There is + singular count noun There is a bank on Main Street. -There are + plural count noun There a lot of students in my neighborhood. -There is + non-count noun. There is a lot of traffic in Seoul.

2/ Use there was or there were to describe something in the past. -There was a flower shop on my street. -There were a lot of people on my street. 3/ Use the contractions isn’t/aren’t/and wasn’t/weren’t with there in the negative -There isn’t a Mc. Donald’s nearby. 4/ For questions, put there after is/ are and was/were. - Is there a movie theater nearby? Use any with yes/no questions about plural nouns and noncount nouns. - Were there any restaurants in your neighborhood. - Is there any traffic in your neighborhood at night.

. 5/ Do not confuse there is and there are with there. There means ”in that location. ” - Seoul is a beautiful city. There are some beautiful parks there. (in Seoul)

Focus on Style Describing a place using spatial order: -Spatial order means organizing ideas by location or place for example: you can go from left to right, up or down, or around or across. -Use prepositions to show location. -Across (from) -Around the corner (from) -Behind -Between -In front of -Next to -On the right -On the left -On the right -To the left (of) -To the right (of) -When you describe a place with spatial order, your reader will understand you more easily.

UNIT 6: Flying High And Low Focus on Vocabulary -Pilot: a person who flies an airplane. -Flight: a trip in an airplane. -Took off: left a place in an airplane; past form of take off. -Landed: arrived somewhere in an airplane. -Set a record: to do something faster or better than ever before. -Media: newspapers, magazines, radio, and television.

-Contest: a game that people try to win; a competition. -Handsome: good looking, usually for a man. -Hero: someone you respect very much for doing something good.

Focus on Language -A Synonym: Is a another word that has a similar meaning to Word Synonym Price Cost Built Constructed Took off Departed Arrived Landed Alone Solo Good-looking Handsome Competition Contest Well known Famous Trip Flight Flier Pilot

Focus on Grammar The Simple Past: Use the simple past tense to talk about actions completed in the past. *People called Lindbergh ”the flying fool”. To form the simple past tense: *For regular verbs, add-ed to the base form. *Many verbs have irregular forms. To make negative statements use didn’t (did not) + the base form * Lindbergh didn’t have a radio with him.

To ask a wh-questions, use wh-word+did+subject+ base form *Who kidnapped the Lindbergh's baby? *What happened to Lindbergh's baby? To ask yes/no questions, use Did+subject+base form * Did Lindbergh win Orteig’s contest?

Focus on Style Time order: When you tell a story, it is important to put the events in a clear order so your reader can understand easily. Use these words to help with time order. 1/First, 2/Then, 3/Next, 4/Later, 5/Finally, -These time words usually come at the beginning of the sentence -Use finally for the last sentence in your paragraph

UNIT 7: Are We There Yet? Focus on Vocabulary -Commute: to travel from home to work and back again, every workday. -Commuter: traveler. -Convenient: useful, easy. -Highway: a large fast road between cities. -Lanes: narrow road. -Subway: a train that runs under the ground.

-Train: linked railroad cars. -Tunnel: underground passage. -Map: drawing that shows where streets are. -On time: when you are never late. You are on time. -Solution: way of solving a difficulty. -Taxi: a car that you pay the driver to ride in. -Traffic Jam: a line of traffic that cannot move or moves slowly.

Focus on Language FORMS OF TRANSPORTATION TRAFFIC SOLUTIONS buses bicycle lanes cars HOV lanes helicopters more highways sky trains Internet traffic maps planes tunnels subways Commuter trains taxis Sky trains trucks Tunnels for commuter trains Commuter trains

Focus on Grammar Comparative Adjectives: Use comparative adjectives to compare two people, places, or things. *For adjectives with one syllable, add-er -The subway is bigger. - The subway is cheaper. *An exception: fun more fun. For adjectives with two or more syllables, use more + adjective. - The underground is more expensive. *Some exceptions: quieter. simpler

For adjectives with two syllables that end in y, change y to i and add-er *The subway is busier. Use than when you are comparing two things in one sentence. * The underground is more expensive than the subway. * The subway is busier than the underground.

Focus on Style Writing about similarities: To show things are the same, follow these patterns: Affirmative sentences with be: * Venice is beautiful and so is Rome. *Venice is beautiful, and Rome is too. Affirmative sentences with other verbs: * Rio de janeiro has a lot of tourists, and so does Beijing. * John takes the bus to work, and Sofia does too.

UNIT 8: Full House Focus on Vocabulary -To donate: to give something to someone who needs help. -Jealous: unhappy because someone is getting something you want. -Hug: putting your arms around someone to show love or friendship. -Miracle: something good that you think is not possible. -Mischievous: getting into trouble in small ways. -Raise: take care of children until they finish school. -Van: a large car with many seats, like a small bus. -Advice: what somebody says to you to help you decide something. -Healthy: not sick, in good physical condition. -Supportive: when you help someone you are supportive. - Volunteer: someone gives help without being paid.

Focus on Language Verb *** Decide Donate *** Risk Support Noun Danger Decision Donation Pregnancy Risk Support Adjective Dangerous *** Pregnant Risky Supportive

Focus on Grammar Making Predictions with be going to: Use ‘be going to’ to make predictions about the future. 1/To make a prediction, use: be + going to + the base form of the verb - She is going to have a baby. -We are going to be good parents. 2/To make negative predictions, use: be+ not + going to+ the base form of the verb - I am not going to have any children. - You are not(aren’t) going to have triplets.

3/ To ask yes/no questions, use: be+ subject+ going to +the base form of the verb -Am I going to have a boy? yes, you are. no, you aren’t. 4/ To ask wh-questions, use: Wh-word +be +subject + going to + the base form of the verb - What are we going to do? - Who are they going to see? - What is going to happen? - Who is going to help?

Focus on Style The use of because: -Use because to give a reason. Because answers the question "why” *Why did Bobby Mc. Caughey take fertility drugs? - Bobby Mc. Caughey took fertility drugs because wanted to have another baby

UNIT 9: It’s Your Lucky Day Focus on Vocabulary -Split money: divided money. -Evenly: when you divide something evenly, it is the same size or amount. -To hang up: end the first call and call at a different time. -Betrayed: when someone betrayed you, he/she was not loyal to you. -To break an agreement : you do something that disobeys it.

-Greedy: When you are greedy, you want more of everything. -To hit the jackpot: to win the most valuable prize in a game or Lottery ( to win a lot). -Agreement: arrangement ( agreement≠ disagreement). -To sue: to begin legal action against.

Focus on Language Expressions about money Meaning Money is the root of all evil. Money causes problems in life. Money talks. People with a lot of money have power. The best things in life are free. Beautiful days and good friends do not cost any money. Money doesn’t grow on trees. If you want to have money, you have to work hard. A penny saved is a penny earned. Put money in the bank for the future, even a small amount of money.

Focus on Grammar Should for advice: 1/Use should to give someone advice. Should means “it is a good idea to…. ” Always use the base form of the verb after should. *You should put your money in the bank. *You really should take a vacation. 2/The negative of should is should not Use shouldn’t in speaking and informal writing. Always use the base form of the verb after shouldn’t. * People should not(shouldn’t) break an agreement. * You shouldn’t spend all your money.

3/ To ask yes/no questions, use: Should + subject + the base form of the verb. * Should we save money to buy a new house? * Should Jeffrey apologize to his mother? 4/ To ask a wh-questions, use Wh-word + should + subject + the base form of the verb. *Why I should I split the money? *How much should Jeffrey give to his mother?

Focus on Style Expressing an opinion: An opinion is your belief about something. When you write, you need to give your opinion in a clear way. You also need to support your opinion with clear, strong reasons because your reader might not have the same opinion as you. Here are some ways to express an opinion: -In my opinion, -I believe lotteries are good for the community. -I feel (that -I think (that) To express a negative opinion use do not(don’t) and the base form of the verb. -I don’t believe that money is the root of all evil. feel think