EVELOPMENT ECONOMIC D TEGIES OF THE STRA NG

EVELOPMENT ECONOMIC D TEGIES OF THE STRA NG COUNTRIES ORLDS’ LEADI W

1. СOMMON FEATURES AND PROBLEMS OF IMPLEMENTATION OF THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY OF THE WORLDS’ LEADING COUNTRIES DIRECTIONS OF THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY OF COUNTRIES ARISE FROM THE ECONOMIC PROBLEMS THEY FACE : • • • INNER DEVELOPMENT PROBLEMS INTERNATIONAL COMPETITIVENESS PROBLEMS THE PROBLEMS OF INTERACTION WITH DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

1)STRUCTURAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL PROBLEM • THE SHIFT IN EMPHASIS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF HIGH TECHNOLOGY HAS LED TO THE ACCELERATION OF SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL PROGRESS AND A SHIFT IN EMPHASIS IN THE STRUCTURE OF THE ECONOMY TO THE SERVICE SECTOR AND THE INFORMATION SECTOR. • THE CONSEQUENCES: • ADDITIONAL INCOME IS INVESTED MAINLY IN THE VERY INDUSTRY IN WHICH IT WAS RECEIVED. THIS LEADS TO STRUCTURAL UNBALANCE, OUTSTRIPPING GROWTH OF OTHER SECTORS AT THE EXPENSE OF OTHERS;

• SUSTAINABLE EXCESS PROFITS MAY LEAD TO ATTEMPTS OF THE STATE TO WITHDRAW THE FUNDS FOR THE BENEFIT OF SOCIETY THROUGH TAXES; • SPECIALIZATION IN THE PRODUCTION OF A NARROW RANGE OF GOODS, THE PRODUCTION OF WHICH ACHIEVED TANGIBLE TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANTAGE, MAKES THE ECONOMY MORE VULNERABLE TO CHANGING PATTERNS OF DEMAND FOR GOODS AND A DECREASE IN DEMAND FOR THE PRODUCTS OF KEY INDUSTRIES.

2) RESOURCE AND ENERGY PROBLEM THE REASONS: • NATURAL DIFFERENCES IN THE AMOUNTS OF MINERALS ; • DIFFERENT COUNTRIES HAVE STARTED TO DEVELOP FUEL RESOURCES ASYNCHRONOUSLY AND WITH DIFFERENT INTENSITY. ACCORDINGLY, THE "OLD" INDUSTRIAL COUNTRIES SIGNIFICANTLY DEPLETED RESOURCES, WHILE COUNTRIES THAT ARE DEVELOPED OFTEN DO NOT EVEN BEGIN TO CONDUCT GEOLOGICAL AND MINERAL EXPLORATION, WHICH THEY ARE ENTITLED ; • THE USE OF ENERGY IN DEVELOPED COUNTRIES IS HIGHER.

3) ECOLOGICAL PROBLEM; 4) SOCIO-POLITICAL PROBLEM IS CAUSED BY THE FOLLOWING CONTRADICTIONS: • DIFFERENTIATION OF INCOMES IN SOCIETY IS INEVITABLE, BUT ITS EXTENT SHOULD BE SOCIALLY ACCEPTABLE; • • • ALL MEMBERS OF SOCIETY SHOULD HAVE ACCESS TO THE MOST IMPORTANT BENEFITS (EDUCATION, HEALTH AND SAFETY, ETC. ); MEMBERS OF THE PUBLIC SHOULD HAVE THE FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION AND REALIZATION OF THEIR INTERESTS THROUGH THE MEDIATION OF THE STATE; AN IMPORTANT POINT IS THE FORMAL EQUALITY OF ALL MEMBERS OF SOCIETY; DECLARING THE PREVALENCE OF SELF-INTEREST, THE SOCIETY NEVERTHELESS SEEKS THE BALANCE OF PRIVATE AND PUBLIC INTERESTS.

5) INTERNATIONAL COMPETITION: • ON THE RESOURCE MARKET • ON THE MARKETS • POLITICAL AND ECOLOGICAL COMPETITION

EXTERNALIZATION - THE TRANSFER OF DOMESTIC ECONOMIC PROBLEMS IN THE EXTERNAL ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT. FORMATION FACTORS OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES: • 1) ERASING THE BOUNDARIES OF THE NATIONAL ECONOMY DUE TO THE ACTIVITIES OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS, HARMONIZATION OF ECONOMIC LEGISLATION AND HARMONIZATION OF TAX POLICY. CONSEQUENTLY, THE DECREASE OF THE OPPORTUNITY FAST INTERVENTION OF THE STATE IN ECONOMICS; THE LOSS OF ECONOMICALLY DEVELOPED COUNTRIES’ INDEPENDENCE EVEN IN CURRENCY AND MONETARY POLICY.

EXTERNALIZATION • 2) RADICAL CHANGE OF DIRECTIONS AND METHODS COMPETITIVE POLICIES. IN CERTAIN AREAS: ELECTRICITY, AVIATION, CHEMICAL VEHICLE AND SHIPBUILDING, SPACE, ETC. IT IS NECESSARY TO CREATE LARGE CORPORATIONS WHO GIVE IT TO EXPAND ITS INFLUENCE IN THE GLOBAL ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT ; • 3) THE INCREASING ROLE OF INFLUENTIAL NON-GOVERNMENTAL ACTORS IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS TNCS LEADS TO THE NEED TO INCORPORATE THEIR BEHAVIOR DURING THE FORMATION OF A NATIONAL STRATEGY ; • 4) INTENSIFICATION OF REGIONALIZATION AND GLOBALIZATION AFTER THE CRISIS ; • 5) INCREASE IN THE SHARE OF STATE OWNERSHIP ; • 6)THE SETTLEMENT OF STATE REGULATION OF THE ECONOMY ; • 7) THE INTENSIFICATION SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL DIRECTION OF STRATEGIES

USA Ø I FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT CAPACITY Ø II ON EXPORTS AND IMPORTS ØI BY VOLUME AND WITH NEW INNOVATIVE SECTOR ØHAS THE LARGEST SHARE OF THE STATUTORY FUND OF THE MOST INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

THE AIM OF THE STRATEGY : • IS DEFINITELY GLOBAL LEADERSHIP STRATEGY WHERE THE ENTIRE PLANET IS THE AREA OF INTEREST OF USA • BACKGROUND: THE LIBERAL MODEL OF ECONOMICS BASED ON THE MONETARISM

THE HISTORICAL TYPES OF THE STRATEGY: • F. ROOSEVELT – KEYNESIANISM – 30 YY XX CENTUTY EXIT STRATEGY FROM A DEEP ECONOMIC CRISIS. ROOSEVELT'S NEW DEAL PROGRAM INCLUDED - - - • H. TRUEMAN – “AVERGE COURSE ” 1945 Y WHY THE AVERAGE COURSE OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT? BECAUSE IT DOESN’T BELONG NEITHER TO THE SOCIAL PLANNING NOR TO THE FREE MARKET • STATE FUNDING OF PUBLIC WORKS CONSTRUCTION • HOUSEHOLD OBJECTS BUILDING FINANCING BY THE STATE - THE “EMPLOYMENT ACT”, INCLUDING PROVISIONS CONTAINED ON THE PLANNED DEVELOPMENT OF THE ECONOMY OF THE STATE OF THE ECONOMY IN FACT THE COMBINATION OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP INITIATIVE WITH STATE ACTIVITY IN THE ECONOMY OF MIXED TYPE. ROLE OF THE STATE: - GOVERNMENTAL PURCHASES INCREASE ; SUBSIDIARIES PROVISION TO THE PRIVATE FIRMS -EFFECTIVE TAX POLICY TO REDUCE UNEMPLOYMENT. MORE ACTIVE FOREIGN POLICY PUT FORWARD THE IDEA OF WORLD CARTEL CHAIRED BY THE UNITED STATES. STABILITY OF THE AMERICAN ECONOMY BE ENSURED NOT ONLY DOMESTIC POLICIES BUT ITS LAYOUT WORLD ECONOMY MEASURES UNDER IMPLEMENTATION CASE LOANS BY FOREIGN COUNTRIES ALL INVESTMENT ASSISTANCE TO THIRD COUNTRIES. • EXAMPLE: THE MARSHALL PLAN. ( TILL 70 TH OF 20 TH CENTURY. )

THE HISTORICAL TYPES OF THE STRATEGY R. REAGAN – MONETARY - 1981 Y M. FRIEDMAN THEORY “FOUNDATIONS FOR AMERICA OR REIGANOMICS” • • SUPPORTS PRIVATE ENTERPRISE ; REDUCE GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION IN MICRO ECONOMIC PROCESSES; UNLIKE PREVIOUSLY, SUPPLY WAS STIMULATED, NOT A DEMAND ; • • • DECREASE OF AMOUNT AND SIZE OF TAXES. THE CRISIS REASONS: - A SIGNIFICANT STATE BUDGET DEFICIT - A LARGE NEGATIVE BALANCE OF PAYMENTS ON CURRENT ACCOUNT - DETERIORATION OF THE SITUATION OF VULNERABLE GROUPS OF POPULATION THROUGH THE REDUCTION IN SOCIAL SPENDING - DECREASE INVESTMENT ACTIVITY IN THE COUNTRY B. CLINTON – NEO-KEYNSIANISM • THE GOAL: INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENTS STIMULATION - INCREASED AMOUNTS OF PUBLIC INVESTMENT IN FIXED ASSETS OF THE COUNTRY - INVESTMENT IN MODERN INDUSTRIES WERE ENCOURAGED -INCREASE OF SOCIAL COSTS, ESPECIALLY HEALTHCARE AND EDUCATION - TAXES INCREASE G. BUSH – MONETARISM – “NEW PRINCIPLES” Party Libra new framework of tax cuts, including the abolition of inheritance tax -tax privileges research and development work, - fiscal austerity in order to increase the public debt of the pension system support, education implications (not fully implemented !) - increase military spending (Iraq, Afghanistan); growth of public debt growth in the number of pensioners

CHARACTERISTICS OF MODERN STRATEGY: 1) INDUSTRIALIZATION: DEVELOPMENT OF THE SPHERE OF INFORMATION AND TECHNOLOGIES LEADS TO INDUSTRY REDUCTION ; 2) DELOCALIZATION: TRANSFER OF US PRODUCTION INTO DEVELOPING COUNTRIES WITH HIGH RATES OF DEVELOPMENT • • • INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENTS STIMULATION THE PROBLEM OF RE TRAINING OF INDUSTRIAL WORKERS INFORMATIONAL SUPPORT OF OTHER ECONOMIES FOCUS ON INTERESTS OF TNC USE OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS WITH TOOLS IMPLEMENT ITS STRATEGY. LOBBYING OF FREETRADERSHIP IN ORDER TO ACCESS AMERICAN GOODS TO FOREIGN MARKETS • • • THE DOMESTIC MARKET PROTECTIONISM ACTIVE PARTICIPATION IN REGIONAL INTEGRATION PROCESSES ACCELERATING ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION OF THE WORLD ECONOMY REDUCING MILITARY SPENDING INCREASED SOCIAL ORIENTATION OF ECONOMIC POLICIES INCLUDING THROUGH REFORM OF MEDICINE

JAPAN HIERARCHICAL CORPORATIVISM LONG-TERM FORMING ECONOMIC FACTOR STRATEGY: 1) HISTORICAL FEATURES ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE COUNTRY; 2) DETERMINATION TO ECONOMIC REFORM AND ITS EFFICIENCY TILL 18 CENTURY; 3) THE SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS SPECIFICS. - LONG SELF ISOLATION; - WILLINGNESS FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF SCIENTIFIC ACHIEVEMENTS OF OTHER COUNTRIES; CHANGES OCCURRED IN THE YEARS 1867 -1868 REVOLUTION 'MEYDZI‘: REFORMING OF THE ECONOMY AND ECONOMIC AND MILITARY AND POLITICAL EXPANSION IN EASTERN, SOUTH-EAST ASIA AND OCEANIA.

IN THE 30 -40 OF THE 20 TH CENTURY: • -ACTIVE ECONOMY MILITARIZATION -> STRUCTURAL IMBALANCES • - ROBUST DICTATES OF BIG BUSINESS ASSOCIATIONS - A LARGE PART OF STATE PROPERTY • - FIXED PRICES FOR INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS • - PLANNING FOR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT • - STRIKES PROHIBITION • AFTER THE SECOND WORLD WAR CHAIRED BY USA / DEMILITARIZATION, DECARTELIZATION, COMPLETE AGRARIAN REFORMS IN THE CONSTITUTION: MILITARY SPENDING SHOULD NOT EXCEED 1% OF GDP. BUDGET REFORM TO END THE LARGE DEFICIT • • - FIXED RATE YEN MONETARY EMISSION TIGHTLY CONTROLLED DYNAMIC PLANNING BASED DEVELOPMENT METHOD IS INDICATIVE IN FOREIGN ECONOMIC POLICY PROTECTIONISM PROTECTION OF FOREIGN CAPITAL 70 -80 YEARS ENERGY CRISIS CURRENCY ABOLISHED LICENSING CONTROLS ON IMPORTS LIFTED RESTRICTIONS ON CAPITAL FLOOD AND CAPITAL EXPORTS SHIFTED TO A FLOATING EXCHANGE RATE, PUBLIC FUNDING OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT LARGE POSITIVE BALANCE OF FOREIGN TRADE - CAPITAL INFLOWS FROM EXPORTS - SPECULATION IN STOCKS AND REAL ESTATE, BUT NOT INVESTMENTS (EXPENCIVE LABOR). IN 1995 YEAR FIRST POST-WAR WAVE OF BANKRUPTCIES OF LARGE BANKS + 1998 CRISIS IN ASIA

1999 YEAR - FINANCIAL REFORM - “BIG BOOM” • LIBERALIZATION OF THE FINANCIAL MARKET • REMOVED THE BAN ON ACCESS OF NON-FINANCIAL COMPANIES IN THE FINANCIAL MARKETS • PERMITTED TO TRADE IN SECURITIES OUTSIDE THE STOCK MARKETS • DEREGULATION AND TIGHT CONTROL FISCAL DEFICIT • WRITE-OFF OF LIABILITIES • REDUCED PRESSURE ON CORPORATIONS DECLINED • CONTRIBUTION TO JAPAN'S UNEMPLOYMENT RATE IS 4 % • DEFLATION • LOW GROWTH RATES • LOSING LEADERSHIP • AGING NATION • YEN IS NOT IN USE OF INTERNATIONAL TRANSACTIONS • HUMAN REOURSE • SCIENTIFIC – TECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS

• SINCE 2011, THE BALANCE OF PAYMENTS DEFICIT ON TRADING OPERATIONS BUT COMPENSATION INCOME FROM INVESTMENTS. GREAT BUDGET DEFICIT. • NEW DEAL ECONOMIC POLICIES JAPAN • END KEYNES 2012 + LIBERALIZM • PROGRAMME OF PRIME MINISTER ABE SINDZO - COURSE CALLED "ABENOMIKA" • 3 BASES STRILY • - FLEXIBLE INSTALLATION TO BUDGET COSTS THAT • AGGRESSIVE MONETARY POLICY • ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY WILL INCREASE THE BASIC DIRECTIONS OF LOW INFLATION 2 PER CENT PER ANNUM • - REFINANCING OF PRIVATE BANKS AND LOW INTEREST LOANS TO ~ 0% • RESTORATION OF INFRASTRUCTURE • (2013 - 920 BILLION DOLLARS) • THAT HAPPENS. CAKE DEMAND REQUIRES ADDITIONAL CONSTRUCTION JOBS IT NATURAL INCREASE CONSUMER DEMAND NEW INVESTMENT GROWTH RATES VIDSOTKOVYH I QUOTES, END OF DEFLYATSII EMISSIONS THAN MOST DOMESTIC DAY IS • WE TATRAS FROM A NOMINAL HEIGHT OF THE EUROPE 2 PERCENT REAL NOISE NEEDS TO + 10 PER CENT INVESTMENT • TAX REFORM • LIQUEFACTION OF TAXES ON INHERITANCE TAX BUT INCREASE IN SALES AND A TAX ON THE RICH REFORM LABOR LAWS VIDMINA LIFE OF THE AGRARIAN REFORM.