Ergonomics and Human Factors Part V Chapters 22

Ergonomics and Human Factors Part V Chapters: 22. Introduction to Ergonomics and Human Factors 23. Physical Ergonomics: Work Physiology and Anthropometry 24. Cognitive Ergonomics: The Human Sensory System and Information Processing 25. The Physical Work Environment 26. Occupational Safety and Health Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work by Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0 -13 -140650 -7. © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Introduction to Ergonomics and Human Factors Chapter 22 Sections: 1. Overview of Ergonomics 2. Human-Machine Systems 3. Topic Areas in Ergonomics Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work by Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0 -13 -140650 -7. © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Physical and Cognitive Demands Most work activities require a combination of physical and cognitive exertions Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work by Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0 -13 -140650 -7. © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Ergonomics An applied scientific discipline concerned with how humans interact with the tools and equipment they use while performing tasks and other activities § Derived from the Greek words ergon, meaning work, and nomos, meaning laws § The word ergonomics was joined by British scientist K. F. H. Murrell and entered the English language in 1949 Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work by Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0 -13 -140650 -7. © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Human Factors § Human factors is synonymous with ergonomics § Ergonomics emphasizes work physiology and anthropometry § Europe – industrial work systems § Human factors emphasizes experimental psychology and systems engineering § U. S. – military work systems Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work by Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0 -13 -140650 -7. © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

History of ergonomics (1) § Back to 1945 (Taylorizm) § Scientific management movement § Planning, motion, time, work efficiency § Pioneer researcher is Frank and Lillian Gilbreth § In 1900, fitting the man to the job (FMJ), selecting of workers for a given job. § Choose from the pool of job applicants suitable for the required positions § In 1920, human relations research in Western Electric Company in Chicago § Growth in mechanization and machining between 1900 -1945 § Car industry, machine tools, assembly lines Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work by Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0 -13 -140650 -7. © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

History of ergonomics (2) § Ergonomics is recognized in Europe and human factors in US after World War II. § Grow in aircraft, artillery, tanks, radar, sonar. § Problems due to equipments (loss of life) § Human-Factor Society established in 1957 in US § In UK, KFH Murrell contributed to ergonomics in 1949. § In 1950, British Researchers adopted Ergonomics Society § Due to space and computer industry, NASA studied on human factors Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work by Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0 -13 -140650 -7. © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

History of ergonomics (3) § Since 1979, the following human-related disasters increase public awareness about importance of ergonomics and human factors § Three Mile Island nuclear power plant accident (Pennsylvania, 1979) § Bhopal pesticide plant, Union Carbide Company (India, 1984) § Challenger space shuttle (Florida, 1986) § Chernobyl nuclear power plant explosion (Kiev, 1986) § Exxon Valdez oil spill (Alaska, 1989) § Colombia space shuttle (Texas, 2003) Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work by Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0 -13 -140650 -7. © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Objectives in Ergonomics § Main objective is to improve performance of systems consisting of people & equipment § Human-machine systems (aircraft, cars, chairs, computers, hand & sports tools § Greater ease of interaction between user and machine § Avoid errors and mistakes § Greater comfort and satisfaction in use of the equipment § Reduce stress and fatigue § Greater efficiency and productivity § Safer operation § Avoid accidents and injuries Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work by Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0 -13 -140650 -7. © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Methods Engineering vs. Ergonomics Emphasis in Methods Engineering Efficiency Cost reduction Labor reduction Workplace layout Facility layout Elimination of waste “One best way” Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work by Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0 -13 -140650 -7. © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. Emphasis in Ergonomics and Human Factors Safety Comfort Interaction between human and equipment Workplace environment Fitting the work to the individual Reduction of human errors Accident avoidance

Ergonomics Application Areas § Work system design § Objectives: safety, accident avoidance, improved functional performance § Also includes environment such as lighting & noise levels § Product design § Objectives: safety, comfort, user-friendly, mistake proof, avoidance of liability lawsuits Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work by Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0 -13 -140650 -7. © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Ergonomists – What They Do § Research on human capabilities and limitations § Discover the characteristics of human performance, e. g. , how much can an average worker lift? § Design and engineering applications § Use the research findings to design better tools and work methods Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work by Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0 -13 -140650 -7. © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Fitting the Person to the Job (FPJ) § Considers worker’s physical and mental aptitudes in employment decisions § For example, using worker size and strength as criteria for physical work § Psychometric tests are done (intelligence, personality) § Common philosophy prior to ergonomics § FPJ is still important § For example, educational requirements for technical positions (doctor, dentist, lawyer) § Firefighters need to physical endurance § Military pilot must meet height requirement Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work by Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0 -13 -140650 -7. © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Fitting the Job to the Person (FJP) § Opposite of FPJ § Philosophy: design the job so that any member of the work force can perform it § Why the FJP philosophy has evolved: § Changes in worker skill requirements § Demographic changes (e. g. more women in the workforce) § Social and political changes (e. g. , equal opportunity laws) § In 1900 s, skill requirements for jobs were lower than today, applicants were low skilled § Today, skill requirements are much higher § Company select from applicant pool, train them Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work by Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0 -13 -140650 -7. © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Changes: 1930 and 2000 Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work by Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0 -13 -140650 -7. © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Human-Machine Systems § § § Basic model in ergonomics Defined as a combination of humans and equipment interacting to achieve some desired result Types of human-machine systems: 1. Manual systems a. Farmer using pitchfork lo load hay 2. Mechanical systems a. Farmer driving tractor to harvest a crop 3. Automated systems a. Mechanic use CNC lathe to make part Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work by Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0 -13 -140650 -7. © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Human-Machine Interactions Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work by Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0 -13 -140650 -7. © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

System Components § The human § The equipment § The environment Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work by Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0 -13 -140650 -7. © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Human Components § Human senses - to sense the operation § Vision, hearing, touch, taste, and smell § Sensing machine running too hot § Human brain - for information processing § Thinking, planning, calculating, making decisions, solving problems § Human effectors - to take action § Fingers, hands, feet, and voice Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work by Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0 -13 -140650 -7. © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Machine Components Examples § A worker using a shovel to dig a hole in ground § A person driving a car § A student writing a term paper on a PC There are three principle components of the machine § The process – function or operation performed by human-machine system § Displays - to observe the process § Direct observation for simple processes § Artificial displays for complex processes § Controls - to actuate and regulate the process § Steering wheel, computer keyboard Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work by Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0 -13 -140650 -7. © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Environmental Components § Physical environment § Location and surrounding lighting, noise, temperature, and humidity § Social environment § Co-workers and colleagues at work § Immediate supervisors § Organizational culture § Pace of work Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work by Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0 -13 -140650 -7. © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Topic Areas in Ergonomics § § Physical ergonomics Cognitive ergonomics The physical work environment Occupational safety and health Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work by Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0 -13 -140650 -7. © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Physical Ergonomics § How the human body functions during physical exertion § Physiology – vital processes carried out by living organisms and how their constituent tissues and cells function § How physical dimensions of the body affect capabilities of worker § Anthropometry – physical dimensions of the human body Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work by Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0 -13 -140650 -7. © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Cognitive Ergonomics § Concerned with the capabilities of the human brain and sensory system while performing information processing activities § Human cognitive processes include: § Sensing and perception § Use of memory § Response selection and execution Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work by Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0 -13 -140650 -7. © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Physical Work Environment § Visual environment § Lighting levels and workplace design § Auditory environment § Intensity (loudness) and duration of noise § Climate § Air temperature, humidity, air movement, and radiation Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work by Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0 -13 -140650 -7. © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Occupational Safety and Health Each year in the USA 5000 people are lost § Occupational safety – concerned with the avoidance of industrial accidents § One-time events that cause injury or fatality § Occupational Health – concerned with avoiding diseases and disorders caused by exposure to hazardous materials or conditions § Develop after prolonged periods of exposure § May take years before symptoms reveal the onset of the malady Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work by Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0 -13 -140650 -7. © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Occupational Safety and Health What are the numbers related with occupational accidents in Turkey? Give an example for an occupation that causes the common illnesses for a long period of time. § § § Ergonomy in football? Ergonomics cockpit? Ergonomic shovel? Ergonomic earplug? Ergonomy in office? Work Systems and the Methods, Measurement, and Management of Work by Mikell P. Groover, ISBN 0 -13 -140650 -7. © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.