Exploring the Religions of Our World Chapter 4

Exploring the Religions of Our World Chapter 4 Islam

Chapter 4 Islam Vocabulary n n n n n Islam Muslim Allah Ka’bah Hijrah Caliphs Qur’an Imam Calligraphy n n n n Surahs hafiz Hadith Five pillars Shahadah Muezzin Salah Wudu n n n n Zakah Sawm Ramadan Hajj Ulama Mosque Adan

Chapter 4 Islam The Basics Mohammad God’s final messenger Islam “surrender” or “submission” Abraham ancestor to Jews, Christians, Muslims Allah “The God”

Chapter 4 -1 Islam Periods of Islamic History §Page 135

Submission Brings Inner Freedom n Which aspects described in the first 3 paragraphs correspond to what you see and hear about Islam and Muslims in the various forms of the media? • Which do not? • What personal experiences have you had with Muslims?

Chapter 4 -1 Islam History Islam has always existed, beginning with Adam the first man Muhammad: Messenger of God born in Mecca in about 570 CE first revelation from the Angel Gabriel who instructed him to be the messenger of Allah in 610 moved to Medina in 622 (Hijrah) died in 632

Muhammad: Messenger of God n What are some similarities between Christianity and Islam?

Chapter 4 -1 Islam History (continued) The first four caliphs : • Abu Bakr – first to succeed Muhammad • Umar – oversaw the expansion of Islam; appointed a committee of six to choose his successor • Uthman – a member of the Umayyah clan; was instrumental in the publication and distribution of the Qur’an • ‘Ali – Muhammad’s cousin

Chapter 4 -1 Islam History (continued) The Sunni Muslims and Shi’ah Muslims share fundamental beliefs and practices but are divided on who is to lead Muslims – why? Chronology of the division: 1. Uthman is assassinated 2. Ali succeeds him as caliph 3. Uthman’s cousin Mu’awiyah is also proclaimed caliph 4. following a series of battles, an arbitrator rules in favor of Mu’awiyah 5. ‘Ali is assassinated

Chapter 4 -1 Islam Chronology of division: (continued) 6. when ‘Ali’s son makes a claim to leadership, he and his family are massacred 7. Shi’ah Muslims see Husayn as a martyr and remain loyal to his family 8. The Sunni (the majority) accept the rule of the Umayyads 9. the Sunni support a caliphate and call their leaders caliph 10. the Shi’ah support an imamate and call their leaders Imam

Chapter 4 -1 Islam History (continued) Historical centers of Islam: n Medina, Saudi Arabia n Kufah, Iraq n Damascus, Syria n Baghdad, Iraq Why are these locations important?

Chapter 4 -1 Islam History (continued) Literature Philosophy M ed i c i n e A s tr o n o m y Mathematics Geography Chemistry E n g i n eeri n g Muslim scholarship sought to reconcile reason and faith which led to advances in:

Modern Period n n What do you think it would be like to be ruled by a government that was totally (Catholic)Christian? What do you think it would be like to be rules by a government that espoused a religion different from your own?

Chapter 4 -1 Islam History (continued) The Nation of Islam W. D. Fard Muhammad – African-American who spoke against Christianity as a white man’s religion and called for the establishment of a separate, African-American homeland Elijah Muhammad – continued Fard’s message when he succeeded him, expanding the Nation of Islam to other cities Malcom X – leader in New York who challenged Elijah Muhammad’s leadership and message before being assassinated by rivals in 1965 Warith Din Muhammad – Elijah Muhammad’s son who succeeded in bringing most of the Nation of Islam into union with Sunni Islam Louis Farrakhan – led members of the Nation of Islam who opposed the more integrated ideology of Warith Din Muhammad

Section 1 Review n n n How did Muhammad receive his first revelation? What was it? As a messenger of God, what was Muhammad’s chief message to mankind? What was the major cause of the rise of the two major groupings – the Sunni and the Shi’ah?

Section 1 Review n n n Summarize some of the major contributions of Islamic civilization to Western culture during its Golden Age. What were some of the major causes of the decline of the Muslim states in the early modern period? Summarize the historical development of the Nation of Islam in the United States.

Section 1 Review

Chapter 4 -2 Islam Sacred Stories and Sacred Scriptures Qur’an (Koran) Ø most sacred book for Muslims Ø a collection of the revelations Muhammad received directly from God Ø contains God’s infallible words, uncorrupted by human intervention Ø literally means “recitation” Ø divided into 144 surahs

Chapter 4 -2 Islam Sacred Stories and Sacred Scriptures (continued) Sunnah Qur’an Ø second authentic source of authority for Muslims Ø contains Muhammad’s words and deeds as well as what he approved and prohibited Ø it is Muhammad’s way of life Ø it goes hand in hand with the Qur’an because one needs to fully understand live as a Muslim

Section 2 Review n n What does the word Qur’an mean? Why is the Qur’an the most sacred writing for Muslims? • What are other sacred writings Muslims revere? n n Why can it be said that the Qur’an and Sunnah go hand in hand? Compare the Hadith to the Jewish Talmud. How are they alike?

Chapter 4 -3 Islam Beliefs and Practices Belief in one God is the central belief of Muslims La ilaha ilia Allah wa Muhammadun rasul Allah There is no god but God, Muhammad is the Messenger of God.

Chapter 4 -3 Islam Beliefs and Practices (continued) Core Tenets Free will is an integral part of being human Muhammad is the “Messenger of God” God is very involved as a guide in human affairs God is the creator and sustainer of the universe God gives life and takes life away God is the judge of all and determines who will spend eternity in heaven or hell Divine providence God is all-: loving, powerful, knowing, merciful, present

Chapter 4 -3 Islam Beliefs and Practices (continued) Biblical prophets mentioned in the Qur’an: Adam Noah Qur’an Abraham Moses The Aaron Christian Jacob and his sons Job Bible Jesus

Beliefs and Practices (continued) The Five Pillars of Islam to M e c c a Hajj (Pilgrimage) during Ramadan Sawn (Fasting) charity for the needy Zakah (Almsgiving) five times daily Salah (Prayer) There is no god but God, Muhammad is the Messenger of God Shahadah (Witnessing) Chapter 4 -3 Islam

Section 3 Review n What are the 2 main sections of the Islamic Profession of Faith? • What do Muslims believe about each of these 2 sections? n Name and explain each of the Five Pillars of Faith • #1: Chris • • #2: #3: #4: #5: David Ross Rick Austin

Section 3 Review n n n How does one become a Muslim? What are the sources of Shar’iah, and what is its role in Islam? Discuss the role of women in Islam • What are 3 significant understandings or conclusions we can take away?

Chapter 4 -4 Islam Sacred Times Eid al-Fitr (Festival of Breaking the Fast) prayer 5 times each day Eid al-Adha (Festival of Sacrifice) Ashura (recalls the Exodus from Egypt)

Section 4 Review n n n Explain some differences between the Jewish, Christian and Islamic calendar. What are the 2 great Islamic festivals, and what do they celebrate? What are the 2 main significances of Ashura?

Chapter 4 -5 Islam Sacred Places and Sacred Spaces Mosque (Masjid ) - a place of public worship Mecca, Saudi Arabia – the holiest city in Islam; birthplace of Muhammad and site of his first revelations Medina, Saudi Arabia – second holiest city; place to which Muhammad immigrated Jerusalem, Israel – the place of Muhammad’s “Night Journey”; place he ascended into heaven Karbala, Iraq – the site of the massacre of the ‘Ali and his companions and family

Section 5 Review n n Define ‘mosque’ How did Mecca become a holy place for Muslims? Why are Medina and Jerusalem also holy cities for Muslims? What is the significance of Karbala, Iraq for Shi’ah Muslims?

Chapter 4 -6 Islam Through a Catholic Lens Similarities between Muslims and Catholics • • The worship of the one God The understanding of God as: living, subsistent, merciful, almighty, Creator The desire to submit to God’s decrees The veneration of Jesus as a prophet The invocation of the Virgin Mary The anticipation of the Day of Judgment The centrality of Family life Social concerns: prejudice, poverty, environment

Chapter 4 -6 Islam Through a Catholic Lens (continued) Major Differences between Muslims and Catholics • Muslims do not believe in doctrine of the Holy Trinity • Muslims do not acknowledge Jesus’ divinity • Muslims do not believe Jesus suffered a human death by crucifixion

Section 6 Review n n Discuss some similarities between Catholics and Muslims Explain 3 major differences between Catholics and Muslims What are 2 areas of concern when Muslims engage in interreligious dialogue with Catholics? What are some suggested areas of dialogue with Muslims? Why are these important?