European Union Programmes and the Promotion of Culture

European Union Programmes and the Promotion of Culture and Intercultural Dialogue Enrique Banús

What Role for Culture in the European Integration? The Legal Fundament Art. 151 (128 ) ECT

Art. 151 (128 ) ECT 1. The Community shall contribute to the flowering of the cultures of the Member States, while respecting their national and regional diversity and at the same time bringing the common cultural heritage to the fore. 2. Action by the Community shall be aimed at encouraging cooperation between Member States and, if necessary, supporting and supplementing their action in the following areas: - improvement of the knowledge and dissemination of the culture and history of the European peoples, - conservation and safeguarding of cultural heritage of European significance, - non-commercial cultural exchanges, - artistic and literary creation, including in the audiovisual sector.

Why not before? A Short Historical Overview

The Cultural Action of the European Community Looking to the History First Step: Diverse Actions

The Cultural Action of the European Community Looking to the History Second Step: The Programs: RAPHAEL, ARIANE, KALEIDOSKOPE

The Cultural Action of the European Community Looking to the History Third Step: The “Culture” Programme (2000 -2006; 2007 -2013)

The “Culture” Programme Support for Cultural Actions (Strand 1 / 77%) encourages organisations to work together on cultural and artistic projects §Projects lasting from three to five years (multi-annual cooperation projects) – 6 countries §Projects lasting up to two years (Cooperation measures) – 3 countries §Special measures

The “Culture” Programme Support for European Cultural Bodies (Strand 2 / 10 %) Support is available for bodies engaged in providing representation at EU level, collecting or disseminating information to encourage trans-European cultural cooperation, networking at European level for cultural bodies, participating in cultural cooperation projects, acting as ambassadors for European culture. Typical bodies that act as cultural ambassadors are European orchestras, and theatre and opera companies. Cultural co-operation projects include festivals.

The “Culture” Programme Support for analyses and dissemination activities (Strand 3) §Information on the mobility of cultural workers, the circulation of works of art and artistic and cultural products, and intercultural dialogue will be of particular interest. This analysis takes the form of studies that can increase understanding of trans-European cultural co-operation. §The programme supports cultural contact points in each participating country. §An internet tool to meet the needs of culture professionals working in trans. European cultural co-operation will be developed. This is intended to streamline the exchange of experience and good practice.

Special Messures * European Capital of Culture

Intercultural Dialogue EU funding for actions related to Intercultural Dialogue: a) Programmes of DG Education & Culture: Lifelong Learning, Culture, Youth in Action, Europe for Citizens b) Funding of 'intercultural dialogue" in programmes of other Directorates-General External relations Information Society and Media Justice, Freedom and Security Research Employment

Other Possibilities • The Regional Funds • The Social Fund • Euro. Med (Heritage)

The Possibilities of the “Cultural Heritage”? (I) § Material Heritage and § Immaterial Heritage

§ The New Concept of Heritage: “le petit patrimoine, fragile, les centres des villes, le bâti rural même le plus modeste” (Paul Rasse 1999)

§ The Use of Heritage: • SME (Handicrafts) • Tourism

§ “définir une stratégie qui transformerait le patrimoine en un catalyseur de la coopération dans toute la région méditerranéenne. Ils ne se sont pas seulement concentrés sur les monuments et l’artisanat, ils voulaient également attirer l’attention sur l’extraordinaire patrimoine méditerranéen de traditions immateriélles, de croyances, d’oeuvres d’art et de fêtes locales” (Commission Européenne: Euromed Héritage, 2002)

§ Economie: Tourism contributes by 5, 5% to the EU’s GDP. § it represents § 9, 4% of the Spain’s GDP, § 9% of France’s, § 8, 2% of Portugal’s, § 6, 3% of Italy’s § more than 6% of Greece’s

§ Employment: Employment in tourism § § represents almost 6% of total employment in the EU, 7% in France, 10% in Spain, 8% in Portugal and 7% in Greece

§ Environment: “The negative impact of tourism on the environment can be specified as: § Coastal and water pollution, land base pollution and sound pollution § Distortion of historical and cultural sites, traditional; settlements, landscapes and morphological typology of these areas; § Degradation of traditional way of life and of the social environment”. (Persa Fokiali, International Center for Mediterranean Studies)

Second Step: Culture & European Integration Some Relevant Aspects

1. Common Market and Culture 2. Currency and Culture 3. The Economic Relevance of Culture 4. The Social Relevance of Culture

1 st Topic: Common Market and Culture

What does “Common Market” mean for Culture?

§ The concept of “product” includes also “cultural products”: see Council Regulation (EEC) No 3/84 of 19 December 1983 introducing arrangements for movement within the Community of goods sent from one Member State for temporary use in one or more other Member States. Exhibitions for cultural purposes are explicitly mentioned. § The concept of “services” includes also “cultural and artistic activities” (see 3 Directives on Cinema from the 60 ies (Directives 63/707, 15 th Octobre 1963; 65/264, 13 Mai 1965; 68/369, 15. October 1968).

Sentences of the European Court of Justice § § § § van Wesemael (18. 1. 1979, 110/78) VBVB und VBBB (17. 1. 1984; 43 and 63/82) Leclerc (10. 1. 1985, 229/83) Cinéthèque (11. 7. 1985; 60/84 and 61/84) Groener (28. 11. 1989; 379/87) Piageme I (18. 6. 1991, 369/89) Mediawet (25. 7. 1992; 353/89 und 288/89) Fedicine (4. 5. 1993; 17/92) Publishers Association (17. 1. 1995; 360/92 P) SIDE (18. 9. 1995; T-49/93) Piageme II (12. 10. 1995, 85/94) Bosman (15. 12. 1995, 415/93) Commission/Belgium (10. 9. 1996, 11/95) Annibaldi (18. 12. 1997, 309/96) Metronom (28. 4. 1998, 200/96)

Market brings Culture Examples: § The Beginnings of the Non-Religious Theatre in the Middle Ages § Corneille’s “Le Cid” § Böhl von Faber and the Re-discovery of the Spanish Baroque Theatre in Spain

2 nd Topic: Currency and Culture

“A currency is a national symbol” “The new currency will make things easier - and will even give a feeling of unity to some extend” (Stephan Dahl , U Luton, UK)

3 rd Topic: The Economic Relevance of Culture

§ 2 -3% GDP § average household spending on recreation and culture as a percentage of gross domestic product (GDP; 2005): UK: 7. 9% (6. 5% in 1991) Czech Republic: 5. 9% France: 5. 2% Germany: 5% Ireland: 2. 8%

§ 2. 5% of total employment (4. 2 million people)* (from 1. 4% in Portugal and Slovakia to 3. 2% in the United Kingdom) * EU-25 (2002)

4 th Topic: The Social Relevance of Culture

§ “Although studies have shown that cultural industries do only produce in between 2 and 4 percent of the GNP in a country, the increasing importance of culture for urban and regional economic development, for the image of cities as well as for the political culture is widely acknowledged” (K. R. Kunzmann 1989)

§ Revitalisation and Self-Image § Social Inclusion § Image of the City § Social Cohesion § Social Distinction?

Third Step: Culture & European Integration Other Relevant Aspects

§ Culture is "that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society”. (Edward B. Tylor, Primitive Culture, 1871: 1).

1. Market and Values / Enterprises and Values 2. Cultural Diversity as a Pillar of European Integration 3. The Question of the Common Cultural Heritage 4. Culture and Shared Values 5. The Role of Culture for the Identification with the European Project (Culture and Identity) 6. The Role of Culture in the External Relations: § Intercultural Dialogue § Culture and Development § Culture in the Euro-Mediterranean Dialogue

1 st Topic: a) Market and Values

Market is Culture (therefore, the European integration is a “cultural” project) because “Market” is promoting some values. What values?

1 st Topic: b) Enterprises and Values

2 nd Topic: Cultural Diversity as a Pillar of European Integration

The EC-Treaty’s art. 151 (I): 1. The Community shall contribute to the flowering of the cultures of the Member States, while respecting their national and regional diversity. 4. The Community shall take cultural aspects into account in its action under other provisions of this Treaty, in particular in order to respect and to promote the diversity of its cultures.

3 rd Topic: The Question of the Common Cultural Heritage

The EC-Treaty’s art. 151 (II): 1. The Community shall contribute to the flowering of the cultures of the Member States, while respecting their national and regional diversity and at the same time bringing the common cultural heritage to the fore.

The Copenhagen Summit (1983) speaks about “the diversity of cultures”, although they are located “within the framework of common European civilisation”

4 th Topic: Culture and Shared Values

The Constitutional Treaty’s art. I-2: The Union's values The Union is founded on the values of respect for human dignity, freedom, democracy, equality, the rule of law and respect for human rights, including the rights of persons belonging to minorities. These values are common to the Member States in a society in which pluralism, non-discrimination, tolerance, justice, solidarity and equality between women and men prevail.

Identification is needed: § "the collective identity finds its expression in symbols" (WENTURIS 1998, 188) § it requires “iconic devices” (PEREZ-SOLORZANO/LONGMAN 1998, 118) § “En la historia todo se explica con símbolos. La grandeza y la sumisión, la victoria y la derrota, la felicidad, la prosperidad, la miseria. Y, más que ninguna otra cosa, la identidad” (MAALOUF 1999, 82)

5 th Topic: The Role of Culture for the Identification with the European Project (Culture and Identity)

§ “the tendency to return to one’s roots has become stronger” (Kovacev) § “le retour à des valeurs identitaires” (Bartement/Bernier. Boissard)

§ The End of the Nation-State? § The Emerging of New Identities? § European Identity?

Reflections on “European Identity” (0) Brigitte Boyce points out that, in recent years "it has been argued variously that the construction of a common European identity has become indispensable, if the dynamics of economic and political integration are to be sustained" (BOYCE 1998, 306).

Reflections on “European Identity” (I) The influential Tindemans Report establishes relationships between European identity and progress in political integration when it states that Europe cannot proceed to a greater degree of political integration without the underlying structure of a unifying European identity see Report on European Union (29 December 1975).

Reflections on “European Identity” (II) A Commission´s document indicated in 1987 that ‘el sentimiento de pertenecer a una cultura europea’ is a prior condition for the Internal Market Document COM(87)603, p. 5.

Reflections on “European Identity” (III) “Only by strengthening "cultural citizenship" will it be possible to consolidate the Union and build external relations on a lasting basis”. The Committee of the Regions, 13 March 1998:

6 th Topic: The Role of Culture in the External Relations A) Intercultural Dialogue

§ "Im Rahmen der Kulturdifferenzhypothese gibt es (. . . ) die Vorstellung, kulturelle Identität sei etwas Essentielles, das in seiner Substanz fixiert ist. Darauf gründet die Auffassung, daß kulturelle Differenzen bestehen, die sich nicht überwinden lassen" (Detlef BUROW).

§ “Every culture represents a unique and irreplaceable body of values since each people's traditions and forms of expression are its most effective means of demonstrating its presence in the world”. ("Declaración de México sobre las Políticas Culturales", 1982).

§ “The “establishment of group identity" is often made "by means of differentiation from other group identities” (FIRCHOW 1986). Indeed: "According to the sociological hypothesis, every We-group implies necessarily the existence of the others, and it is based upon the distinction between us and the others" (SKILJAN 1998). In this way, “the notion of alterity became synonymous to that of antagonism” (JENKINS-SOFOS 1996).

§ Strath expresses the same from another perspective: “Identity construction is a matter of a very fragile balance (. . . ) between ‘inward’ and ‘outward’” (STRATH). This has produced often definitions "in negative terms" (BOYCE), that is, by indicating what "we are not" and by excluding those who "are not". Indeed, “concepts like nationhood (. . . ) have an inherent capacity to ‘exclude’ as much as to ‘include’” (JENKINS-SOFOS 1996), what means, "including the construction of images of undesirable 'Others'" (BOYCE). "

Therefore: Intercultural Dialogue means a Profund Change of Mind …

6 th Topic: The Role of Culture in the External Relations B) Culture and Development (for example in the Euro-Med Region)

Human Development Index 2007 § High: France (10), Spain (13), Italy (20), Israel (23), Greece (24), Slovenia (27), Cyprus (28), Malta (34), Croatia (47), Lybia (56)

Human Development Index 2007 § Middle: Lebanon (88), Turkey (84), Jordan (86), Tunisia (91), Algeria (104), Palestinian Authority (106), Syria (108), Egypt (112), Morocco (126) § Low: (177 countries are included)

6 th Topic: The Role of Culture in the External Relations C) Culture in the Euro-Mediterranean Dialogue

The Mediterranean Space: A Reality § A Space of Encouters § In a Globalising World

The Euro-Mediterranean Dialogue: § 1995: Barcelona Process Euro-Mediterranean Partnership: “turning the Euro-Mediterranean basin into an area of dialogue, exchange and co-operation guaranteeing peace, stability and prosperity” § 2004: European Neighbourhood Policy the EU’s main external priority: “We invite these neighbours, on the basis of a mutual commitment to common values, to move beyond existing cooperation to deeper economic and political, cultural and security cooperation - strengthening stability, security and well-being for all concerned. The new feature is that we go beyond cooperation to include economic integration, for those ready and able.

It would be great if the Mediterranean could be § “an area of shared prosperity and conviviality between our peoples, cultures and civilizations; a zone of common values, where we can disagree in a civilized way and listen to the Other with respect for the differences, images and stories of the Other” (Leónce Bekemans)

Therefore § we need “a new imaginative approach of cultural cooperation beyond existing institutional cooperation (. . . ). There is a need for mobilising projects which reach out to the people”. (Léonce Bekemans)

THE END A presentation by: Enrique Banús Universidad de Navarra / Universitat Internacional de Catalunya (Spain) ebanus@unav. es © Enrique Banús 2008