Essential Questions Questions What role did the

■ Essential Questions: Questions –What role did the U. S. play in world affairs in the early decades of the 20 th century? –How did U. S. foreign policy change in the 100 years from George Washington (1790 s) to William Mc. Kinley (1890 s)?

The U. S. Becomes a World Power ■ At the turn of the 20 th century, the U. S. emerged as a world power: –The U. S. asserted its dominance in Spanish-American War (1898) –America built the 3 rd largest navy in the world –Annexed Hawaii, the Philippines, Puerto Rico, many Pacific islands –Asserted economic control over almost all of Latin America

The U. S. Becomes a World Power “Big Stick Diplomacy” “Moral Diplomacy” “Dollar Diplomacy” The U. S. developed a new, aggressive foreign policy under T. Roosevelt, Taft, & Wilson: ■ Their policies differed, but all revealed a desire to increase American wealth, military power, & stature in the world, especially Latin America ■

American Foreign Acquisitions, 1917

Theodore Roosevelt’s “Big Stick Diplomacy”

TR’s “Big Stick Diplomacy” ■ Roosevelt hoped to expand upon TR & Sec of State Elihu Root applied “big stick” diplomacy most America’s new, world stature after effectively in Latin America the Spanish-American War: “Speak softly &in theasuperiority of carry big stick, –TR believed you will go far” American Protestant culture & —TR’s favorite African proverb hoped to spread these values –To increase American economic & political stature in the world, the U. S. needed to be militarily strong & ready to fight if needed

TR’s “Big Stick Diplomacy” The U. S. paid $10 million for the canal ■ TR’s top foreign policy objective & leased it for $250, 000 per year was to build the Panama Canal & he used his “big stick” to get it: –When the Colombians rejected an offer to lease land in Panama to build a canal, TR supported a revolt for Panama independence A Panama Canal would facilitate world U. S. trade –In 1903, to quickly merge its Atlantic Panama (with the & allow the U. S. navy) became in an emergency & Pacific naval fleets a nation & signed a lease agreement for a canal

The Panama Canal was an engineering marvel, but one of the most important reasons for its completion was the scientific elimination of malaria-causing mosquitoes “The inevitable effect of our building the When openedbe to require canal police the Canal must in 1914, the us to gave the USA a huge economic advantage in surrounding premises” the Western Hemisphere Elihu Root —Sec of State,

The Roosevelt Corollary TR warned European nations to stay was ■ One of the greatest concernsout AND warned Latin American nations to be the interventionor the U. S. would of European more responsible nations in Latin America: intervene –In 1903, Germany & England threatened to invade Venezuela to recoup unpaid debts –TR issued Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine in 1904 claiming special “police powers” in the Western Hemisphere

The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, 1904 Additionally, the Lodge Corollary in 1912 refused to allow foreign companies to buy ports or establish military sites in Latin America

The Roosevelt Corollary was used America Attempts to maintain order in Latin to justify American armed intervention inthat relied on led to pro-American regimes the Dominican dictatorial rule Nicaragua, & Mexico Republic, Cuba, Haiti, over its citizens

Big Stick Diplomacy ■ Foreign policy under TR extended to Asia as well as Latin America: –TR negotiated an end to the Russo-Japanese War in 1905 from Portsmouth, NH –Gentlemen’s Agreement in 1907 limited Japanese immigration –The Root-Takahira Agreement in 1908 protected America’s Open Door Policy in China

“Constable of the World”

William Howard Taft’s “Dollar Diplomacy”

Taft and Dollar Diplomacy ■ President Taft took over after TR & continued an aggressive foreign policy, called “Dollar Diplomacy” Diplomacy –Use U. S. wealth rather than military strength in foreign policy –In Latin America, U. S. banks assumed debts to Europe –Taft’s attempts to build railroads in China alienated Japan & ended the Open Door Policy

Woodrow Wilson’s “Moral Diplomacy”

Moral Diplomacy Wilson apologized Wilson appointed pacifist to Colombia for U. S. ■ Wilson was well-versed in William Jennings Bryan support of the domestic of State before becoming policy as his Secretary Panamanian my revolt “It would be not foreign policy president, butthe irony of fate if administration had to deal chiefly with ■ He believed that affairs” Diplomacy foreign Moral could bring peace —Wilson in 1912 & democracy to the world without militarism & war ■ Wilson talked of “human rights” in Latin America, but defended the Monroe Doctrine & intervened more than Roosevelt or Taft

When Huerta refused, Wilson used demanded Wilson 1913, Mexican president Madero was as In diplomacy seemed to fail & minor recognize Huerta Moralrefused to. Diplomacy in in Mexico incidents Moralofeminent butsailors. Iin. Huerta Tampico) that he step down dictator Victorianoforced overthrown by some U. S. WWMexico war (arrest so legitimate elections could seemed to send the be held for occupypresident & force military to a new Veracruz Europe Americans to change their focus to Huerta to flee to Europe Mexican rebel Pancho Villa triedthe provoke to to military war Wilson responded by sending the border for withfind Villa by raiding across to do so) the U. S. (who were unable supporting his rival Carranza

Conclusions After the Spanish-American War, the USA assumed of Neutrality (1793) an aggressive Washington’s Proclamation foreign policy: Address (1796) & Farewell –In order to maintain order, Annexation of Alaska, Hawaii, & Philippines; Open Door Policy in China forestall foreign intervention, & “Big Stick, ” “Dollar, ” economic interests protect U. S. & “Moral” diplomacies –By the outbreak of WW I, the USA had seen its foreign policy evolve from strict neutrality, to imperialist, to police officer ■