European Influence 1 Russian Exploitation 1733 -1867 a

European Influence 1. Russian Exploitation 1733 -1867 a. Enslaved Aleut & Alutiiq Peoples b. Native Populations Declined 80% 1740 -1800 c. Main Focus: Furs from Sea Otter later Fur Seal d. Introduction of Russian Orthodox Christianity e. Russian Headquarters 1784 -1790. Three Saints Bay SE Kodiak Island 1790 -1804. Kodiak, Kodiak Island 1804 -1867. Sitka, Baranof Island

Citadel Watchtower Sitka

St. Michael’s Church Sitka

American Influence I 1. US buys Alaska from Russians 1867 586, 412 sq. mi. a. Senate Ratifies Treaty April 9, 1867 b. House Finally Appropriates Funds July, 1868 c. Cost: $7, 200, 000 or 1. 9¢ per acre d. Population i. Russians & Mixed Race ~ 2, 500 ii. Native Alaskan under Russian Influence ~ 8, 000 iii. Native Alaskans Not Under Russians ~ 50, 000 iv. Total ~ 60, 500 ~ 9. 7 sq. miles person , or ~ 0. 1 people per sq mile.

Salmon & American Influence 1. Klawok Salmon Cannery (southeast AK) 1878 Multiple Alaska Canneries by 1892 2. Alaska Packers Association (APA) formed 1892. Political Control in Alaska Until Statehood 3. Salmon Traps i. Allow Escapement then Open Traps ii. Caught Almost Every fish - No Extra Escapement iii. Populace Limited to Wage Earner Status iv. Economics Determined Escapement Allowed 4. Statehood Approved 1959.

Pre-Statehood Salmon Traps I

Pre-Statehood Salmon Traps II

Pre-Statehood Salmon Traps III

Construction Details Salmon Trap

Salmon Trap Catch I

Salmon Trap Catch II

Pewing the Salmon Catch

Barge Loaded with Trap Fish

Early Alaskan Salmon Cannery I

Early Alaskan Salmon Cannery II

Early Alaskan Salmon Cannery III

Early Alaskan Salmon Cannery IV

Early Alaskan Salmon Cannery V

19 th Century Salmon Cannery

Karluk Salmon Cannery I Karluk Cannery Kodiak Island

Karluk Salmon Cannery II Karluk Cannery Kodiak Island

Kake Salmon Cannery

Ketchikan Salmon Cannery

Interior Cannery I

Interior Cannery II

Interior Cannery III

Interior Cannery IV

Interior Cannery V

Interior Cannery VI

Interior Cannery Iron Chink

Cased Salmon for Export

Early Canned Salmon Labels

19 th Century Alaskan Salmon Can

Pre-Statehood Salmon Cans

Pre-Statehood Salmon Catch

Fish Wheel Tanana River

Fishing Issues at Statehood 1. Salmon Harvests Low - Bad Fed Management 2. Salmon Traps a. Extremely Efficient - Virtually all Fish Caught b. Insufficient Escapement to Insure Future Runs c. Traps Owned by Absentee Landlord Canneries 3. New Mobile Technology a. Invention of Power Block made Seining Realistic b. Inexpensive Diesels were Robust

Kodiak Salmon Seiner

Powerblock Lifts Seine Purse

Powerblock & Seine

Fisheries Management and Harvesting Regulations

Fisheries Management and Harvesting Regulations Commercial Fish Harvesting in Alaska 1. ~ 2, 000 mt annually (4. 4 billion pounds) 2. Walleye Pollock ~ 1. 0 Mmt annually 3. ~ 80 other species - total ~ 1. 0 Mmt annually

Fisheries Management and Harvesting Regulations Alaska’s Fisheries Management Controlled by: 1. North Pacific Fisheries Management Council 2. Alaska Department of Fish & Game 3. Alaska Board of Fisheries 4. International Pacific Halibut Commission

North Pacific Fisheries Management Council (NPFMC) 1. Mandated by Magnuson-Stevens Fisheries Management & Conservation Act 1976. 2. 1 of 8 Regional Fish Management Councils 3. Council, Advisory Panel, SSC & Staff 4. Staff Generate Fisheries Management Plans (FMP) that must be approved by Secretary of Commerce

North Pacific Fisheries Management Council (NPFMC) Controls Federal Water Fisheries: 3 mi - 200 mi Council has 11 Voting, 4 Non-Voting Members Voting: 6 Alaska, 3 WA, 1 OR, 1 Federal. Nonvoting: USCG, USFWS, PSMFC, US State Dept. Council: 15 Staff in Anchorage Works Closely with NMFS (NOAA Fisheries) Responsibility: Both Management and Allocation

NPFM Council Advisory Panel Brings Different Perspectives to Council Appoints Membership Every Year Size Varies from 20 -23 members Representing All Aspects of Alaskan Fisheries: Seafood Processing Industry CDQ Groups & Other Regional Voices Environmental Interests, Commercial & Recreational Fishermen

NPFM Council Scientific & Statistical Committee Membership Appointed by Council Yearly Composed of Fishery and Other Biologists, Economists, Sociologists, Anthropologists etc. Charge: To Recommend Policy to the Council Based on Best Available Scientific Information. Also Review: Stock Assessments & Fishery Evaluations to assess scientific validity of stock assessments, include: assumptions, methods, results & conclusions

NPFMC Fishery Management Plans (FMP) 1. Bering & Aleutians (BSAI) Groundfish FMP 2. Gulf of Alaska (GOA) Groundfish FMP 3. BSAI King & Tanner Crab FMP 4. Alaska Scallop FMP 5. Federal Waters Salmon FMP

NPFMC Management Tools 1. Set Seasons & Quotas 2. Identify Prohibited Species 3. Rationalization by Vessel Limitation Bering Sea Crab, American Fisheries Act 4. Rationalization by IFQ eg. Halibut IFQ, Blackcod IFQ 5. Conservation Measures Other Species 6. Stock Assessments

NPFMC Management Tools 1. Gear Limitations 2. Closed Areas 3. Allocative Decisions 4. Observer Program 5. Utilization Requirements 6. Recordkeeping & Reporting Requirements 7. Updating FMPs

Alaska Department of Fish & Game Division of Commercial Fisheries Alaska has authority for salmon, herring, & shellfisheries, NPFMC has authority for groundfisheries, except those within 3 nm of shore. ADF&G follows Council FMPs for salmon, crab & scallops. Responsibility: Management - No Allocation.

ADF&G Mission Statement: To protect, maintain, and improve the fish, game, and aquatic plant resources of the state, and manage their use and development in the best interest of the economy and the well-being of the people of the state, consistent with the sustained yield principle.

ADF&G 1. Manage for the Benefit of All Alaskan Citizens 2. Manage for Sustained Yield 3. Allocative Decisions Referred to Board of Fish 4. Work Closely with Other Agencies

ADF&G management Tools 1. Use In-season Management 2. Require Limited Entry Permits (Salmon) 3. Work with Limited Entry Commission 4. Set Guideline Harvest Levels 5. Monitor Escapement (Salmon) 6. Conduct Pertinent Research

ADF&G Crab 1. BSAI Management by ADF&G and NMFS 2. GOA Management by ADF&G only. 3. Restrictions by Season, Size, Sex, Permit 4. 1/3 to 1/2 all US Crab landed in Alaska 5. 7 Major Species, 3 King Crab, Tanner, Snow, Dungeness & Hair Crab.

ADF&G Scallops 1. Management: ADF&G Cooperation with NMFMC 2. Weathervane Scallop Patinopecten caurinus 3. FMP Requires Observers on Board Facilitate Data Gathering Improve Regulatory Compliance 4. Observers: Effort, Area, Vessel Number Observer Coverage, Crab/Halibut Bycatch, Discarded and Retained Scallop Catch.

Alaska Board of Fisheries 1. Seven Members, Serve 3 Year Terms. 2. Governor Appoints, Confirmed by Legislature 3. Board Charged with Allocative Decisions eg. Dividing Quota Between Gear Types 4. Sets Policy & Direction for Management

Alaska Board of Fisheries Alaska Supreme Court Mandated Criteria for Board of Fisheries Allocative Decisions. a. history of each fishery b. character and number of participants c. opportunity personal & family consumption d. availability of alternative fisheries resources e. importance to state’s economy f. importance to regional economy

Alaska Board of Fisheries The board uses the biological and socio-economic information provided by ADF&G, public comment received from inside and outside the state, as well as guidance from the Alaska Department of Public Safety and the Alaska Department of Law when creating regulations that are sound and enforceable.