Essential Question Champion of the Common Man OR

Essential Question: Champion of the “Common Man”? OR “King” Andrew?

Voting Requirements in the Early 19 c

Voter Turnout: 1820 - 1860

Why Increased Democratization? 3 White male suffrage increased 3 Party nominating committees. 3 Voters chose their state’s slate of Presidential electors. 3 Spoils system. 3 Rise of Third Parties. 3 3 Popular campaigning (parades, rallies, floats, etc. ) Two-party system returned in the 1832 election: § Dem-Reps Natl. Reps. (1828) (1832) § Democrats (1828) Whigs Republicans (1854)

Jackson’s First Hermitage Residence • Born on the border of North and South Carolina in 1767 in a log cabin on the frontier • His parents were immigrants from Ireland • His dad died before he was born, so he was raised by a single mother in poverty

First Known Painting of Jackson, 1815

General Jackson – A Military Man • Joined the American Revolution at age of 13 • Became an American hero due to series of victories in the War of 1812 • Creek War Victory; Battle of New Orleans • Seminole Wars • Wars fought between the United States and the Seminole native Americans from 1817 -1818, again from 1835 -1842, and finally from 1855 -1858 • Jackson led the American troops into Florida to search for runaway slaves and the Native Americans that were helping them • These wars ultimately led to the addition of Florida to the United States

Personal Life • Studied law in Salisbury, NC – Apprenticed with prominent lawyers – Practiced in Tennessee • Made money in real estate by buying and selling properties in GA and AL • Married Rachel Robards – Caused great controversy as they married in 1791 before she was officially divorced – Married again *for real* in 1794

The “Common Man’s” Presidential Candidate “Old Hickory” Given to him by soldiers he commanded Meant he was as tough as the wood on a hickory tree “Sharp Knife” Given by Native Americans He was ruthless in dealing with them

Jackson’s Opponents in 1824 Henry Clay [KY] John Quincy Adams [MA] William H. Crawford [GA] John C. Calhoun [SC]

Results of the 1824 Election A “Corrupt Bargain? ” • Jackson received the most popular votes, but not a majority of the electoral votes • Went to the House of Representatives, who elected J. Q. Adams • Adams won presidency, Henry Clay became Secretary of State

Rachel Jackson Final Divorce Decree • Jackson blamed the scandal caused by Adams led Rachel to die of a broken heart • Did grieving for his wife distract Andrew Jackson from running a successful campaign?

Jackson in Mourning for His Wife

1828 Election Results

The Center of Population in the Country Moves WEST

The New “Jackson Coalition” • The Planter Elite in the South • People on the Frontier • State Politicians – spoils system • • • In office, Jackson hired many of his supporters – “to the victor goes the spoils…” Kitchen Cabinet – unofficial advisors Immigrants in the cities.

Jackson’s Faith in the “Common Man” • Intense distrust of Eastern “establishment, ” monopolies, & special privilege. • His heart & soul was with the “plain folk. ” • Belief that the common man was capable of uncommon achievements.

The Reign of “King Mob” • Jackson was the first president to be of common birth, and actually invited the general public to his inauguration • "Ladies fainted, men were seen with bloody noses and such a scene of confusion took place as is impossible to describe. "

Andrew Jackson as President

The “Peggy Eaton Affair” • John Eaton and his wife, Peggy, were not socially accepted by other members of the cabinet • This reminded Jackson of his own wife and he ordered the cabinet members to make their wives socialize with Peggy • Members of Jackson’s cabinet became so intrigued and distracted by the Peggy Eaton affair, that they could barely do their jobs • Ultimately led to the resignation of John C. Calhoun, whose wife refused to socialize with Peggy

The Webster-Hayne Debate Tariff of 1828 Sen. Daniel Webster – Senator from Massachusetts Sen. Robert Hayne – Senator from South Carolina

1830 Webster: Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable. Jackson: Our Federal Union—it must be preserved. Calhoun: The Union, next to our liberty, most dear.

Nullification Crisis • New Tariff of 1828 caused the South to claim that it was a “tariff of abominations” – Tariff caused a rise in prices and economic problems in the south • States’ rights advocate, John C. Calhoun, secretly authors the South Carolina Exposition and Protest – Creates doctrine that said states could nullify federal laws if they followed a set process

Nullification Crisis • Jackson said nullification does not exist and that “disunion by armed force is treason” • Force Bill – presidential authority to use force on nullifying states • Clay develops compromise, Webster agrees, SC and Calhoun back down – no force necessary

Five Civilized Tribes • Many Indian tribes began to adopt the ways of the white American setters – Five Civilized Tribes Seminole, Creek, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Cherokee – Cherokee had developed a significant civilization farming, written language (Sequoyah) and leaders like John Ross • Jackson believed that Indians and Whites should not mix • Gold was discovered on Cherokee land in 1829 – state gov’t wanted land

Indian Removal • Jackson wanted to negotiate treaties for Indian Removal, but many tribes did not want to move • 1830 – 1 st Removal Act was passed • Money was offered to tribes that would relocate; many resisted in court • 1831 – Cherokee Nation v. GA – 1 st attempt at self-government; Supreme Court said natives have rights to their lands, but not as an independent nation • 1832 – Worchester v. GA – John Marshall said Native land rights have to be recognized – Jackson refused to enforce “John Marshall made his decision, now let him enforce it. ”

The Cherokee Nation After 1820

Indian Removal

Trail of Tears • Cherokee Indians were forcibly removed from their land, along with other tribes throughout the southeast • 16, 000 Indians were forced to leave GA, NC, SC, and TN • Winter of 1838 -1839 Cherokee were forced to take a grueling march 1, 200 miles to Indian Territory in modern day Oklahoma – Many died of whooping cough, typhus, dysentery, cholera, and starvation along the way

Trail of Tears (1838 -1839)

Jackson’s Professed “Love” for Native Americans

Jackson’s Use of Federal Power VETO 1830 Maysville Road project in KY [vetoed for political or personal reasons? ]

The National Bank Debate Nicholas Biddle (President of the National Bank – wanted the charter extended) President Jackson (thought bank had too much power)

Opposition to the 2 nd B. U. S. “Soft” (paper) $ • • state bankers felt it restrained their banks from issuing bank notes freely. supported rapid economic growth & speculation. “Hard” (specie) $ • • • felt that coin was the only safe currency. didn’t like any bank that issued bank notes. suspicious of expansion & speculation.

The “Monster” Is Destroyed! • “pet banks”? • Jackson puts the money that would have gone into the 2 nd National Bank into selected state banks • 1832 Jackson vetoed the extension of the 2 nd National Bank of the United States. • 1836 the charter expired. • 1841 the bank went bankrupt!

The Downfall of “Mother Bank”

An 1832 Cartoon: “King Andrew”?

1832 Election Results

The Specie Circular (1836) • “wildcat banks. ” • • banks were chartered by state law without any federal oversight To fight inflation, Jackson tries to only buy future federal land with gold or silver.

Results of the Specie Circular $ Banknotes loose their value. $ Land sales plummeted. $ Credit not available. $ Businesses began to fail. $ Unemployment rose. The Panic of 1837!

The 1836 Election Results Martin Van Buren (Jackson’s former VP – handpicked to be his successor) “Old Kinderhook” [O. K. ]

The Panic of 1837 Spreads Quickly!

Log Cabin Campaign – Election of 1840 • 1 st election with popular, modern campaigning • Whigs copy the Democrats in campaign techniques • William Henry Harrison“Tippecanoe and Tyler too” – Fought Tecumseh and the Prophet • Harrison defeats Van Buren

Andrew Jackson in Retirement

Photo of Andrew Jackson in 1844 (one year before his death) 1767 - 1845