
cd05ff59c33cf7dd1bd39271ebd710fc.ppt
- Количество слайдов: 50
ENVIRONMENTAL RISK ASSESSMENT Session 2 B TOXICOLOGY AND RISK ASSESSMENT Mark G. Robson, Ph. D. , M. P. H. UMDNJ - School of Public Health
RISK ASSESSMENT Hazard ID Dose Assessment Health Status Exposure Assessment Risk Characterization Health Surveillance Medical Survey Records Bio Monitoring Exposure Measurement Control Measures
RISK = HAZARD X EXPOSURE
Risk Assessment Process 1. Hazard Identification 2. Toxicity Assessment – Dose/Response 3. Exposure Assessment 4. Risk Characterization Some people add a 5 th and 6 TH step 5. Risk Management 6. Risk Communication
External Exposure to Xenobiotic Absorption across Membranes into Blood Internal Exposure to Xenobiotic Free (X) or Bound (X-P) Xenobiotic in Blood Absorption & Distribution Storage Sites Target Sites Biotransformation Excretion
Lifetime Risk Average lifetime risk of work-related death in the private sector assuming 45 years employment in a particular occupation. Employment Risk Mining 19/1000 Construction 10/1000 Transportation 8/1000 Agriculture 7/1000 Average 2. 9/1000 Manufacturing 2/1000 Services 2/1000 Wholesale/Retail 1/1000 Finance/Insurance 1/1000
Overview: Dose Assessment of Contaminated Groundwater
Exposure Assessment/ Dose Calculation Procedure 1. Identify Hazard - Chemical - Metal 2. Determine likely exposure pathway 3. Calculate concentration 4. Calculate dose 5. Determine applicable time average
Definitions Exposure: physical contact Dose: intake, absorbed
Hazard Identification What is the chemical of concern? What’s been spilled, leaked, emitted, etc. Does the chemical undergo transformation? 1) Biotic – Microorganisms 2) Abiotic – Chemistry If transformed, which product is of most concern? If mixture, which chemical is the most toxic?
Exposure Media Air: Gas/Vapor, Liquid Aerosol, Particulates Water Soil Food
Routes of Exposure Ingestion Water Food Inhalation Volatilization of chemical from water Water aerosols (<5 um) Dermal Water: Shower/Bath
Factors Affecting Ingestion 1. Quantity of Water Ingested l l Physiological Factors: age, weight, gender l 2. Climate Level of Physical Exertion: resting, exercising, working Ability of the body to absorb contaminant l l 3. Chemical Target organ Concentration of chemical in water
Factors Affecting Inhalation 1. Concentration in Air 2. Physiological Factors l Breathing rate l Age, weight, gender 3. Exposure Duration (hours/day) 4. Exposure Frequency (day/week)
Factors Affecting Indoor Inhalation 1. Ventilation Rate l Shower l Bathroom l House – Geographic Location 2. Time per Day Spent in House 3. Number of People in House – Water Use
Factors Affecting Dermal Absorption 1. Permeability of Skin to Chemical in Question l l 2. Unique Property of Chemical Lipophilicity Usually Based on Animal Measurements Concentration of Chemical l 3. Air/Water Duration of Contact
Factors Affecting Dermal Absorption 4. Exposure Media l 5. Air/Water/Soil Exposed Skin Surface Area l Physiological: Age, weight, gender l Activity during contact l Water – Shower/Bath/Washing Hands l Soil – Gardening/Playing
Time Averaging Daily l Days during which had exposure l l “typical, daily” Average daily during the year Yearly l typically 350 days per year
Time Averaging Lifetime: 70 - 75 years l standard U. S. EPA Cumulative l total dose over entire exposure period Other l based upon exposure scenario (e. g. weekly)
General Modeling Principles A model is only a mathematical representation of a real world phenomena A model cannot be more accurate than our understanding of this phenomena All models are WRONG. Some are useful We can never understand physical processes to a sufficient level of detail to model with 100% accuracy. Sometimes an order of magnitude may be the best we can do.
General Modeling Principles Garbage IN. Garbage OUT. l Model output cannot be more precise or accurate than the input data. l Variability vs. Uncertainty A model is a Black Box Most people will never understand your model equations Make people understand agree to your assumptions and input data. They will then have to believe your results!
Generic Chemical Dose Equation Intake = C x CR x (EF x ED) Where: Intake – quantity entering the body (ug) C – chemical concentration (ug/m 3) CR – contact rate (m 3/day) EF – exposure frequency (days/year) ED – Exposure duration (years) Dose = (Intake)(Fraction Absorbed)
Household Exposure to VOC Contaminated Water Inhalation – transfer chemical to air l Showering l Post Shower Bathroom Time l Remainder of House – Misc. Water Use Dermal l Shower/Bath/ Washing l Cleaning House Ingestion l Tap Water
Household Exposure to VOC Contaminated Water QUESTION? ? WHAT’S TOTAL DOSE AND WHICH PATHWAY IS MOST IMPORTANT?
VOLATILIZATION OF VOC IN SHOWER Conceptualized House Compartments Shower Bathroom Remainder of House
Equations to Calculate Shower/Bath Air Concentration Assumptions: l Contribution from remainder of house small. l At time zero shower/bathroom concentration zero. l After shower, all VOC in bathroom originated from shower water use.
Shower Source Term Sw = (Fs x C x TE) Sw – shower source term (ug/min) Fs – shower water flow rate (l/min) C – VOC concentration in water (ug/l) TE – transfer efficiency (water-to-air) determined experimentally, or related to experimentally determined values
Shower Air Concentration Cs = (Sw/(Vs*Es)) * [1 + (1/(Es*ts))e-Es*ts – (1/(Es*ts))] CS – average shower air concentration (ug/l) VS – shower volume (l) Es – shower air exchange rate (min-1) Sw – shower source term (ug/min) ts – shower time (min)
Bath Air Concentration Cb = [(Sw*ts)/ (tb*Vb*Eb)] * (1 -e-Eb*tb) Cb – average bathroom air concentration (ug/l) Vb – bathroom volume (l) Eb – bathroom air exchange rate (min-1) Sw – shower source term (ug/min) ts – shower time (min) tb – bathroom time (min)
Inhalation Absorbed Dose Inhalation Dose: BR[(Cs)(ts) + (Cb)(tb)]Frac BR – breathing rate (m 3/min) Cs – shower air concentration (ug/m 3) Ts – shower time (min) Cb – bath air concentration (ug/m 3) Tb – bath time (min) Frac – inhalation fraction absorbed
Example: Scenario Parameters Scenario – Shower/Bathroom Inhalation, Dermal, and Ingestion Only • TCE in Water • 50 ug/l • 40 year old male exposed for 5 years
Example: Physiological Parameters l Breathing Rate 15. 8 l/min l Inhalation absorption fraction: 0. 7 l Ingestion absorption fraction: 0. 1 l Skin Area 18, 000 cm 2 – 40% exposed l Skin permeability constant: 0. 002 l/cm 2 -hr
Example Input Data Shower time Shower frequency Bathroom time Water flow rate Daily tap water ingestion Shower volume Bathroom volume Shower air exchange rate Bathroom air exchange rate Transfer efficiency 10 mins 6 days/week 10 mins 8 l/min 2 liters 2000 liters 10, 000 liters 0. 05 min-1 0. 033 min-1 0. 6
Example Shower Inhalation Dose Sw = (8 l/min) x (50 ug/l) x (0. 6) = 240 ug/min Cs = (240 ug/min) x [1 + 1/(0. 05 min-1 x 10 mins)exp(-(0. 05 min-1 x 10 mins)) – 1/(0. 05 min-1 x 10 mins)]/ [(2000 l) x (0. 05 min-1)] = 0. 51 ug/l Typical Daily Inhalation Dose from Showering =(0. 51 ug/l)(10 mins)(15. 8 l/min)(0. 7) = 56 ug Average Daily Dose From Showering =56 ug (6/7) = 48 ug Average Yearly Dose = 48 ug (365) = 17, 600 ug Total Cumulative Dose = 17, 600 ug (5) = 88, 000 ug
Example Bathroom Inhalation Dose Cb= (240 ug/min)(10 min)[1 -exp((-0. 033 min-1)(10 mins))] (10 mins)(10, 000 l)(0. 033 min – 1) = 0. 20 ug/l Typical Daily Inhalation Dose from Bathroom =(0. 2 ug/l)(10 mins)(15. 8 l/min)(0. 7) = 22 ug Average Daily Bathroom Dose = 22 ug (6/7)= 19 ug Average Yearly Dose = 19 ug (365)= 6900 ug Total Cumulative Dose = 6900 ug (5)= 35, 000 ug
Example Sum of Shower & Bathroom Inhalation Typical Daily Inhalation Dose From Shower & Bathroom =56 + 22= 78 ug Average Daily Dose From Shower & Bathroom =48 + 19= 67 ug Average Yearly Dose = 17, 600 + 6900= 24, 500 ug Total Cumulative Dose = 88, 000 + 35, 000= 123, 000 ug
Example Shower Dermal Dose Equation Shower Dermal Dose: (C)(kp)(Sf)(Sa)(ts)(1 -TE) kp – skin permeability constant (1/cm 2 -hr) Sf – skin fraction exposed Sa – skin surface area (cm 2) Ts – shower time (hr)
Example Shower Dermal Dose Typical Daily Dermal Absorption from Shower = (50 ug/l)(0. 002 l/cm 2 -hr)* (0. 4)(0. 167 hrs)(1 -0. 6)(18, 000 cm 2)= 48 ug Average Daily Dose from Shower = 48 ug (6/7)= 41 ug Average Yearly Dose = 41 ug (365)= 14, 965 ug Total Cumulative Dose = 14, 965 ug (5)= 74, 825 ug
Example Ingestion Dose Typical Daily Ingestion = (2 l)(50 ug/l)(0. 1) = 10 ug/day Average Daily Ingested Dose (assume drink water 7 days/week) = 10 ug/day Average Yearly Dose = 10 ug (365)= 3650 ug Total Cumulative Dose = 3650 ug (5)= 18, 250 ug
Example: Summary Inhalation (ug) Dermal (ug) Ingestion Inhalation (ug) / Dermal Inhalation/ Ingestion Dermal/ Ingestion Daily 78 48 10 1. 6 7. 8 4. 8 Avg. Daily 67 48 10 1. 6 6. 7 4. 1 Yearly 24, 500 14, 365 3, 650 1. 6 6. 7 4. 1 Total 123, 000 74, 825 18, 250 1. 6 6. 7 4. 1
Dose Pathway 100000 Daily Dose (ug) 10000 Avg. Daily 1000 Yearly 100 Total 10 1 Inhalation Dermal Ingestion
Time Average 100000 1000 Inhalation Dermal 100 Ingestion 10 1 Daily Avg. Daily Yearly Total
Summary Inhalation dose is almost an order of magnitude greater than ingested dose! Dermal dose and inhalation dose are of almost equal value
Summary Intake/Absorbed dose due to contaminants in ground water more than just inhalation. l Inhalation and dermal dose pathways are more important (for cited example) than ingestion.
Summary Distribution of bottled water to exposed population may or may not substantially reduce intake/absorbed dose of contaminants of groundwater l Remediation or a new source of water may be required
cd05ff59c33cf7dd1bd39271ebd710fc.ppt