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Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology, 4 th Edition Martini / Bartholomew 14 The Lymphatic Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology, 4 th Edition Martini / Bartholomew 14 The Lymphatic System and Immunity Power. Point® Lecture Outlines prepared by Alan Magid, Duke University Slides 1 to 87 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Lymphatic System Organization Lymphatic System Definitions • Pathogens—Organisms that cause disease • Lymphatic System—Cells, Lymphatic System Organization Lymphatic System Definitions • Pathogens—Organisms that cause disease • Lymphatic System—Cells, tissues, and organs that play a central role in the body’s defenses against pathogens • Lymphatic system consists of vessels (lymphatics) filled with lymph connected to lymphatic organs Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Lymphatic System Organization The Components of the Lymphatic System Figure 14 -1 Lymphatic System Organization The Components of the Lymphatic System Figure 14 -1

Lymphatic System Organization Functions of the Lymphatic System • Produce, maintain, distribute lymphocytes • Lymphatic System Organization Functions of the Lymphatic System • Produce, maintain, distribute lymphocytes • Lymphocytes attack invading organisms, abnormal cells, foreign proteins • Maintain blood volume • Help eliminate local variations in interstitial fluid concentration Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Lymphatic System Organization Lymphatic Vessels • Lymph flows inside • Begin as lymphatic capillaries Lymphatic System Organization Lymphatic Vessels • Lymph flows inside • Begin as lymphatic capillaries in the tissues • Lymph empties into venous system • At thoracic duct • At right lymphatic duct Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Lymphatic System Organization Lymphatic Capillaries Figure 14 -2(a) Lymphatic System Organization Lymphatic Capillaries Figure 14 -2(a)

Lymphatic System Organization Lymphatic Capillaries Figure 14 -2(b) Lymphatic System Organization Lymphatic Capillaries Figure 14 -2(b)

Lymphatic System Organization The Lymphatic Ducts and the Venous System Figure 14 -3 Lymphatic System Organization The Lymphatic Ducts and the Venous System Figure 14 -3

Lymphatic System Organization Three Classes of Lymphocytes • T cells • Thymus dependent • Lymphatic System Organization Three Classes of Lymphocytes • T cells • Thymus dependent • B cells • Bone marrow derived • NK cells • Natural killer Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Lymphatic System Organization Types of T Lymphocytes • Cytotoxic T cells • Provide cell-mediated Lymphatic System Organization Types of T Lymphocytes • Cytotoxic T cells • Provide cell-mediated immunity • Attack foreign and virus-infected cells • Regulatory T cells • Helper T cells • Suppressor T cells Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Lymphatic System Organization B Lymphocytes • Can become plasma cells • Specific to a Lymphatic System Organization B Lymphocytes • Can become plasma cells • Specific to a particular antigen • Produce antibodies that react with that antigen • Antibodies are immunoglobulins • Responsible for humoral or antibody-mediated immunity Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Lymphatic System Organization NK Lymphocytes • Provide immunological surveillance • Attack cells • Foreign Lymphatic System Organization NK Lymphocytes • Provide immunological surveillance • Attack cells • Foreign cells • Virally-infected cells • Cancerous cells Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Lymphatic System Organization Lymphocyte Life Cycle • Continuously migrate between lymphoid tissues and the Lymphatic System Organization Lymphocyte Life Cycle • Continuously migrate between lymphoid tissues and the blood • Production and development (called lymphopoiesis) involves: • Bone marrow • Thymus • Peripheral lymphoid tissues Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Lymphatic System Organization The Origins of Lymphocytes Figure 14 -4 Lymphatic System Organization The Origins of Lymphocytes Figure 14 -4

Lymphatic System Organization Lymphoid Nodules • Consists of loose connective tissue containing densely packed Lymphatic System Organization Lymphoid Nodules • Consists of loose connective tissue containing densely packed lymphocytes • Tonsils are lymphoid nodules in the pharynx wall Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Lymphatic System Organization The Tonsils Figure 14 -5 Lymphatic System Organization The Tonsils Figure 14 -5

Lymphatic System Organization Lymphoid Organs • Important lymphoid organs include: • Lymph nodes • Lymphatic System Organization Lymphoid Organs • Important lymphoid organs include: • Lymph nodes • Thymus • Spleen • Located in areas that are vulnerable to pathogens Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Lymphatic System Organization Lymph Nodes • Encapsulated masses of lymphoid tissue containing lymphocytes • Lymphatic System Organization Lymph Nodes • Encapsulated masses of lymphoid tissue containing lymphocytes • Monitor and filter lymph • Remove antigens • Initiate immune response Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Lymphatic System Organization The Structure of a Lymph Node Figure 14 -6 Lymphatic System Organization The Structure of a Lymph Node Figure 14 -6

Lymphatic System Organization The Thymus • Lies behind sternum • T cells divide and Lymphatic System Organization The Thymus • Lies behind sternum • T cells divide and mature there • Shrinks after puberty • Produces thymosins • Hormones that regulate T cell development Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Lymphatic System Organization The Thymus Figure 14 -7 Lymphatic System Organization The Thymus Figure 14 -7

Lymphatic System Organization The Thymus Figure 14 -7(a) Lymphatic System Organization The Thymus Figure 14 -7(a)

Lymphatic System Organization The Thymus Figure 14 -7(b) Lymphatic System Organization The Thymus Figure 14 -7(b)

Lymphatic System Organization The Thymus Figure 14 -7(c) Lymphatic System Organization The Thymus Figure 14 -7(c)

Lymphatic System Organization The Spleen • White pulp • Resembles lymphoid nodules • Removes Lymphatic System Organization The Spleen • White pulp • Resembles lymphoid nodules • Removes antigens • Initiates immune response • Red pulp • Contains red blood cells • Recycles damaged or out-dated RBCs • Stores iron from recycled RBCs Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Lymphatic System Organization The Spleen Figure 14 -8 Lymphatic System Organization The Spleen Figure 14 -8

Lymphatic System Organization The Spleen Figure 14 -8(a) Lymphatic System Organization The Spleen Figure 14 -8(a)

Lymphatic System Organization The Spleen Figure 14 -8(b) Lymphatic System Organization The Spleen Figure 14 -8(b)

Lymphatic System Organization Overview of Body’s Defenses • Non-specific defenses • Protect against any Lymphatic System Organization Overview of Body’s Defenses • Non-specific defenses • Protect against any threat • Specific defenses • Protect against particular threats • Responds to antigens Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Nonspecific Defenses • Physical Barriers • Skin, hair, & skin secretions • Digestive epithelia, Nonspecific Defenses • Physical Barriers • Skin, hair, & skin secretions • Digestive epithelia, & secretions Figure 14 -9 (1 of 7)

Nonspecific Defenses • Phagocytes • Microphages (neutrophils, eosinophils) • Macrophages Figure 14 -9 (2 Nonspecific Defenses • Phagocytes • Microphages (neutrophils, eosinophils) • Macrophages Figure 14 -9 (2 of 7)

Nonspecific Defenses • Immunological Surveillance • NK cells • Find, kill cancer and virus-infected Nonspecific Defenses • Immunological Surveillance • NK cells • Find, kill cancer and virus-infected cells Figure 14 -9 (3 of 7)

Nonspecific Defenses • Interferons • Small proteins released by virus-infected cells • Cytokines that Nonspecific Defenses • Interferons • Small proteins released by virus-infected cells • Cytokines that trigger release of anti-viral proteins that inhibit virus production Figure 14 -9 (4 of 7)

Nonspecific Defenses • Complement System • Complex system of proteins • Initiate chain reaction Nonspecific Defenses • Complement System • Complex system of proteins • Initiate chain reaction (positive feedback) • Destroy target cell membranes • Stimulate inflammation, attract phagocytes Figure 14 -9 (5 of 7)

Nonspecific Defenses • Inflammatory Response • Coordinated non-specific response to tissue injury Figure 14 Nonspecific Defenses • Inflammatory Response • Coordinated non-specific response to tissue injury Figure 14 -9 (6 of 7)

Nonspecific Defenses • Fever • Temperature greater than 99ºF • Inhibits pathogens • Accelerates Nonspecific Defenses • Fever • Temperature greater than 99ºF • Inhibits pathogens • Accelerates metabolism Figure 14 -9 (7 of 7)

Nonspecific Defenses Events in Inflammation Figure 14 -10 Nonspecific Defenses Events in Inflammation Figure 14 -10

Specific Defenses: Immunity Types of Immunity • Innate immunity • Genetically determined • Present Specific Defenses: Immunity Types of Immunity • Innate immunity • Genetically determined • Present at birth • Acquired immunity • Active • Follows exposure to antigen • Passive • From transfer of antibodies from outside source Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Specific Defenses: Immunity Types of Immunity Figure 14 -11 Specific Defenses: Immunity Types of Immunity Figure 14 -11

Specific Defenses: Immunity Properties of Specific Immunity • Provided by lymphocytes • Four general Specific Defenses: Immunity Properties of Specific Immunity • Provided by lymphocytes • Four general characteristics • Specificity • Versatility • Memory • Tolerance Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Specific Defenses: Immunity Properties of Specific Immunity • Specificity • T and B cell Specific Defenses: Immunity Properties of Specific Immunity • Specificity • T and B cell membrane receptors recognize a unique antigen • Versatility • Responsive to millions of antigens • Memory cells recall earlier encounters with an antigen • Tolerance • Ignores body’s own antigens Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Specific Defenses: Immunity Overview of the Immune Response • Purpose is to inactivate or Specific Defenses: Immunity Overview of the Immune Response • Purpose is to inactivate or destroy: • Pathogens • Abnormal cells • Foreign molecules • Based on activation of lymphocytes by specific antigens by antigen recognition Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Direct physical and chemical attack CELL–MEDIATED IMMUNITY ANTIGENS Bacteria SPECIFIC DEFENSES (Immune response) Phagocytes Direct physical and chemical attack CELL–MEDIATED IMMUNITY ANTIGENS Bacteria SPECIFIC DEFENSES (Immune response) Phagocytes activated T cells activated Communication and feedback ANTIBODY–MEDIATED IMMUNITY Viruses B cells activated Attack by circulating antibodies Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 14 -12 1 of 7

ANTIGENS Bacteria Viruses Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings ANTIGENS Bacteria Viruses Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 14 -12 2 of 7

ANTIGENS Bacteria SPECIFIC DEFENSES (Immune response) Viruses Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , ANTIGENS Bacteria SPECIFIC DEFENSES (Immune response) Viruses Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 14 -12 3 of 7

CELL–MEDIATED IMMUNITY ANTIGENS Bacteria SPECIFIC DEFENSES (Immune response) Phagocytes activated T cells activated Viruses CELL–MEDIATED IMMUNITY ANTIGENS Bacteria SPECIFIC DEFENSES (Immune response) Phagocytes activated T cells activated Viruses Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 14 -12 4 of 7

CELL–MEDIATED IMMUNITY ANTIGENS Bacteria SPECIFIC DEFENSES (Immune response) Phagocytes activated T cells activated Communication CELL–MEDIATED IMMUNITY ANTIGENS Bacteria SPECIFIC DEFENSES (Immune response) Phagocytes activated T cells activated Communication and feedback ANTIBODY–MEDIATED IMMUNITY Viruses B cells activated Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 14 -12 5 of 7

Direct physical and chemical attack CELL–MEDIATED IMMUNITY ANTIGENS Bacteria SPECIFIC DEFENSES (Immune response) Phagocytes Direct physical and chemical attack CELL–MEDIATED IMMUNITY ANTIGENS Bacteria SPECIFIC DEFENSES (Immune response) Phagocytes activated T cells activated Communication and feedback ANTIBODY–MEDIATED IMMUNITY Viruses B cells activated Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 14 -12 6 of 7

Direct physical and chemical attack CELL–MEDIATED IMMUNITY ANTIGENS Bacteria SPECIFIC DEFENSES (Immune response) Phagocytes Direct physical and chemical attack CELL–MEDIATED IMMUNITY ANTIGENS Bacteria SPECIFIC DEFENSES (Immune response) Phagocytes activated T cells activated Communication and feedback ANTIBODY–MEDIATED IMMUNITY Viruses B cells activated Attack by circulating antibodies Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 14 -12 7 of 7

Specific Defenses: Immunity T Cell Activation • Antigens processed by macrophages • Fragments form Specific Defenses: Immunity T Cell Activation • Antigens processed by macrophages • Fragments form complex with MHC proteins on cell surface • T cell recognizes MHC complex, or • Viral antigens on infected body cells • Activated T cells differentiate further Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Specific Defenses: Immunity Roles for Activated T Cells • Cytotoxic (killer) T cells • Specific Defenses: Immunity Roles for Activated T Cells • Cytotoxic (killer) T cells • Provide cell-mediated immunity • Memory T cells • Remember the activating antigen • Suppressor T cells • Suppress other T and B cells • Helper T cells • Secrete regulatory cytokines Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

ACTIVATION AND CELL DIVISION Infected cell Viral or bacterial antigen Inactive cytotoxic T cell ACTIVATION AND CELL DIVISION Infected cell Viral or bacterial antigen Inactive cytotoxic T cell Class I MHC protein T cell receptor Memory T cells (inactive) Active cytotoxic T cells Lymphotoxin release Disruption of cell metabolism Figure 14 -13 1 of 5 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lysed cell Cytokine release Perforin release Destruction of cell membrane Stimulation of apoptosis DESTRUCTION OF TARGET CELL

Infected cell Viral or bacterial antigen Inactive cytotoxic T cell Class I MHC protein Infected cell Viral or bacterial antigen Inactive cytotoxic T cell Class I MHC protein T cell receptor Figure 14 -13 2 of 5 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

ACTIVATION AND CELL DIVISION Infected cell Viral or bacterial antigen Inactive cytotoxic T cell ACTIVATION AND CELL DIVISION Infected cell Viral or bacterial antigen Inactive cytotoxic T cell Class I MHC protein T cell receptor Figure 14 -13 3 of 5 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Memory T cells (inactive) Active cytotoxic T cells

ACTIVATION AND CELL DIVISION Infected cell Viral or bacterial antigen Inactive cytotoxic T cell ACTIVATION AND CELL DIVISION Infected cell Viral or bacterial antigen Inactive cytotoxic T cell Class I MHC protein T cell receptor Memory T cells (inactive) Active cytotoxic T cells Lymphotoxin release Disruption of cell metabolism Figure 14 -13 4 of 5 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cytokine release Perforin release Destruction of cell membrane Stimulation of apoptosis

ACTIVATION AND CELL DIVISION Infected cell Viral or bacterial antigen Inactive cytotoxic T cell ACTIVATION AND CELL DIVISION Infected cell Viral or bacterial antigen Inactive cytotoxic T cell Class I MHC protein T cell receptor Memory T cells (inactive) Active cytotoxic T cells Lymphotoxin release Disruption of cell metabolism Figure 14 -13 5 of 5 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lysed cell Cytokine release Perforin release Destruction of cell membrane Stimulation of apoptosis DESTRUCTION OF TARGET CELL

Specific Defenses: Immunity Key Note Cell-mediated immunity depends on direct contact between cytotoxic T Specific Defenses: Immunity Key Note Cell-mediated immunity depends on direct contact between cytotoxic T cells and foreign, abnormal, or infected cells. T cell activation usually involves antigen presentation by a phagocytic cell. Cytotoxic T cells destroy target cells with cytokines, lymphotoxins, or perforin. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Specific Defenses: Immunity B Cells and Antibody-Mediated Immunity • B cells are first sensitized Specific Defenses: Immunity B Cells and Antibody-Mediated Immunity • B cells are first sensitized by exposure to “their” antigen • Helper T cells for that antigen then activate those B cells • Activated B cells divide to form: • Plasma cells • Produce antibodies against that antigen • Memory cells Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Sensitization Antigens Activation Class II MHC Inactive B cell Antigens bound to antibody molecules Sensitization Antigens Activation Class II MHC Inactive B cell Antigens bound to antibody molecules T cell receptor Antigen Class II MHC Antibodies Division and differentiation B cell ANTIBODY PRODUCTION T cell Stimulation by cytokines Plasma cells Antigen binding Sensitized B cell Helper T cell Sensitized B cell Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Activated B cells Memory B cells (inactive) Figure 14 -14 1 of 5

Sensitization Antigens Class II MHC Antibodies Inactive B cell Antigens bound to antibody molecules Sensitization Antigens Class II MHC Antibodies Inactive B cell Antigens bound to antibody molecules Antigen binding Sensitized B cell Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 14 -14 2 of 5

Sensitization Antigens Activation Class II MHC Antigen Class II MHC Antibodies Inactive B cell Sensitization Antigens Activation Class II MHC Antigen Class II MHC Antibodies Inactive B cell Antigens bound to antibody molecules T cell receptor B cell T cell Antigen binding Sensitized B cell Helper T cell Sensitized B cell Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 14 -14 3 of 5

Sensitization Antigens Activation Class II MHC Inactive B cell Antigens bound to antibody molecules Sensitization Antigens Activation Class II MHC Inactive B cell Antigens bound to antibody molecules T cell receptor Antigen Class II MHC Antibodies Division and differentiation B cell T cell Stimulation by cytokines Antigen binding Sensitized B cell Helper T cell Sensitized B cell Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Activated B cells Memory B cells (inactive) Figure 14 -14 4 of 5

Sensitization Antigens Activation Class II MHC Inactive B cell Antigens bound to antibody molecules Sensitization Antigens Activation Class II MHC Inactive B cell Antigens bound to antibody molecules T cell receptor Antigen Class II MHC Antibodies Division and differentiation B cell ANTIBODY PRODUCTION T cell Stimulation by cytokines Plasma cells Antigen binding Sensitized B cell Helper T cell Sensitized B cell Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Activated B cells Memory B cells (inactive) Figure 14 -14 5 of 5

Specific Defenses: Immunity Antibody Structure and Function • Two pairs of parallel polypeptide chains Specific Defenses: Immunity Antibody Structure and Function • Two pairs of parallel polypeptide chains • Four Fixed segments • Provides basic structure • Four Variable segments • Provides specific antigen-binding structure • Antigen-antibody complex forms • Antigen determinant site binds to antibody Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Specific Defenses: Immunity Antibody Structure Figure 14 -15 Specific Defenses: Immunity Antibody Structure Figure 14 -15

Specific Defenses: Immunity Classes of Antibodies • Immunoglobulin G (Ig. G) • Resistance to Specific Defenses: Immunity Classes of Antibodies • Immunoglobulin G (Ig. G) • Resistance to pathogens • Immunoglobulin M (Ig. M) • First antibody secreted • Immunoglobulin A (Ig. A) • Found in glandular secretions • Immunoglobulin E (Ig. E) • Stimulates inflammation • Immunoglobulin D (Ig. D) • Found on surface of B cells Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Specific Defenses: Immunity How Antibodies Can Eliminate Antigens • • Neutralization Precipitation Agglutination Complement Specific Defenses: Immunity How Antibodies Can Eliminate Antigens • • Neutralization Precipitation Agglutination Complement activation Attraction of phagocytes Stimulation of phagocytosis Stimulation of inflammation Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Specific Defenses: Immunity Key Note Antibody-mediated immunity depends on specific antibodies from plasma cells Specific Defenses: Immunity Key Note Antibody-mediated immunity depends on specific antibodies from plasma cells derived from activated B cells by (1) antigen recognition, through binding to surface antibodies, and (2) stimulation by a helper T cell activated by the same antigen. The antibodies bind to the target antigen and either inhibit it, destroy it, remove it from solution, or promote its phagocytosis. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Specific Defenses: Immunity Primary and Secondary Immune Response • Primary response—Antibodies produced by plasma Specific Defenses: Immunity Primary and Secondary Immune Response • Primary response—Antibodies produced by plasma cells after first exposure to antigen • Secondary response—Maximum antibody levels produced by subsequent exposure to the same antibody Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Specific Defenses: Immunity The Primary and Secondary Immune Responses Figure 14 -16 Specific Defenses: Immunity The Primary and Secondary Immune Responses Figure 14 -16

Specific Defenses: Immunity Key Note Immunization produces a primary response to a specific antigen. Specific Defenses: Immunity Key Note Immunization produces a primary response to a specific antigen. If the same antigen is encountered at a later date, it triggers a powerful secondary response that usually prevents infection and disease. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Specific Defenses: Immunity Hormones of the Immune System • Interleukins (IL) • Sensitize T Specific Defenses: Immunity Hormones of the Immune System • Interleukins (IL) • Sensitize T cells • Stimulate B cells • Enhance non-specific defenses • Interferons • Slow the spread of viruses locally • Tumor necrosis factors (TNF) • Slows growth, kills tumor cells • Phagocytic regulators Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Specific Defenses: Immunity Key Note Viruses replicate inside cells, whereas bacteria usually live outside. Specific Defenses: Immunity Key Note Viruses replicate inside cells, whereas bacteria usually live outside. Antibodies work outside of cells, so they are primarily effective against bacteria rather than viruses. T cells, NK cells, and interferons are the primary defenses against viral infection. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Patterns of Immune Response A Summary of the Immune Response and Its Relationship to Patterns of Immune Response A Summary of the Immune Response and Its Relationship to Nonspecific Defenses Figure 14 -17

Patterns of Immune Response Immune Disorders • Autoimmune disorders • Mistaken attack on body’s Patterns of Immune Response Immune Disorders • Autoimmune disorders • Mistaken attack on body’s own tissues • Immunodeficiency disease • Disease (e. g. , AIDS) or a congenital block of immunity • Allergies • Inappropriate or excessive response to allergens • Age-related loss of effectiveness Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Patterns of Immune Response Types of Allergies • • Immediate hypersensitivity (Type I) Cytotoxic Patterns of Immune Response Types of Allergies • • Immediate hypersensitivity (Type I) Cytotoxic reaction (Type II) Immune complex disorders (Type III) Delayed hypersensitivity (Type IV) Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The Lymphatic System in Perspective FIGURE 14 -18 Functional Relationships Between the Lymphatic System The Lymphatic System in Perspective FIGURE 14 -18 Functional Relationships Between the Lymphatic System and Other Systems Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 14 -18 1 of 11

The Integumentary System • Provides physical barriers to pathogen entry; macrophages in dermis resist The Integumentary System • Provides physical barriers to pathogen entry; macrophages in dermis resist infection and present antigens to trigger immune response; mast cells trigger inflammation, mobilize cells of lymphatic system • Provides Ig. A antibodies for secretion onto integumentary surfaces Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 14 -18 2 of 11

The Skeletal System • Lymphocytes and other cells involved in the immune response are The Skeletal System • Lymphocytes and other cells involved in the immune response are produced and stored in bone marrow • Assists in repair of bone after injuries; macrophages fuse to become osteoclasts Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 14 -18 3 of 11

The Muscular System • Protects superficial lymph nodes and the lymphatic vessels in the The Muscular System • Protects superficial lymph nodes and the lymphatic vessels in the abdominopelvic cavity; muscle contractions help propel lymph along lymphatic vessels • Assists in repair after injuries Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 14 -18 4 of 11

The Nervous System • Microglia present antigens that stimulate specific defenses; glial cells secrete The Nervous System • Microglia present antigens that stimulate specific defenses; glial cells secrete cytokines; innervation stimulates antigen-presenting cells • Cytokines affect hypothalamic production of CRH and TRH Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 14 -18 5 of 11

The Endocrine System • Glucocorticoids have antiinflammatory effects; thymosins stimulate development and maturation of The Endocrine System • Glucocorticoids have antiinflammatory effects; thymosins stimulate development and maturation of lymphocytes; many hormones affect immune function • Thymus secretes thymosins; cytokines affect cells throughout the body Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 14 -18 6 of 11

The Cardiovascular System • Distributes WBCs; carries antibodies that attack pathogens; clotting response helps The Cardiovascular System • Distributes WBCs; carries antibodies that attack pathogens; clotting response helps restrict spread of pathogens; granulocytes and lymphocytes produced in bone marrow • Fights infections of cardiovascular organs; returns tissue fluid to circulation Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 14 -18 7 of 11

The Respiratory System • Alveolar phagocytes present antigens and trigger specific defenses; provides oxygen The Respiratory System • Alveolar phagocytes present antigens and trigger specific defenses; provides oxygen required by lymphocytes and eliminates carbon dioxide generated during their metabolic activities • Tonsils protect against infection at entrance to respiratory tract Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 14 -18 8 of 11

The Digestive System • Provides nutrients required by lymphatic tissues; digestive acids and enzymes The Digestive System • Provides nutrients required by lymphatic tissues; digestive acids and enzymes provide nonspecific defense against pathogens • Tonsils and lymphoid nodules of the intestine defend against infection and toxins absorbed from the digestive tract; lymphatics carry absorbed lipids to venous system Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 14 -18 9 of 11

The Urinary System • Eliminates metabolic wastes generated by cellular activity; acid p. H The Urinary System • Eliminates metabolic wastes generated by cellular activity; acid p. H of urine provides nonspecific defense against urinary tract infection • Provides specific defenses against urinary tract infections Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 14 -18 10 of 11

The Reproductive System • Lysozymes and bactericidal chemicals in secretions provide nonspecific defense against The Reproductive System • Lysozymes and bactericidal chemicals in secretions provide nonspecific defense against reproductive tract infections • Provides Ig. A antibodies for secretion by epithelial glands Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 14 -18 11 of 11