European Space Policy European Single Sky Luc

European Space Policy & European Single Sky Luc TYTGAT, Director Single Sky From the European Organisation for the Safety of Air Navigation (EUROCONTROL) Delhi, India 13 th September, 2012 – Afternoon Session The European Organisation for the Safety of Air Navigation

European Union Transport Policy ‘Efficient transport is a precondition for maintaining the EU’s prosperity. Transport is also an important part of the economy itself: many European companies are world leaders in infrastructure, logistics and the manufacture of transport equipment and traffic management systems. ’ Siim Kallas Vice-President European Commission, Commissioner for Transport White Paper 2001 – ‘European transport policy for 2010: time to decide’ q In line with Sustainable Development Strategy adopted earlier by the European Council q Contains European Commission’s 60 measures aimed at: • shifting balance between modes of transport; • revitalising railways; • promoting transport by sea and inland waterways; • and controlling air transport growth Air transport related measures 2

European Space Policy (2007) Policy statements q European Commission (EC) and European Space Agency (ESA) jointly committed to peaceful exploitation of outer space q European decision to maintain an independent, reliable and cost-effective access to space q Developments like GALILEO (European GNSS) and EGNOS (European SBAS) demonstrate Europe's independence and readiness to assume global responsibilities q Priority to space policy as it has far-reaching connections with many other EU policy areas Two Main Axes q Space Exploration led by European Space Agency q Space Exploitation under the auspices and with the support of the European Commission 3

Space Exploration (ESA) q Global Exploration Strategy: common framework for 14 space agencies, vision for human space exploration, action plan to share efforts of individual nations, partnership between humans and robots is essential to the success of such ventures q International Space Station (ISS): partnership with US, Russia, Japan and Canada, 360 tons, 820 cubic metres of pressurised space, crew of six persons, suited for testing spacecraft systems and equipment for missions to Moon and Mars, funded until 2020, may operate until 2028, ESA responsible for Columbus laboratory and Automated Transfer Vehicle q Columbus: multifunction laboratory specialised in fluid physics, materials science and life sciences § Prom. ISSe mission: six-month (Dec 2011 -Jul 2012) on ISS over 50 experiments benefits of space science, technology and education brought back to Earth q Automated Transfer Vehicle (ATV): largest servicing vehicle for ISS, The ATV carries up to 7 tonnes of cargo including provisions, scientific payloads and rocket propellant, delivers essential cargo, performs regular ISS orbit reboosts and attitude control manoeuvres, 3 successful launches, 4 th launch towards ISS at the beginning of 2013 q Concordia: station in Antarctica, preparation for human exploration q Lunar Lander: autonomous lander capable of cargo and logistics delivery to extend Moon surface exploration 4

Space Exploitation (EC) Ensuring political, economic and social returns Develop and exploit space applications that meet needs of enterprises and citizens Earth observation The Global Monitoring for Environment and Security programme (GMES) will: - provide autonomous access to information on environment, climate change and security - improve Europe's monitoring, assessment and decision-making capacity in crucial areas Satellite communications - Broadcasting and telecommunications satellites: 40 % of revenues of European space sector - Strong growth still foreseen - EU will support adoption of innovative services and technology developments to achieve interoperability between terrestrial and satellite-based networks Security and defence - Space assets will bring a significant contribution to increasing security of European citizens - Coordination between EU's defence and civilian space programmes needs to improve Satellite navigation - GALILEO worldwide satellite radio-navigation system: strategic and priority infrastructure 5

Space Policy Implementation Launchers q Flexible range of 4 launchers Liftoff mass and payload § ESA-developed Ariane 5 ATV: Lofting GALILEO and ATV § ESA-developed Ariane 5 ECA: Dual launches of very large satellites § ESA-developed Vega: Small and medium satellites § Russian Soyuz-ST: Liftoff mass=760 tons 10 t to GTO and 20 t into LEO Liftoff mass=780 tons 10 t+ to GTO Liftoff mass=137 tons 1. 5 t to polar and LEO Liftoff mass= 305 tons 3. 2 t to GTO and 4. 4 t to SSO Launch pad q in French Guiana European operator for launches q Arianespace (founded in 1980): European single operator, world’s first satellite launch company q Shareholders: French space agency (CNES), Astrium and all the European space companies, representing 10 European countries q 80 contracts signed with customers, 208 Ariane launches, more than half of the commercial satellites in service worldwide, 26 Soyuz launches, 1 Vega launch 6

GALILEO Rationale q Economic impact: satellite navigation = 7% of EU Growth Development Product (GDP) q Interoperability with GPS ensured q Better coverage over Northern Europe than GPS q Enabler for precision area navigation and approach (even if no ground aid at airport) 5 main GALILEO services q Operational 2014 - Open Service (OS) (for all, free, time and position) q Operational 2014 – Search & Rescue (SAR) - real time process of emergency signals, instead of 1 hour delay today + acknowledgement - position accuracy: a few metres, instead of 5 km in remote areas today q Operational 2014 - Public Regulated Service (PRS) - location+time for special users like police, armed forces - PRS will be maintained even when OS is not operational (terrorism, spoofing) q Operational 2018 - Commercial Service (CS) - not free of charge - use of two encrypted signals for increased accuracy q Operational 2018 - Safety of Life Service (So. L): air navigation Satellites on orbit q 2011: 2 28 Sep 2012: 4 2014: 18 2018: 30 (incl. 6 spare) 7

GALILEO in aviation q Galileo Safety of Life service based on global integrity abandoned q Galileo Open Service can be used by aviation with augmentations based on: - Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (RAIM) - or Satellite Based Augmentation System (SBAS) - or Ground Based Augmentation System (GBAS) q 3 potential next steps: 1) Horizontal positioning worldwide: from 18 to 30 GALILEO satellites + GPS L 1/L 5 + horizontal RAIM 2) Vertical positioning in Europe: GALILEO/GPS augmented by EGNOS V 3 3) Vertical positioning worldwide: GPS + GALILEO with Advanced RAIM q GPS L 1/L 5, GALILEO and future SBAS possibly assessed against the same Minimum Operational Performance Standard (developed by both EUROCAE and RTCA for airborne or ground sub-systems) 8

Galileo Early Services Provision Timeline 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Stable signals Service OS Early service Pilot project Early service Demonstrator Early service PRS CS Stable signals SAR Early service Acceleration of Galileo’s deployment: 3 more contracts signed in February 2012: q Additional order for 8 satellites q Adaptation of Ariane 5 for Galileo q Booking of one Ariane 5 9

Threat to Navigation 10

Access Rules for Public Regulated Service (PRS) q Rules based on principles discussed with the Member States q Member States, European Council, European Commission and the European External Action Service have the right to unlimited and uninterrupted access to PRS, worldwide - Member States will decide independently on authorised PRS users - Council, Commission and European External Action Service will decide which categories of agents are authorised to be PRS users q Union agencies may become PRS participants only if: § necessary to fulfil their tasks § relevant administrative agreement is concluded with the Commission q Non-EU states or international organisations could become PRS users, provided: § a security Agreement exists between EU and the state/organisation § an Agreement defining the access modalities is concluded with EU 11

Galileo Governance Political oversight Programme management Council and European Parliament European GNSS Programme Committee European Commission Execution Delegation Independent advisors Assistance and delegation European GNSS Agency European Space Agency Development contracts Market preparation Deployment contracts * Assistance tasks to EC Tasks delegated by EC Security accreditation, Galileo Security Monitoring Centre The European GNSS Programmes 12 12

EGNOS Rationale q Greater accuracy obtained from GALILEO and GPS through signals received from Augmentation Systems = geostationary satellites + ground stations q GPS position accuracy - without augmentation: 17 m - with augmentation: 3 m use for flight approach and landing q EGNOS: the European SBAS for GALILEO and GPS q EGNOS provides integrity function to inform crew when basic GNSS not fully operational EGNOS Operations q EGNOS already operational, free of charge q EGNOS interoperability ensured same receiver for all SBAS 3 main EGNOS services q Open Service since 2009 q Safety of Life Service since 2011: informs within 6 seconds of any GNSS disruption q Commercial Service: all satellite-based information (from GALILEO as from 2018) are already made available via the ground stations (useful in case of poor signals) Benefits GALILEO+EGNOS benefits for EU over 2010 -2027: 90 B€ + intangible benefits 13

EGNOS in aviation Facts q EGNOS SOL service declared operational (2011) q European Satellite Services Provider (ESSP) certified (2011) q Vertical GNSS position for the first time in Europe EGNOS can be used in 90 ‘Approach with Vertical Guidance’ procedures (Jan 2012) q EGNOS can support all Performance Based Navigation applications q EUROCONTROL coordinating EGNOS operational implementation: around 100 approach procedures designed and 500 aircraft equipped (June 2012) Next steps q Long tem commitment and free of charge service (EU funding to foster operational implementation in aviation) q EGNOS good and stable performance will enable: § to face technical, ionospheric and governance challenges (2012 -2016) § implementation of 37 th ICAO Assembly resolution a cost-effective solution for: - airports replacing conventional Non Precision Approach without deploying ILS - General, Business and Regional aviation, helicopters and some heavy aircraft (e. g. Beluga, Airbus 350) q EGNOS extension to all ECAC States (44) to form part of European ATM Network 14

GNSS Market Worldwide market for “GNSS-enabled” civil applications: around € 236 billions in 2025 per year. 2009 2025 € 140 billion Time € 236 billion Europe’s policy is: q to consider GNSS based applications as a means of contributing to sustainable development q to provide the requited support and appropriate governance 15

European Single Sky The European Organisation for the Safety of Air Navigation

Institutional Outline - From political orientation towards efficient implementation - European Union (EU): political impetus Treaties, like Rome Treaty (1957) Lisbon Treaty (2007 European Commision (EC): executive arm of EU Policies, like (excluding military aspects) Transport Policy Space Policy + EC/DG Enterprise+ ESA relevant Initiatives like Single Sky EUROCONTROL: intergovernmental organisation Expert support (including military aspects) like support to Single Sky implementation Support is comprehensive, requires coordination ICAO, EC, States / CAAs, Air Navigation Services Providers, Airspace Users, Airports, Military, Industry, Standardisation organisations, etc. EUROCONTROL: Focal expert organisation for Single Sky

Main Origin of Europe’s Challenges in Air Traffic Management One Day Traffic (2011) 2000: 8 million flights 2030: 17 million 18

European ATM in Figures (2011) • States: 40 • Separation between regulatory oversight and service provision • Air Navigation Service Providers: civil and military • Control: 68 Centres; 670 Sectors; +/- 430 Towers • Capacity and flow management: 1 (EUROCONTROL) • Airports: 100 with more than 3. 5 million passengers • Air Traffic Controllers: 16. 700 (60% in en-route control centres) • Support staff: 40. 000 • Cost of air navigation services: 8. 3 billion Euros Airports and airlines: 670. 000 people Air transport sector: 3. 2 million people 19

Main shortcomings in ATM performance (over last 15 years) CAPACITY SHORTAGE (inability to meet traffic demand) Capacity available under-utilised • Sub-optimal human resources management • Information not managed system-wide • Decision-making insufficiently collaborative Additional capacity slow to create • Long maturation for R&D products and services • Complexity of coordination before implementation Impact: delay objective rarely met HIGH COST (recurrent result of fragmentation) ANS provision: Euros 8. 3 billions • Sub-optimal procurement, development and maintenance • Multiplication of support (training, administration, R&D) ANS quality of service related costs: Euros 5. 2 billions • Flow management delays: Euros 1. 5 billions • Flight inefficiencies: Euros 3. 7 billions Impact: 2010 Europe USA Difference USA vs. EU Costs per controlled flight 440 770 + 75% Report produced by: - EUROCONTROL Performance review Commission - FAA Air Traffic Organization System Operations Services ANS insufficient quality of service contributes 38% of total costs for airspace users (2011) 20

Main Obstacle to Further Improvement in European ATM Expert views before 2000 q Further improvements are still possible but not commensurate with criticality of challenges for 2030+ (average annual traffic growth: 2. 8%) 2000 -2010 - Decade to: q assess the obstacle faced by European ATM q take strategic initiatives and q start implementation of change Main obstacle: FRAGMENTATION Main objective: Moving the obstacle through DEFRAGMENTATION Example: De-fragmented airspace organisation based on traffic flows 9 Functional Airspace Blocks (FABs) as from 04. 12. 2012 21

Fragmentation in Information Management European legacy system: juxtaposition of national systems Insufficient (lack of) data exchange across national/local computer systems Obstacle to global interoperability severe impact on capacity EUROCONTROL actions: 3 European standards for critical data exchange q Radar data exchange between radar data processing systems (Edition 1. 0 in 1991) q Exchange between adjacent flight data processing systems of basic data concerning airborne flights (Edition 1. 0 in 1992, Edition 4. 2 in 2010) q Exchange of complete sets of flight data across Europe (Edition 1. 0 in 1993, Edition 3. 1 in 2011) 22

Fragmentation in Other Areas Inefficient decision-making: ATM improvements decided through unanimity slow results at European level Change in governance achieved: EUROCONTROL Revised Convention Intergovernmental agreements on objectives and strategies in ATM are not enough since implementation: is still addressed at the national level and cannot be enforced Institutional change implemented: EC participates in EUROCONTROL decision-making Airports not in the loop an obstacle towards the ‘gate-to-gate’ concept implementation Stakeholder involvement policy and working arrangements in place Un-coordinated research in ATM Major streamlining achieved Gap in technology between ground-based and airborne systems return on investment for airspace users slower than expected Navigation strategy based on satellite 23

Political Impetus and Support to Single Sky and EUROCONTROL About Transport Network deficiencies • White Paper Mr Karel Van Miert, Commissioner for Transport & Consumer Protection About the EUROCONTROL Revised Convention • ‘Implementing a uniform air navigation system will contribute to Europe's development and benefit the air transport industry at large’. Ms Loyola De Palacio, European Commission's Vice-President, Commissioner for Transport & Energy About the Single European Sky • ‘EUROCONTROL is totally committed to this strategic initiative, providing its expert support to the European Commission’. Historic reiterated commitments Mr Jacques Barrot, European Commission's Vice-President, Commissioner for Transport • ‘The Single European Sky is to be another historical breakthrough in the same vein as the single currency and the single market’. Mr Siim Kallas, European Commission's Vice-President, 24 Commissioner for Transport

Single Sky Rationale Regulatory initiative taken by European Union (EU) to DEFRAGMENT the European ATM system with EUROCONTROL invited to support the European Commission (executive arm of the EU) Single Sky q Applicability: 40 States q Scope: • General regulatory framework (who does what) • Specific regulations in - service provision - airspace management - all operational and technical aspects of ATM contributing to interoperability Single Sky does not relate not to commercial aspects of air transport 25

The Five Single Sky Pillars q Performance • Binding performance targets on Air Navigation Service Providers • High level network management functions • Acceleration in FAB implementation q Safety • Extension of European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) competence • Oversight function of National Supervisory Authorities extended q Capacity • Focus on airports • Airports seen as an integral part of the European ATM network q Technology • EC/EUROCONTROL/European industry Joint Undertaking to drive technological improvements q Human Factor • Acknowledged as the overriding enabler of change 26

EUROCONTROL Mission Evolution q 1960’: common European Air Traffic Control system in the upper airspace Single European Sky idea 50 years ago… sovereignty issue q 1990’: uniform Air Traffic Management System for civil and military users Harmonise and integrate Air Navigation Services… regulatory power issue q Today: performance-driven Single European Sky Support regulator and States to implement… no issue any more 27

EUROCONTROL New Role Regulate Operate/Coordinate Research FAB EC FAB Network Manager EASA FAB NSAs NSA = National Supervisory Authority FAB Joint Undertaking In ATM Research: SESAR Programme (up to 2016) FAB = Functional Airspace Block • Technical support • Network management • Performance review • Deployment coordination • Air navigation charges SESAR = Single European Sky ATM Research • Founding member of Joint Undertaking • Major contributor • Longer term research EUROCONTROL 28

EUROCONTROL Agency Functions SINGLE SKY SUPPORT EU related tasks • Support to policy setting • Regulatory support to EC • Support to: - Safety Regulation Commission - European Aviation Safety Agency • Support to EU Emissions Trading Scheme • ATM Performance review • Single Sky implementation planning and reporting Pan-European Network Management European ANS Costs Recovery Air Traffic Management Research Air Traffic Control (Delegation from 4 States) 29

EUROCONTROL Agency Functions EU non related tasks SINGLE SKY SUPPORT • Functional Airspace Blocks review • Implementation support to States • Civil-Mil ATM Coordination including in Aviation Security • Extension of Single Sky to pan-European spheres Pan-European Network Management European ANS Costs Recovery Air Traffic Management Research Air Traffic Control (Delegation from 4 States) 30

Military Requirements within Single Sky Overarching Understanding q Single Sky needs to meet both civil and military requirements q Addressing requirements separately is inefficient Institutional Context q EU may not regulate military operations q EUROCONTROL • unique intergovernmental civil-military organisation in ATM • entrusted by its member States with responsibility for civil-military (ATM) coordination • interacting with NATO (on military CNS and ATM security) EUROCONTROL Military expertise used to support: q Flexible Use of Airspace implementation (airspace segregation for military use can only be temporary) q Mil/Mil and Civ/Mil systems interoperability q Collaborative Decision-Making between civil and military q Adoption by States of measures in ATM security q Mutual understanding of civil and military ATM-related requirements (notably in R&D) q Adoption of a common civil-military performance-based approach q Harmonisation of military requirements and adoption of best practices 31

EUROCONTROL’s concept of Flexible Use of Airspace 32

Single Sky and Environment Requirement from European Commission EC’s Single Sky includes a specific target for reducing aviation’s negative impact on environment. EUROCONTROL On-going Actions Environmental expertise provided to Member States, EC and aviation community to help measure, monitor and mitigate the impact. In technology q Leadership of relevant SESAR projects • Environmental Impact Assessment Toolset • Environmental Key Performance Indicators • Regulatory and Environmental Risk • Environment Co-ordination Function q Coordination of SESAR work with Clean Sky (integration of advanced technologies for reduction of noise and gaseous emission) In regulatory areas q Provision of a support facility (flight data) within the Emission Trading Scheme (ETS) • ETS Competent Authorities (from 21 States so far) • Aircraft Operators q Regulatory support to: • European Union (EC/MOVE and CLIMA, EASA, European Environment Agency) • UN Framework Convention on Climate Change through the ICAO Committee on Aviation Environmental Protection • Specifications for the Collaborative Environmental Management function q Assessment of ATM changes from environmental perspective (FABs, airports, TMAs…) 33

Single European Sky: a single research programme • Single European Sky Air Traffic Management Research (SESAR Programme) a single ATM R&D programme in Europe • Public-private partnership • • Innovation from private sector Financial stability & enforcement power from public sector • 2 founding members: • 15 industry members: • Budget • Planning and development: • Deployment: 2 B€ till 2016 30 B€ till 2030 34

SESAR Solutions towards Increased Performance GALILEO Satellite q Gate-to-gate system integration q One dynamic airspace continuum q Co-operative ATM § 4 D Trajectory & Contracts § New roles / task distribution for pilots and controllers § Airborne separation assistance § Collaborative Decision Making § ATM / Airline operations / Airport § Airport Airside / Landside q System-Wide Information Management & Interoperability q Exploit satellite technology (GALILEO & communications) 35

The EU-wide performance targets 2012 -2014 Commission Decision (2011/121/EU) of 21 February 2011 KPA KPI for EU-wide target Baseline (2009) EU-wide targets for 2014 Environment Average horizontal en route flightefficiency 4. 5% of additional distance - 0. 75% vs 2009 baseline Capacity En route ATFM delay 0. 9 min / flight 0. 5 min/flight € 63. 8 / Service Unit € 53. 92 for 2014 with intermediate values: € 57, 88 for 2012 € 55, 87 for 2013 Cost-efficiency Average en route determined unit rate (€ 2009 prices) 36

Single Sky Environmental Target EU-wide target : 0. 75% reduction of en-route flight extension between 2009 and 2014 • Strategic environmental objectives • No increase in ANS-related emissions, while traffic increases • Carbon-neutral growth of aviation as far as ANS is concerned • Significant contribution to sustainable development of aviation • Environmental benefits • 500 k tons CO 2 in 2014 vs 2009 performance • Economic benefits • € 200 M in 2014 vs 2009 (flight time and fuel burn) 37

Positive Impact of on Airspace Users - 2010 against 2009 1 1 1 In 2010, the increase in ATCO-hour productivity (+6. 7%) was accompanied by a decrease in employment costs per ATCO-hour (-5. 0%), thereby resulting in a substantial decrease in ATCO employment costs per composite flight-hour (-11. 0%). Figure 7 -15 also indicates that while traffic volumes increased by +2. 1%, support costs reduced by -2. 9%, resulting in a decrease in support costs per composite flight-hour (-4. 9%). The central part of Figure 7 -15 shows that between 2009 and 2010, given the respective weights of ATCO employment costs (30%) and support costs (70%), unit ATM/CNS provision costs decreased by -6. 8%. 38

Way Forward for European ATM A Single Sky, more and more: q Performance driven q Responsive to new requirements, like UAS q Managed as a network, gate-to-gate q Pan-European (extension to other States) q Based on new technology, still human centric With EUROCONTROL, Single Sky driven q Strengthened & institutionalised expert support to EU q Committed to results in network management and performance analysis q Acknowledged Worldwide reference (ICAO Air Navigation Conference 2012) 39

European Space Policy & European Single Sky Questions & Answers The European Organisation for the Safety of Air Navigation