EUCA R European Council for Automotive R D André

EUCA R European Council for Automotive R&D André RAULT General Secretary Mid and Long Term Powertrains Evolution Associated Fuels EUCAR 2002 Presentation to OICA Feb. 20 2002 Chairman Introduction

EUCAR Presentation • What is EUCAR ? • Present Research Activities and Trends in Powertrain • EUCAR Vision on Future Powertrain • EUCAR Scenario of Future Powertrain and associated Fuels EUCAR 2002 Presentation to OICA Feb. 20 2002 Chairman Introduction

EUCAR Members EUCAR 2002 Presentation to OICA Feb. 20 2002 Chairman Introduction

Precompetitive Working Themes Mobility, Transport Safety for Road Users Environment, Energy, Resources EUCAR 2002 Presentation to OICA Feb. 20 2002 Chairman Introduction

European Approach to CO 2 Reduction CO 2 g/km CEC 190 - AC EA A gree men t CO 2 perate CO 2 R&D 140 120 1998 1995 EUCAR 2002 2004 2003 Review 2008 Year 2012 Presentation to OICA Feb. 20 2002 Chairman Introduction

Monitoring the CO 2 Emission Reduction EUCAR 2002 Chairman Introduction

Today the Powertrain has to be viewed as a complete system à Engine - Transmission - Powertrain Management - Materials - Fuels Demands and Engine, Transmission Engine Legislation • Emissions • CO 2 specify Additional Needs Control Systems Overall Power Train Management Powertrain Combustion Process Exhaust Gas Improvement Aftertreatment Customer Demands • Driving Pleasure / Agility • Consumption • Comfort Transmission Fuels Modified Fuels, Lubricants Materials -Light Weight -Reduced Friction -New Materials for higher Demands EUCAR 2002 Chairman Introduction

100 Spread Fuel Consumption ( % ) Potential of Internal Combustion Engines 95 • costs • Valve operation 90 weak starting torque Under condition of EURO IV • NOx • comb. process Main problem for GDI, DDI 85 £Sulfur 80 • NOx 75 • PM Trap 70 65 60 PFI GDI l=1 VVT PFI Down sized + TC EUCARGasoline engines 2002 GDI l>1 DI HCCI DI increased (laboratory status) injection pressure Diesel engines Chairman Introduction

The Hybrid - between conventional car and electric car Split-Hybrid Conventional Car The power, generated by the combustion engine, can be transformed with the generator into electric power and/or transmitted directly to the drive axle. It is a combination of the parallel and the serial Hybrid. Through the Road-Hybrid TTR-Hybrid Been suitable very well as Power-Hybrid, 4 WD PC Electric Car The Hybrid will succeed if it can reach a Win-Win-Situation between Legislation ó Customer ó Costs EUCAR 2002 Chairman Introduction

EUCAR Vision of the Future • The coming views of future powertrain trends have been consensually established by the EUCAR Powertrain experts group constituted of all member companies EUCAR 2002 Presentation to OICA Feb. 20 2002 Chairman Introduction

Overall powertrain strategy Fuel Cell Propulsion Hybrid Propulsion Mild Hybrid Propulsion (ICE plus small electric drive) conventional combustion engines today advanced combustion engines and drive train (plus Starter/Generator, Light weight design, FC - APU) The recent strategy of expanding the vehicle range will be applied to expand the powertrain options in the future tomorrow EUCAR 2002 Presentation to OICA Feb. 20 2002 Chairman Introduction

Emission reduction and legislation needs Emission reduction and legislation focus Energy resources and reduction of CO 2 will gain importance Emission % 100 Diesel HDT PM, NOx 80 60 Energy Diesel PC HC+NOx, CO 40 Greenhouse Effect, CO 2 20 Exhaust Emission HC, CO, NOx, PM 1970 1980 1990 2005 2010 EUCAR 2002 Presentation to OICA Feb. 20 2002 Chairman Introduction

Different technologies for different markets? Legislation for Heavy Duty Trucks US market: no urea desired, Denox +DPF +(EGR) preferred (4 - 5% increase of fuel consumption) EU market: SCR technology (urea/NH 3), combined sytem preferred SCR h ~ 0, 65. . . 0, 70 EUROPE year legislation EGR+DPF+ DENOX 0, 65 EGR w/o DPF US 2003 2004 EPA 2005 EURO 4 2007 2008 EPA EURO 5 EGR (20%) + DPF 0, 9 + DENOX 0, 9 SCR h~ 0, 80. . . 0, 85 2010 Comb. Heterogeneous /HCCI + DENOX 0, 9 + (DPF) comb. system 2012 ? 2014 EPA EUCAR 2002 Presentation to OICA Feb. 20 2002 Chairman Introduction

Statements With EURO IV legislation in 2005, the vehicles emissions are reduced to a level with a negligible impact on environment. The effective emissions are almost zero. Beyond EURO IV there will be no need for further emission legislation. After 2005 the R&D activities will bring the fuel efficiency and CO 2 emissions into focus. The demand is: only one aftertreatment technology for all markets. EUCAR 2002 Presentation to OICA Feb. 20 2002 Chairman Introduction

Future main technology fields Internal combustion engine Fuels and lubes Drive train & transmission Exhaust gas aftertreatment Supercharging Overall powertrain management Increase efficiency and reduce raw emissions Develop complex aftertreatment systems Develop modern clean fuels and lubes EUCAR 2002 Presentation to OICA Feb. 20 2002 Chairman Introduction

Main ICE technologies to reduce energy consumption Variable Valve Timing Valve Lift [mm] Advanced combustion process 10 Inlet 8 6 Outlet frei wählbar 4 2 0 PRE MAIN AFTER PILOT DI POST Multiple Injection HCCI / CAI and combinations Supercharging and downsizing 120 Torque [%] 80 Transmission standard naturally aspirated engine Clutch 2 0 idle- 1. 3. 5. 4. 6. 2. supercharged range Capacity reduction 40 Clutch 1 S 2 S 3 S 4 Aspirating map downsized engine Revolutions [1/min] rated- Toroidal-CVT Automated manual transmission EUCAR 2002 Presentation to OICA Feb. 20 2002 Chairman Introduction

Main technology trends - IC engines (PC) Starter / Generator with driving support High Pressure Supercharged, VNT/VCG Gasoline Near Controlled Auto Ignition Essential increase bmep = 28. . . 30 bar + advanced charging technologies DI Spray Guided / Stratified Charge Starter / Generator with start/stop Non Precious Metal Aftertreatment Systems Multivariable Model Based Control Systems Reduced Friction by New Material and Design GDI/DDI Continuous NOx-Reduction Multiple Injection Systems Single Cycle Control Thermal Management Homogeneous Combustion Diesel Downsizing bmep = 28. . . 30 bar High Pressure Charging Reduction In-Cylinder Pressure Hybrid Transmission (CVT + e-drive) Combined heterogeneous/homogeneous Combustion Fully Flexible Injection Systems Starter / Generator Combined Soot Trap and Catalytic NOx-Reduction (no fuel additive) Market Introduction 2005 2010 2015 2020 EUCAR 2002 Presentation to OICA Feb. 20 2002 Chairman Introduction

Main technology trends - Diesel engines (HDT) Homogeneous Combustion Downsizing bmep= 28. . . 30 bar Two Stage Turbocharging Variable Compression Ratio Single cylinder control Multivariable Model Based Control Systems Reduced Friction by New Material and Design Variable Injection Nozzle Geometry Combined heterogeneous/homogeneous Combustion High Pressure, Fully Flexible Injection Systems Combined Soot Trap and Catalytic NOx-Reduction Variable Compressor Geometry Downsizing bmep = 25 bar Variable Nozzle Turbine with reduced gaps Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) Market Introduction 2005 2010 2015 2020 EUCAR 2002 Presentation to OICA Feb. 20 2002 Chairman Introduction

System integration - the key to success Internal Combustion Engine Homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) Clutch 2 Clutch 1 1. 3. 5. 4. Electric/Electronic Management System 6. 2. Integration S 1 S 2 S 3 Automated Manual Transmission S 4 Exhaust Gas Aftertreatment Transmissio n Integrated adaptive systems fulfil customer demands and further legislations EUCAR 2002 Presentation to OICA Feb. 20 2002 Chairman Introduction

Statement Propulsion systems using ICE’s will demonstrate their potential for meeting future needs: - minimal emissions - drastically reduced fuel consumption - high efficiency - good driving performance by exploiting the R&D activities on - adaptive control systems for integrated powertrain management - new combustion processes - hybridization of internal combustion engines (mild hybrid) - advanced materials for higher performance (light weight, high temperature/ pressure resistance, etc. ) EUCAR 2002 Presentation to OICA Feb. 20 2002 Chairman Introduction

Why fuel cell vehicles? customer Driving pleasure without remorse efficiency Greenhouse effect (hydrogen) Independence from petroleum environment / society emissions vehicle EUCAR 2002 Presentation to OICA Feb. 20 2002 Chairman Introduction

Comparison between fuel cell and combustion engine Efficiency - well to wheel - Internal Combustion Engine Fuel Cell Efficiency [%] in NEDC today until 2003 30 after 2010 25 20 15 10 5 ICE gasoline ICE Diesel ICE Me. OH FC CH 2 FC LH 2 FC Me. OH 0 Source: DC, Dr. Fortnagel, 13 th International Conference Engine & Environment, AVL, Graz, September 2001 EUCAR 2002 Presentation to OICA Feb. 20 2002 Chairman Introduction

Fuel cell vehicles worldwide 10. 000 Population/Forecast 1. 000 100. 000 1. 000 Test-phase Niche-phase Production-phase 100 10 1995 2000 EUCAR 2002 2005 2010 2015 2020 Source: FH Gelsenkirchen, Prof. Dudenhöfer; Audi, 10. Aachener Kolloquium Presentation to OICA Feb. 20 2002 Chairman Introduction

Statements Fuel-cell vehicles have still a long development-path to go (weight & costs reduction, maturing the technologies), production start not before 2015 Hydrogen is only meaningful in the mobile applications, if all technological and economical barriers have been overcome ( past 2020) EUCAR 2002 Presentation to OICA Feb. 20 2002 Chairman Introduction

Conclusion Diesel engine Gasoline engine Hybrid today best in consumption (high efficiency) meets high requests on emissions need for further reduction of NOx and PM emissions need for further reduction of CO 2 (consumption) promotion of the combustion engines through combinations with electric drives Fuel cell battery-and storage-technologies best solution for the environment if hydrogen is available costs, infrastructure, fuel storage EUCAR 2002 Presentation to OICA Feb. 20 2002 Chairman Introduction

Future scenario in Europe Beyond the year 2010, the share of engines depends mainly on: ãlegislation ãavailability of mature new technologies ãinfrastructure of alternative fuels (CNG, Methanol, Hydrogen) ãavailability of modified / synthetic fuels and lubricants ãcosts and customer acceptance • For the Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) the diversity of solutions and technologies will continue. EUCAR 2002 Presentation to OICA Feb. 20 2002 Chairman Introduction

Future scenario in Europe Future Share of: Engines (Passenger Cars) Fuels 100 Market Share (%) 80 with CAI + supercharging + Starter/generator DI-Gasoline and VVA ? and/or VCR ? and combinations w/o CAI Conventional (MPI) GASOLINE 60 40 Internal Combustion Engine Gasoline/Diesel Engine starter / battery with Starter/Generator DIESEL 20 • Improved fuels • Clean fuels • Designed fuels with HCCI + supercharging DI-Diesel + Starter/generator and VVA / multiple injection? w/o HCCI Gas based fuels • CNG • GTL fuels Hybrid Fuel Cell IDI Model Year Oil based fuels 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Bio-fuels Hydrogen Year 2020 EUCAR 2002 Presentation to OICA Feb. 20 2002 Chairman Introduction