
e8cd65fd11771f65fe18d0991c5e3a96.ppt
- Количество слайдов: 25
Exchange & Economic Systems • Economic systems – Industrial vs. nonindustrial modes of production • Distribution systems – How are resources shared in human societies? • Class, status and stratification “Occupy Wall Street” protest movement, 2011 1
Economic systems Fruit vendor in Gaziantep, Turkey • Economy - a system of production, distribution and consumption of resources • Economic anthropology studies human production systems in a comparative perspective • Mode of production - a way of organizing production (land, labor, technology) • Societies with same adaptive strategy tend to have similar mode of production. 2
Exchange principles in economic systems 1. Reciprocity – Exchange of goods between social equals normally related by kinship, marriage or other ties – Dominant in more egalitarian societies (foragers, cultivators, pastoralists) 2. Redistribution – Goods/services move from local level to an administrative center and are redistributed in opposite direction back to local level – Ex: tributes, taxes, social security 3. Market – Dominates in capitalist economies – Items bought and sold with money – Goal: maximize profit – Value determined by supply & demand Graphics: Peoples, J. and G. Bailey. Humanity. Prentice Hall 2007 3
Types of reciprocity • Generalized – no expectation of return; occurs between people with high degree of emotional attachment (e. g. , parents and children) • Balanced – Donors expect a return of equal value (e. g. , wedding gifts) • Negative – motivated by desire to obtain products and gain max. amount of material goods; greatest degree of social distance (e. g. , barter) • What is the function of gift giving in U. S. culture? At what occasions are gifts expected and what do they signify? 4
$ Money $ • Objects that serve as media of exchange in the transaction of goods; must be durable, divisible, portable and controllable (in terms of supply and inflation). • Standard of value that determines how much things are worth in society • Store of value – portable form of wealth used to purchase goods/services • Symbolic significance 5
Principles of market economies • All goods and services have a monetary price and can be bought and sold. • Most people make a living by selling something on the market (objects or labor). • Market allocates factors of production efficiently to maximize benefits. • Supply and demand sets prices and regulates markets. 6
Industrialism and globalized markets • • • Market globalization = process by which capital, technology, products and services cross national boundaries at prices largely determined by global supply and demand What are the advantages and disadvantages of the globalization of labor for developed and developing countries? When people attempt to “buy American”, what factors complicate this goal? Maquiladora workers in Mexico 7
What Role has Colonialism Played in Forming the Modern World Economic System? § The Modern World Economic System § Conflicting Theories § Modernization Theory § Dependency Theory § World Systems Theory Copyright © 2014, W. W. Norton & Company 8
The world system • Rise of capitalist world economy since 15 th c. led to the creation of the modern world system • Production of goods for sale or exchange (goal: maximize profit and increase capital) • Economic and political interdependence of nations – core – semi-periphery – periphery Christopher Columbus 9
Core Nations • Most powerful • Monopolize world finance • Advanced technologies and mechanized production • Manufacturing of products exported to other core nations (eg, steel, cars, IT) • Ex: USA, EU countries, Australia, Japanese Mc. Donald’s franchise and car factory 10
Semi-periphery nations • Industrialized nations that export industrial goods and commodities • Lack power and economic dominance of core nations • Ex: Brazil, Russia, India 11
Periphery nations • Economies are less mechanized and predominantly agricultural • Produce raw materials, agricultural commodities and human labor for export • Ex: many countries in Central America, Africa, parts of Asia and South America 12
Emergence of the world system • European exploration in 15 th century – Linked Old and New Worlds – Major exchange of people, resources, ideas, and diseases • 16 th and 17 th centuries - development of colonialism and plantation economies based on monoculture production to satisfy demands for sugar, cotton, and tobacco in Europe • Transatlantic slave trade provided labor for plantations 13
What Role has Colonialism Played in Forming the Modern World Economic System? § The Triangle Trade Copyright © 2014, W. W. Norton & Company 14
Colonialism • Percent of world regions colonized (1906): Region Africa Polynesia Australia Americas % Colonized 90. 4% 98. 9% 56. 5% 100. 0% 27. 2% 15
British colonialism • Led by a drive for commercial profit • At its peak (1914), British empire covered 1/5 of world’s land area and 1/4 total population • Areas: India, Canada, East and Southern Africa, Australia, Middle East • Justification: “the white man’s burden” – Paternalistic, racist doctrine – Mission to civilize and Christianize native peoples • Collapsed after World War II Mahatma Gandhi (1869 -1948) led nonviolent struggle against British colonialism in India that ended in 1945 16
French colonialism • Driven by the state, church and armed forces more than private business interests • Areas: Canada, Louisiana territory, Caribbean, parts of India, North and West Africa, Indochina (Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia) • Justification: “la mission civilisatrice” – A civilizing mission to spread French culture, language and Christian religion • Disintegrated after WWII 17
Decolonization movements • U. S. independence (1776) ended first wave of British colonialism • Haiti - gained independence in 1804 from France through a slave revolt, making it the 1 st nation ruled by former slaves. • Most decolonization occurred in late 1950 s through 1960 s through violent and non-violent means • Ongoing decolonization: East Timor (2002), Western Sahara. Morocco conflict, Israel-Palestine conflict Toussaint L’Ouverture, Liberator of Haiti Simon Bolivar led South American independence from Spain in 1800 s 18
The world system today • Exploitative relationship between core and periphery • Trade relations disproportionately benefit capitalists in the core • Immigrants from periphery nations provide cheap labor for agriculture in core nations (e. g. Mexicans in US) • Companies in core nations outsource jobs to benefit from cheap labor in periphery 19
The Rise of the Corporation, the Decline of the Nation-State § From Fordism to Flexible Accumulation § Outsourcing of Jobs Copyright © 2014, W. W. Norton & Company 20
Division of the “worlds” • Ethnocentric notion coined in the 1950 s • First World - democratic West (USA, Canada, Western Europe, Australia/NZ, Japan) • Second World - former Soviet/socialist nations (Russia, Eastern Europe) • Third World - “developing” countries with a lower UN Human Development Index (based on per cap. income, nat’l literacy rate and life expectancy) 21
Another system of “worlds” • GDP: Gross domestic product – A common indicator of living standards (not income) – Measure of total market value of all goods and services produced 22
Why has the “third world” not developed more? • Economies based on the colonial cash-crop system: produce a few commodities for export… this discouraged the development of internal economic infrastructures and creates vulnerable states in the global market • Lack of industrialization means huge expenses in importing equipment and manufactured goods (3/4 of African imports) 23
Why has the “third world” not developed more? • Demographic transition: death rates drop as fertility rates remain high • Creates huge economic and environmental pressures – Environmental: desertification, deforestation, pollution – Economic: • Government cannot keep up with population growth to provide programs and jobs or update their infrastructures • A self- perpetuating system, since lots of labor available means low wages • Political instability from large numbers of unemployed youth, competition over scarce arable land, etc. 24
Development assistance: early postcolonial era • Post WWII reconstruction of Europe required massive investment • Bretton Woods Conference in 1944 created world financial institutions to fund reconstruction: – World Bank – International Monetary Fund – General Agreement on Trades and Tariffs (GATT) • U. S. - dominant economic position after the war & leadership in new global institutions 25