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European Cooperation in Science and Technology www. cost. eu Tools for Assessing Global Air-Sea Fluxes of Climate and Air Pollutions Relevant Gases Action 735 Start date: 26/10/2006 End date: 25/10/2011 Year: 4 Prof. Peter Liss Action Chair University of East Anglia, UK COST is supported by the EU RTD Framework Programme ESF provides the COST Office through an EC contract

Scientific context and objectives (1/3) • Background / Problem statement: The overall objective of this project is to meet the urgent needs of end-users, (e. g. governmental bodies and agencies) for an integrated synthesis of information on global air-sea fluxes. • Brief reminder of Mo. U objectives: To develop the tools for the production of best estimates of global air–sea fluxes of compounds and particles relevant to climate and air pollution (e. g. CO 2, DMS, trace metals and nutrients) COST is supported by the EU RTD Framework Programme 2 ESF provides the COST Office through an EC contract

Scientific context and objectives (2/3) Research directions: Largely carried out through small, sub-working group workshops and STSMs by: - Compiling data into common frameworks - Calculating fluxes - Comparing fluxes and concentrations to models / satellite data - Assessing the role of the oceans in regulating climate in a changing environment Highlight of innovative work: Identifying scientific themes for a collaboration with the European Space Agency (ESA) • COST-735 is developing proposals to submit to the ESA Support to Science Element (STSE). • 4 scientific topics that would further the goals of COST-735 have been written and will be submitted to ESA. • ESA then decides which topics will form the call (typically 3) COST is supported by the EU RTD Framework Programme 3 ESF provides the COST Office through an EC contract

Scientific context and objectives (3/3) Highlights of innovative work (cont’d): During the COST meeting in Toulouse (30 -31 March 2010), 4 topics of relevance to COST-735 were identified and 2 -page documents were written for each one: • Sea spray aerosol production • Sources and sinks of climatically-active gases in eastern boundary upwelling systems and oxygen minimum zones (OMZ) • Air-sea exchange of greenhouse gases using satellite data • Sea ice biogeochemistry and interactions with the atmosphere (future COST workshop on this topic approved at last MC meeting) These documents will be sent to ESA for ESA to issue a call towards the end of summer 2010. • Approximate budget: 1 M euro for 2 -year projects. • Each topic is granted to one consortium of ~3 partners. COST is supported by the EU RTD Framework Programme 4 ESF provides the COST Office through an EC contract

Working groups 1. Working group 1: Short-lived trace gas production and biological feedbacks 2. Working group 2: The physical processes controlling airsea exchange 3. Working group 3: The air-sea flux of long-lived climate active gases COST is supported by the EU RTD Framework Programme 5 ESF provides the COST Office through an EC contract

Results vs. Objectives • Dimethylsulfide (DMS) climatology due to be released as soon as possible following acceptance for publication of paper by Lana et al. (submitted): Lana, A. , Bell, T. , et al. (submitted). An updated climatology of surface dimethylsulfide concentrations and flux to the atmosphere, Global Biogeochemical Cycles. • Methane and nitrous oxide database initiative officially launched in late 2009 in a paper published by Bange et al. (2009): Bange, H. W. , Bell, T. G. , Cornejo, M. , Freing, A. , Uher, G. , Upstill-Goddard, R. C. and Zhang, G. (2009). MEMENTO: A proposal to develop a database of marine nitrous oxide and methane measurements, Environ. Chem. , 6, 195 -197. • Progress on data quality control for Surface Ocean CO 2 Atlas (SOCAT) achieved through workshop partly funded by COST. SOCAT version 1. 3 due to be released mid-2010. COST is supported by the EU RTD Framework Programme 6 ESF provides the COST Office through an EC contract

Significant highlights (1/2) Outcome and achievements Dimethylsulfide (DMS) climatology • Ph. D student Ms Aránzazu Lana carried out an STSM to reestimate the global DMS concentration fields following the work of Kettle et al. (1999). • A publication has been submitted to Global Biogeochemical Cycles (Lana et al. , An updated climatology of surface dimethylsulfide concentrations and flux to the atmosphere). • The database is now available to the community (http: //saga. pmel. noaa. gov/dms) and the climatology will be made available following acceptance of the manuscript. COST is supported by the EU RTD Framework Programme 7 ESF provides the COST Office through an EC contract

Dimethyl sulphide (DMS) Cloud formation albedo New particle/ CCN formation Radiation budget Atmospheric SO 2/ SO 42 - Climate feedbacks Atmosphere + or -? acidity DMS Bacterial DMS metabolism Photolysis Marine Sea ecology DMSP (CH 3)2 S+CH 2 COO- → (CH 3)2 S + CH 2 CHCOOH Phytoplankton communities COST is supported by the EU RTD Framework Programme DMSP-lyase DMSP → DMS Adapted from Watson & Liss, + acrylate ESF provides the COST Office through an EC contract

Updated Seawater DMS Database Jim Johnson, Tim Bates (NOAA PMEL) http: //saga. pmel. noaa. gov/dms/ • Kettle et al. (2000) = approx. 15, 000 data points • Now, approx. 47, 000 data points. COST is supported by the EU RTD Framework Programme ESF provides the COST Office through an EC contract

Lana, Bell et al. Submitted, GBC COST is supported by the EU RTD Framework Programme [DMS], n. M ESF provides the COST Office through an EC contract

N. B. White areas are ice masked Lana, Bell et al. Submitted, GBC COST is supported by the EU RTD Framework Programme DMS Flux, µmol S m-2 yr-1 ESF provides the COST Office through an EC contract

Global Fluxes and Uncertainty K 23. 97 28. 09 24. 06 40. 41 15. 03 17. 63 29. 37 34. 45 Units = Tg S yr-1 • ~17% increase in global flux vs. Kettle et al. (2000). • Range in estimated flux due to uncertainty in seawater concentration data is similar to that due to uncertainty in parameterisation of K. COST is supported by the EU RTD Framework Programme ESF provides the COST Office through an EC contract

Significant highlights (2/2) Impact, outreach and EU added value Surface Ocean CO 2 Atlas: Atlantic & Southern Oceans Regional Meeting • SOCAT is a standard global database that brings together, in a common format, all publicly available surface ocean CO 2 data. • World’s largest CO 2 database (>7. 5 million measurements between 1968 -2007, > 2150 cruises, approx. 4 million more measurements than most recently published database). • Valuable resource for climate models and for assessing global changes in surface ocean CO 2. • Secondary quality control (QC) is currently carried out by regional groups. • Atlantic and Southern Ocean groups met in Norwich, UK, on 25 -26 June 2009. • The meeting was attended by the developers of the Live Access Server (LAS) to show participants how the LAS could be used in the QC effort for SOCAT. COST is supported by the EU RTD Framework Programme 13 ESF provides the COST Office through an EC contract

Cruises having contributed data to SOCAT as of April 2007 COST is supported by the EU RTD Framework Programme 14 ESF provides the COST Office through an EC contract

Cruises having contributed data to SOCAT as of May 2009 COST is supported by the EU RTD Framework Programme 15 ESF provides the COST Office through an EC contract

Meeting outcomes • Familiarisation of participants with Live Access Server. • Second level data QC started and timetable set for completion. • SOCAT Version 1. 3 planned to be released mid-2010. • 24 -page report published: SOCAT Atlantic and Southern Oceans Regional Meeting, Norwich, UK, 25 -26 June 2009, IOC Workshop Report No 222, UNESCO 2009 (English) • Follow-up meeting for Pacific group in Hobart, Tasmania, 16 -18 June 2010. • EU participation in SOCAT enhanced by COST contribution (6 EU countries represented at the meeting) COST is supported by the EU RTD Framework Programme 16 ESF provides the COST Office through an EC contract

Coordination, management and internal functioning • Effectiveness of coordination and management: - Networking with 1, 500 scientists from SOLAS network. - Use of SOLAS database and mailing lists to promote COST-735 activities and encourage participation. - Increased visibility of COST activities via COST-735 and SOLAS websites, e-bulletins and newsletter. • Encouragement of younger scientists: - COST-735 has developed a network of young scientists through its association with SOLAS (15 of which have carried out STSMs) - Use of database of ~280 alumni from 4 past SOLAS Summer Schools (Ph. D students and postdocs) to promote STSMs, ESRs and conference attendance grants). COST is supported by the EU RTD Framework Programme 17 ESF provides the COST Office through an EC contract

Action Parties Number of countries in the Action COST is supported by the EU RTD Framework Programme 18 ESF provides the COST Office through an EC contract

Action participants COST is supported by the EU RTD Framework Programme 19 ESF provides the COST Office through an EC contract

Geographical impact COST Countries : 18 Chair : Code country Belgium, Cyprus, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, UK. Participating country: New Zealand Non-COST institutions: • CSIRO, Hobart (Australia) • Dalhousie Univ. , Halifax & IOS, Sidney (Canada) • University of Concepcion (Chile) • Centre for Marine & Env Res (Zagreb, Croatia) • Xiamen Univ. (P. R. China) • National Inst. Oceanogr. (India) COST is supported by the EU RTD Framework Programme 20 • Univ. Cape Town (South Africa) • Hebrew Univ. Jerusalem (Israel) • Natl Inst. For Env Studies, Ibaraki (Japan) • UCSD, UCI, Univ. Miami/Hawaii/Rhode Isl. /New Hampshire/Maine, Washington Univ. , Bowling Green State Univ. LDEO, NOAA, MBARI , Oak Ridge Nat. Lab. , Bermuda Biol. Station (USA) ESF provides the COST Office through an EC contract

Use of COST instruments YR 1 YR 2 YR 3 YR 4 No. of MC / WG meetings 3 3 5 8 No. of STSMs 2 5 4 4 No. of workshops / conferences 0 0 No. of joint publications 0 0 No. of training schools 0 0 Posters, website Website GASG (activities) COST is supported by the EU RTD Framework Programme 21 ESF provides the COST Office through an EC contract

Strengths and weaknesses Strengths: • • Willing and active community from wide range of EU countries. New Zealand now a participating country SOLAS IPO essential to support COST administration Coordination from NERC-supported Knowledge Exchange co-ordinator Dr Tom Bell • Buy-in from international community - financial support from other sources • Additional financial support from NERC (UK) and EUROceans (EU) Weaknesses: • Scientists are over-committed • Difficult to spend the whole annual budget due to inflexibility of the system • Low number of publications resulting from meetings • Lack of public outreach COST is supported by the EU RTD Framework Programme 22 ESF provides the COST Office through an EC contract

Challenges • Grant migration impractical considering the timeline and financial implications (overheads > 15%) therefore Action unable to apply for an extension • The MC has only recently been informed that there is a mechanism to apply for unspent money to fund additional activities lack of communication between COST and the Action • Efforts to produce publications from past workshops will be made in the next year. • In addition, an end of Action publication is being planned and will be discussed further at the next MC meeting in Istanbul in December 2010 (in parallel with sub. WG 1 meeting). COST is supported by the EU RTD Framework Programme 23 ESF provides the COST Office through an EC contract

Can your Action help monitor/assess volcanic/ash cloud related events? • Idea to hold a joint workshop between Actions-735 and -801 (‘Trace elements’) in 2011 • Workshop would discuss the impacts of volcanic ash on surface ocean biogeochemistry and air-sea gas fluxes. • Workshop could build on results from recent cruises measuring sea water trace elements under the ash cloud. • The idea is to be further discussed during this DC meeting with representatives of COST Action-801 (Jon Olafsson and Maeve Lohan). • Mechanism to fund the workshop? COST is supported by the EU RTD Framework Programme 24 ESF provides the COST Office through an EC contract