ENGLISH VOCABULARY b PARTS OF SPEECH Why

ENGLISH VOCABULARY b PARTS OF SPEECH

Why Learn Parts of Speech?

Why Learn Parts of Speech? They are the building blocks of English grammar. b Understanding and applying a process is learning to learn. b It is a foundation to improve your writing. b

Eight Parts of Speech Nouns s erb V Pron ouns Interjections Adjectives rbs e dv A Conjunctions Pre pos itio ns

Word that names b. A Person b. A Place b A Thing b An Idea

Kinds of Nouns

Nouns b Names of persons, places, things, feelings, or ideas. b Example: John has a new car, and he parks on the street under a big tree in Filer.

Nouns b Names of persons, places, things, feelings, or ideas. b Often indicated by “noun markers” -- a, and the. b Example: The boy on the red bike hit a bird with a rock at the end of the long road.

Nouns b Names of persons, places, things, feelings, or ideas. b “Noun markers” -- a, and the. b Noun endings: -ness, -ment, -ance, -ence, ancy, -ency, -ity, -ion, ure. b Example: Happiness is the preference of every action and is the tendency toward kindness and contentment.

Nouns b Names of persons, places, things, feelings, or ideas. b “Noun markers” -- a, and the. b Noun endings: b Can be made plural with s or es. ness, -ment, -ance, -ence, ancy, -ency, -ity, -ion, -ure. b Example: The needs of the masses may conflict with expectations of the members of legislative bodies.

Nouns b Names of persons, places, things, feelings, or ideas. b “Noun markers” -- a, and the. b Noun endings: -ness, -ment, -ance, -ence, -ancy, - ency, -ity, -ion, -ure. b Can be made plural with s or es.

A word that expresses action or otherwise helps to make a statement Subject Linki “be” verbs & taste feel sound look appear become seem predicate grow remain stay ng

Every sentence must have a © Capital Community College

Kinds of Verbs b Action verbs express mental or physical action. He rode the horse to victory. b Linking verbs make a statement by connecting the subject with a word that describes or explains it. He has been sick.

VERB b A verb tells what the noun does or is… b An action verb tells you that “She dances. ” • A linking or state of being verb tells you that “The monster is ugly. ”

Verbs b The action or “doing” words in a sentence. The horse ran, jumped and kicked until it threw the rider. b Most verbs make sense in the blanks below: b • He _____. • They ____.

Verbs The action or “doing” words in a sentence. b “Linking verbs” show being. b Example: She is a nice person, and we are her friends. b Memorize the linking verbs: Be, am, is, are, was, were, been, being. b

Verbs The action or “doing” words in a sentence. b “Linking verbs” show being. b Change to show time (tense). b Example: b Today I am on a bus, and it goes past my house. b Yesterday I was on a bus, and it went past my house. The words that change are verbs. b

Verbs The action or “doing” words in a sentence. b “Linking verbs” show being. b Change to show time (tense). b Complete verbs include “helping verbs. ” b b Always helping verbs: Can Will Shall May Could Would Should Might Must b Always verbs, may be helping: • Have, has, had • Do, does, did, done • Be, am, is, are, was, were, been, being

Verbs The action or “doing” words in a sentence. b “Linking verbs” show being. b Change to show time (tense). b Complete verbs include “helping verbs. ” b b Example: They might have been going to the store if they could have gotten a ride.

Verbs b The action or “doing” words in a sentence. b “Linking verbs” show being. b Change to show time (tense). b Complete verbs include “helping verbs. ”

The pronoun is a word used in place of one or more nouns. It may stand for a person, place, thing, or idea. s oun n o l Pr ine ona m s Per I, me, r, yours ou rs, , y he you , her, she it, its urs , o our their, us, we, them, , s they their f el mys self r you Indefinite Pronouns anybody each either none someone, etc. Demonstrative Pronouns this that these those Interro gative P ronoun s whom what which whose

Pronouns b Specialized words to take the place of nouns. b Example: Paul gave Emily stationery because he wanted her to write to him when she could.

Pronouns Specialized words to take the place of nouns. b Often refer to people and have several forms. b Memorize: I he we she they me him us her them b Other common pronouns: b • you, it, this, that, who, what, someone, everything, anyone, and many other similar words.

Pronouns b b b Specialized words to take the place of nouns. Often refer to people and have several forms. May be possessive, showing ownership and working like an adjective. Example: Her red car is faster than my old Ford, but their new Honda cost more than ours. b Note the form: b I he we she they me him us her them my his our hers theirs Others: yours, its, whose

Pronouns b Specialized words to take the place of nouns. b Often refer to people and have several forms b May be possessive, showing ownership and working like an adjective. .

Modifies or describes a noun or pronoun. Did you lose your address book? Is that a wool sweater? Just give me five minutes. Answers these questions:

Adjectives b Describe or modify only nouns. b Example: A big, red dump truck hit a parked little car and the worried driver ran to the other side of the busy street.

Adjectives b Describe or modify only nouns. b Answer questions, “what kind? ” or “how many? ” b b b Example: The three tired teens tried to eat a large pie at two pizza parlors. How many teens? three What kind of teens? tired What kind of pie? large How many parlors? two What kind of parlors? pizza

Adjectives b b b Describe or modify only nouns. Answer questions, “what kind? ” or “how many? ” The “noun markers” a, an, the are always adjectives. b Example: The way to a smile and an appreciative attitude is through the stomach.

Adjectives b b Describe or modify only nouns. Answer questions, “what kind? ” or “how many? ” The “noun markers” a, an, the are always adjectives. Usually “piled up” before nouns. b Example: The long, shiny black limousine pulled in front of the huge old mansion, and a tall, well -dressed older gentleman got out.

Adjectives b b b Describe or modify only nouns. Answer questions, “what kind? ” or “how many? ” The “noun markers” a, an, the are always adjectives. Usually “piled up” before nouns. May follow linking verbs and describe the subject. Example: The river is deep, wide and cold, but the divers are brave and welltrained. Note: to test these, try putting them in front of the noun they modify. b

Adjectives b Describe or modify only nouns. b Answer questions, “what kind? ” or “how many? ” b The “noun markers” a, an, the are always adjectives. b Usually “piled up” before nouns. b May follow linking verbs and describe the subject.

Modifies or describes a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. He ran quickly. She left yesterday. We went there. It was too hot! Answers the questions: How? When? Where? To what degree or how much?

Interrogative Adverbs introduce questions How did you break your leg? When does your plane leave? How often do you run? Where did you put the mouse trap?

Adverbs b Describe verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. b She quickly ran to her extremely tired friend and gave him a very big hug.

Adverbs Describe verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. b Answer the adverb questions: How? When? Where? Why? Under what conditions? b b Soon the very able pilot confidently flew west, and thus he almost crashed. When? soon Where? west How? very, confidently Why? thus What conditions? almost

Adverbs b Describe verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. Answer the adverb questions: How? When? Where? Why? Under what conditions? b Often end in -ly b Example: The extremely hungry animal howled eerily in the especially dark night. b

Adverbs b b Describe verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. Answer the adverb questions: How? When? Where? Why? Under what conditions? Often end in -ly Always adverbs: not very, often, here, almost, always, never, there Example: We do not very often want them here, for they are always late and almost never want to go there with us. b

Adverbs b Describe verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. b Answer the adverb questions: How? When? Where? Why? Under what conditions? b Often end in -ly b Always adverbs: not very, often, here, almost, always, never, there

A preposition introduces a noun or pronoun or a phrase or clause functioning in the sentence as a noun. The word or word group that the preposition introduces is its object. They received a postcard from Bobby telling about his trip to Canada.

The preposition never stands alone! oun n pronoun osition preposition object of preposition object You can press those leaves under glass. can have more than one object Her telegram to Nina and Ralph brought good news. object can have modifiers It happened during the last examination.

Some Common Prepositions aboard about above across after against along among around at before behind below beneath beside between beyond by down during except for from in into like of off on over past since throughout to toward underneath until up upon within without

Prepositions Specialized words to start prepositional phrases. A prepositional phrase is a group of words describing things which starts with a preposition and ends with a noun or pronoun. b b The man on the bus with a hat on his head looked at me and turned toward the window.

Prepositions Specialized words to b Memory clue: start prepositional The rabbit went _____ phrases. the hollow log. b Most prepositions are b Memorize: small, common words at, from, to, on, indicating time, place or into, onto, between, position. under, over, against, around, through b

Prepositions b b b Specialized words to start prepositional phrases. Most prepositions are small, common words indicating time, place or position. Some prepositions simply must be memorized. Example: The problem with him is that he sleeps during the day and spends most of the night with his friends. b Memorize: of, with, for, during b

Prepositions b Specialized words to start prepositional phrases. b Most prepositions are small, common words indicating time, place or position. b Some prepositions simply must be memorized.

The conjunction A conjunction is a word that joins words or groups of words. d n a e /or er ith or neithe but r/nor

Conjunctions b Words which “hook” words, phrases, or sentences. Memory clue: FAN BOYS. For But And Or Nor Yet So Example: She and I left, but they stayed, for Joe or Ted was coming on the bus, yet not on time. b

Conjunctions Words which “hook together” words, phrases, or sentences. b Some conjunctions only hook clauses. They include: when, as, if, since, because, while, after, although, before b Example: I ran when I saw her because I was happy since she was home. b Memory clue: She is cute _____ she smiles. b

Conjunctions b Words which “hook together” words, phrases, or sentences. b Some conjunctions only hook clauses.

The interjection is an exclamatory word that expresses emotion Goodness! What a cute baby! Wow! Look at that sunset!

Interjections b Words which show emotion or are “fillers” with no other function. Example: Oh, I am surprised, but please don’t do it again. Ouch, you hurt me. b