Exam 2 — Lessons 12 -21 Review Slides

Exam 2 - Lessons 12 -21 Review Slides

Lesson 12 The Interwar Years: Preparing for the Next War

Treaty of Versailles Extremely harsh conditions • Significant territorial concessions • Huge reparations • Severe limitations on military • German admission of responsibility for war

Lessons of World War I France: Defense! Germany: Offense! Britain: Navies work U. S. : Stay out of war altogether

Lessons of World War I France: Defense! • Maginot Line: static defense • Huge expenditure • Repeated mistake of 1914: • Assumed Belgian neutrality would be honored • Had good armored forces • Not enough funds to develop properly • Neglected innovations in tactics

Lessons of World War I Germany: Offense! Size of army limited by Versailles Treaty • Not enough to defend against attack • Strategy: “Best defense is good offense” Capitalized on tactics under development in WW I • Stormtrooper tactics + Armor = Blitzkreige Lightning War!

Interwar Revolutions 1920’s – ’ 30’s Perfected concepts introduced in WW I • Mechanized warfare • Aerial warfare • Carrier aviation • Amphibious warfare • Radio-based command & control Proliferation of new organizations • Armored divisions, • Carrier battle groups • Strategic bombardment wings

Lesson 12 WW II – Paths to Global War

Events September 8, 1926 Germany joins League of Nations August 27, 1928 Germany signs Kellogg-Briand Pact January 30, 1933 Hitler becomes chancellor October 19, 1933 Germany withdraws from League January 26, 1934 Germany signs 10 yr non-aggression pact with Poland August 2, 1934 President Hindenburg dies; Hitler declares himself Führer

Events March 16, 1935 Germany announces conscription, formation of new army units, navy ships and an air force October 3, 1935 Italy invades Ethiopia; League of Nations imposes economic sanctions March 7, 1936 Germany occupies Rhineland, successfully challenging France

Events October 25, 1936 Germany & Italy form Berlin-Rome Axis November 1936 Germany & Japan sign Anti-Comintern Pact January 17, 1937 Hitler renounces Versailles Treaty July 7, 1937 Sino-Japanese War begins November 5, 1937 Hitler discusses secret plan for Lebensraum (“living space”) March 12, 1938 Germany annexes Austria (Anschluss)

Events September 30, 1938 Chamberlain: “Peace for our time” "My good friends, for the second time in our history, a British Prime Minister has returned from Germany bringing peace with honor. I believe it is peace for our time. . . Go home and get a nice quiet sleep. " Peace For Our Time http: //library. byu. edu/~rdh/eurodocs/uk/peace. html

Events October 1, 1938 Germany acquires Sedetenland March 10, 1939 Germany occupies Czechoslovakia

Summary Hitler’s Pre-War Expansion March 7, 1936 Germany occupies Rhineland, successfully challenging France March 12, 1938 Germany annexes Austria (Anschluss) Sept 29, 1938 Munich Conference Sept 30, 1938 Chamberlain: “Peace for our time” October 1, 1938 Germany acquires Sedetenland March 10, 1939 Germany occupies Czechoslovakia

Events August 23, 1939 Hitler negotiates non-aggression pact with Soviet Union (Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact) September 1, 1939 Germany invades Poland Holocaust Encyclopedia

Japan’s Next Step After China Two factions in Japanese government • “Northern” Faction (Northern Strike Group) • Led by Army • Favored move north into USSR • “Southern” Faction (Southern Strike Group) • Led by Navy • Favored move south into Dutch East Indies

Events July-August 1939 Battle of Khalkin Gol (Nomonhan) Soviet victory Significance: • Japan abandoned northern strategy • Turned south • Set up confrontation with US • USSR able to divert resources toward the west and Germany • Established Gen. Georgi Zhukov as armor commander Reader’s Companion to Military History: Khalkin Gol

Japan’s Path to War Increase in Militarism in Japanese society US moves Pacific Fleet to Hawaii (May 1940) Great East-Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere declared (Aug 1940) Move into northern French Indochina (Sep 1940) Berlin-Rome-Tokyo Axis formed (Tripartite Pact, Sep 1940) US embargos iron & steel exports to Japan (Sep 1940) Vichy government accedes to Japanese request for bases in southern Indochina (July 1941) US embargos shipments of oil to Japan (Jul 1941)

Events December 7, 1941 US Pacific Fleet attacked at Pearl Harbor

Instruments of National Power Diplomacy Information Resolve Military Economic Power Resolve What did the Japanese miss?

Lesson 13 WW II – 1940: Fall of France & Battle of Britain

Events September 1, 1939 Germany invades Poland September 3, 1939 Britain, France declare war on Germany “Phony war” begins April 9, 1940 Germany invades Denmark & Norway May 10, 1940 Germany invades Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg Chamberlain resigns * Churchill becomes PM * Britain occupies Iceland * * Not related to invasion

German Halt at Dunkirk German army had little amphibious experience • Looked at the Channel as a barrier • Didn’t believe British could possibly get away Panzer units arrived well ahead of the infantry • Were exhausted, out of supply • Called halt to rest, resupply, allow infantry to catch up Luftwaffe hadn’t gotten much credit in battle • Asked for and received permission to destroy BEF British saw Channel as a highway - organized evacuation

Miracle of Dunkirk 300, 000+ rescued Equipment abandoned

Events September 1, 1939 Germany invades Poland September 3, 1939 Britain, France declare war on Germany “Phony war” begins April 9, 1940 Germany invades Denmark & Norway May 10, 1940 Germany invades Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg May 27 -29, 1940 Evacuation of Dunkirk June 4 -22, 1940 Battle of France June 22, 1940 France Surrenders

Operation Sealion Germans began planning for invasion in November 1939 Initial criteria for success: * The Royal Navy had to be eliminated. * The Royal Air Force (RAF) air strength had to be eliminated. * British coastal defenses had to be destroyed. * British submarine action against landing forces had to be prevented.

Battle of Britain British Challenge: How to overcome a numerical disadvantage

Climax September 15, 1940 Massive daylight raid on London • Largest to date 56 German aircraft lost versus 28 RAF fighters RAF used every fighter in 11 Group (no reserves) Germans switched to night raids on cities Considered the turning point of the battle

Battle of Britain Factors British use of radar (command & control) German underestimation of RAF strength British “home field” advantage German loss of focus (Change of Objective)

Lesson 14 WW II -- Unrestricted Submarine Warfare and the Second Battle of the Atlantic

Battle of the Atlantic Allied Strategy • Protect existing shipping • Build to replace shipping losses, expand fleet • Go on the offensive against the U-boats

Allied Strategy • Protect existing shipping • Employ convoy system immediately • Increase escort capability

Allied Strategy • Protect existing shipping • Build to replace shipping losses, expand fleet • Expand US shipbuilding industry • Apply mass production techniques to shipbuilding

Allied Strategy • Protect existing shipping • Build to replace shipping losses, expand fleet • Go on the offensive against the U-boats • Improve intelligence on U-boat operations • Close Mid-Atlantic Gap • Develop Hunter-Killer teams

Hunter-Killer Team

Lesson 15 WW II – The Axis Advances

Germany Turns East The Battle for Russia

Hitler’s Rationale Hitler regarded the Soviet Union and Bolshevism as the greatest threat to Germany He felt that the weakness of the Red Army created the best possible opportunity to eliminate this threat • Rejected (or ignored) the possibility of two-front war

Operation Barbarossa June 22, 1941

Initial Germany Plan

Battle of Stalingrad August 1942 - February 1943 Fatal Distraction?

German Grand Strategy

German-Soviet War Until June 1944 • Soviet Union bore main thrust of German army • Stalin pressed for Second Front

Soviet Losses Significance The Soviet war effort was so overwhelming that impartial historians of the future are unlikely to rate the British and American contribution to the European theatre as much more than a sound supporting role. Norman Davies Europe at War, 1939 -1945 Quoted by Benjamin Schwarz “Stalin's Gift” The Atlantic, May 2007

Summary Operation Barbarossa German Invasion of the Soviet Union The classic example of the cost of not learning the lessons of history

Lesson 16 WW II: The Pacific: America Enters the War

Japanese Situation 1936: Army began to gain upper hand in government of Japan Goal: Make Japan preeminent in Asia Objectives: • Conquer China • Expand into SE Asia for bases & raw materials • Strengthen military • Build war industry • Improve air & sea transportation Ref: Morton: Japans Decision for War Return to Japan’s Decision

Japanese Situation Driving Concern: Make Japan self sufficient (particularly in oil) Problem: US, Britain, Netherlands control Japan’s oil Morton: Japans Decision for War

Japanese Options Move North: Attack Soviet Union Move South: Invade East Indies Reach Accommodation with US Morton: Japans Decision for War

Timeline 1910 Japan colonizes Korea 1921 League of Nations awards Japan control of former German possessions in Micronesia 1931 Japan invades Manchuria 1932 Japan establishes a puppet state, Manchukuo, in Manchuria 1936: Nov 25 Japan & Germany sign Anti-Comintern Pact 1937: Jul 7 Japan provokes incident with China, declares war Nov 6 Italy joins Germany, Japan in Anti-Comintern Pact Dec 12 Japanese planes sink gunboat USS Panay in Yangtze River Ken Polsson: Chronology of World War II

Timeline 1937: Dec 14 Ludlow Amendment introduced in Congress • Proposed Constitutional amendment to require popular referendum prior to entry into war 1938: May 17 US Naval Expansion Act • Goal: Full-strength two-ocean navy in 10 years May 28 Japanese cabinet increases military presence Nov 18 Japan: New Order in East Asia replaces Open Door 1939: Jul 26 US: Will not renew 1911 trade pact with Japan Aug Japanese forces defeated by Soviets at Khalkin Gol (Manchuria) Sep War in Europe begins Ken Polsson: Chronology of World War II

Timeline 1940: Jul New Japanese government discusses ways to exploit weakness of European powers in Asia Jul 25 Roosevelt announces restrictions on shipment of petroleum & scrap iron to Japan Aug US analysts crack Japanese codes Sep Japan occupies northern French Indochina Sep 26 US embargoes shipment of av gas, scrap iron, steel to Japan Sep 27 Japan, Germany, Italy sign Tripartite Pact Nov 11 Royal Navy aircraft attack Italian fleet at Taranto, Italy Ken Polsson: Chronology of World War II

Timeline 1941: Jul 24 Japan occupies all of French Indochina Jul 26 US freezes all Japanese assets in US * Oct 17 General Hideki Tojo becomes Japanese Premier Nov 20 Sec State Hull, Japanese Ambassador Nomora begin talks: nations exchange final positions * Key turning point Ken Polsson: Chronology of World War II

Timeline 1941: Nov 25 Japanese naval task force sails for Hawaii Nov 27 US Pacific commanders warned to expect war at any time with attack likely in Philippines of SE Asia Dec 1 Japan rejects US counter but asks to continue talks Dec 1 Japanese naval task force directed to proceed with attack on Pearl Harbor, subject to recall Dec 4 US intercepts coded Japanese message indicating attack on US assets imminent Dec 7 0755: Attack on US forces on Oahu begins The US and the Coming of World War II

Japan’s Decision for War Japan’s Objective: Preeminence in Asia “Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere” Shortage of oil was the key to Japan's Grand Strategy Major consideration in preparing for war , yet Key reason for going to war

Japan’s Decision for War Japanese Strategy • Neutralize US Pacific fleet and threats from the Philippines • Establish defensive perimeter • Use new resources to build capability to defend indefinitely Felt US would be unwilling to pay cost of overcoming these defenses Felt US would compromise, allow Japan the dominant position in Asia

Japan’s Decision for War Calculated Risk or Risky Calculation? Japanese Miscalculations Did not anticipate US reaction to Pearl Harbor attack Assumed US would accept Japan’s limited war objectives Assumed Japan could keep the war limited One man’s limited war may be another man’s total war

Attack on Pearl Harbor Breaks in our favor: Two aircraft carriers at sea Submarines, fuel stores not attacked Repair facilities left intact

Lesson 17 WW II -- Combined Bombing Offensive

Total War Total war: one in which the whole population and all the resources of the combatants are committed to complete victory … and thus become legitimate military targets … and rules of war are ignored. Automatic Hugh Bicheno Oxford Companion to Military History

Targeting Philosophy U. S. : Daylight, high-altitude precision bombing against specific industrial targets British: Night area-bombing of cities Together: Combined Bomber Offensive

Strategic Bombing Challenge Selecting the most productive target sets Initially • U-boat facilities After June 1943 • Fighter aircraft • Ball bearings • Petroleum Prior to D-Day • Transportation

Critique of Bombing Campaign Established a “Second Front” Precision bombing: results disappointing Impact on morale: ultimately telling • German experience different from British during Blitz "Bombing appreciably affected the German will to resist. Its main psychological effects were defeatism, fear, hopelessness, fatalism, and apathy. It did little to stiffen resistance through the arousing of aggressive emotions of hate and anger. War weariness, willingness to surrender, loss of hope in German victory, distrust of leaders, feelings of disunity, and demoralizing fear were all more common among bombed than among unbombed people. " US Strategic Bombing Survey, European War

Critique of Bombing Campaign Established a “Second Front” Precision bombing: results disappointing Impact on morale: ultimately telling Impact on war production • German production increased through mid-1944 • Late decision to mobilization • Fighter production displaced bombers • 85% of US bombs were dropped after D-day • Influenced final ground war after January 1945 Phillip S. Meilinger Bogus charges Against Airpower Air Force magazine, September 2002

Lesson 18 WW II -- Amphibious Warfare: The Normandy Campaign

Dieppe Raid 19 August 1942 Attempt to prove capability to seize and hold a port Secondary: • Gather intelligence and capture material • Study German responses • Draw the Luftwaffe into open battle

Lessons from Dieppe Need: • Specialized landing craft • Specialized vehicles • Increased fire support • Alternative to capturing a port

Mulberry Harbor Nando Times

PLUTO Pipeline Under the Ocean Isle of Wight to Normandy 1. 3 million gallons per day Isle of Wight

Role of Airborne Forces Protect the flanks of the seaborne invasion Capture and hold bridges, key road junctions

Weather Robert Capa – National Archives Weather was Eisenhower’s biggest concern on D-Day Operation already had been postponed from June 5 th • Forces had been briefed, loaded, deployments begun

Lesson 19 WW II -- End of the War in Europe

Attacking Germany The Plan British Montgomery US - Patton

Attacking Germany The First Problem: Logistics Only Ports September 1944

Logistics Challenges Only operational ports: Cherbourg & Normandy beaches Supply lines stretched over hundreds of miles • Not enough trucks to fill pipeline and provide needed supplies Units in combat required huge amounts of material • One division in combat required 700 -750 tons/day • Average of 28 divisions north of the Seine after Paris liberated Problem: How to deliver the goods with the trucks available?

Solution: Change the Process Red Ball Express Convoy System to expedite delivery of supplies

Attacking Germany Problem: Who gets the supplies? British Montgomery US - Patton

Operation Market-Garden 17– 25 September 1944 Combined (US-British) attempt to flank the Siegfried Line • Operation Market: airborne assault to secure bridges • Operation Garden: ground ops to relieve airborne within 4 days

Market-Garden After Thoughts Underlined the precarious nature of all airborne assaults Major considerations: Airlift available for initial insertion & resupply Likelihood of timely relief by ground forces Availability of fire support (organic or air) Intelligence WEATHER Success = Good Planning & Luck!

Western Europe December 1944 Average Daily Tonnage Offloaded: Channel Ports: 18, 450 Antwerp: 16, 600

Battle of the Bulge Objective of German Counteroffensive Situation, December 1944 16 December 1944 – 26 January 1945 Primary Objective: Capture port of Antwerp

Battle of the Bulge 16 December 1944 – 28 January 1945

Fall of Germany

Lesson 21 WW II: The Pacific War

Dark Days Winter – Spring 1942 Guam, Wake Island overrun Philippines attacked, near collapse British lost Hong Kong, Singapore Dutch lost East Indies

Doolittle Raid America needed something to raise national morale • Desired to strike at Japanese heartland Dilemma: • No bases close enough for land-based bombers • Too risky for carrier-based air Solution: • Meld the two!

Doolittle Raid Significance American morale soared Japanese recalled fighter forces to protect home islands Most important: Japanese recognized need to extend defensive perimeter • Decided to attack Midway

Battle of the Coral Sea 4 -8 May 1942 Carrier Lexington lost Carrier Yorktown damaged (Japanese thought she had sunk) Japanese lose carrier Shoho; two others damaged Tactical victory for Japan • Sank more tonnage Strategic victory for US • Stopped Japanese advance on Australia

Midway Aleutian Diversion Force (two carriers) Japanese Plan Midway Attack Force (four carriers)

Battle of Midway Consequences Losses: • Japan: 4 carriers, 1 cruiser • US: 1 carrier (Yorktown), 1 destroyer Significance: • High water mark for Japan • Never recovered carrier, aircrew losses In the two years following Midway, Japanese shipyards managed to launch only six additional fleet carriers. The US in that same period added 17 … along with 10 light carriers and 86 escort carriers.

Lesson 21 WW II: Unconditional Surrender

Review US Strategy Isolate Japan Roll back defensive perimeter • Southwestern Pacific • Central Pacific Destroy industrial capability, will to fight Invade home islands

US Strategy Isolate Japan Invade Destroy industrial power, will Roll back defensive perimeter Maps. com

Strategy to Isolate Japan Submarine Campaign “We shall never forget that it was our submarines that held the lines against the enemy while our fleets replaced losses and repaired wounds” - Fleet Admiral Chester Nimitz, 1947 Japanese Cruiser

Submarine Campaign Impact Japanese merchant shipping loses crippled industrial support for their war effort Shipping and naval losses restricted Japanese abilities to support deployed forces Submarines allowed US to attack Japanese power early in war at relatively little cost Chief of Naval Operations, Submarine Warfare Division http: //www. chinfo. navy. mil/navpalib/cno/n 87/history/pac-campaign. html

Strategy to Roll Back Japanese Defenses Island Hopping Feb-Mar 45 Jun-Aug 44 Nov 43 – Feb 44 Rabaul May 42 – Aug 45 = Bypassed Japanese Bases History Animated

Two Routes to Japan

Strategy to Destroy Japanese Industrial Power, Will Bombing of Japan Saipan Guam Tinian

Iwo Jima Strategic Importance Deny its use to Japanese interceptors Provide base for US escort fighters Serve as emergency field for damaged B-29 s

Strategy to Invade Japan Operation Downfall Phase II Phase I US Military Academy

Hiroshima August 6, 1945 A-bomb attacks alleviated need for invasion

The A-Bomb: Development & Deployment

Little Boy Dropped on Hiroshima Gun-Triggered Fission Bomb

Fat Man Dropped on Nagasaki Implosion-Triggered Fission Bomb