ENGLISH in TEN WEEKS CONTENTS Five Long Vowels

ENGLISH in TEN WEEKS CONTENTS Five Long Vowels. The Schwa. The I and The Y. Each vowel can be Long E and Short E . The R - A Half Vowel. . 1 Long, Long A and Short A 2 Short, Strong A and Weak A. 3 Strong, Long O and Short O. Long U, Short U and Strong U. 4 Weak, Reviewing The Alphabet. 5 Strong Diphthong with a. Long OO and Short OO. . Half-Vowel: N, R, L, W. Strong O. 6 Weak Diphthong or mute. Diphthongs. Reviewing The Vowels. The 6 Half-Vowels are: . L, M, N, R, W & Y Consonants. with M & Y serving a vowel Prefixes and Suffixes Grammar. making it a long vowel.

Five Vowels Vowel Signs Long - ā as in ate Short - ă as in at Strong - ä as in art Unstressed - å as in about Five Long Vowels Capital Letters: A E I O U Small Letters: a e i o u . . .

CONSONANTS: B b (lips) P p (lips) F f (upper teeth-lower lip) SEMI-VOWELS: L l (tongue tip up or down) R r (curling tongue or schwa) SCHWA - the common, unstressed tone of vowels: a , e , i , o , u = ( ' ) The vowel of the second or last syllable is often unstressed, a schwa ( '). 1. so-fa 2. ta-ble 3. Bi-ble 4. rul-er 5. fail-ure 6. pa-per 7. sail-or 8. real-tor A hyphen divides a word into syllables.

The I and The Y Long I . . (tongue down) 1. I’m. (I am) 2. Ivan (I-v’n) 3. fine 4. I am fine. 5. vine, a vine 6. five (5) nine (9) 7. I’ve (I have) 8. I’ve five vines. I Y is a half vowel = i (long or short) 9. my 10. eye ( long i ) 11. My eyes are fine. 12. These nine vines are mine. Consonants: V v with upper teeth & lower lip V M m with nose & closed lips N n with nose & tongue tip

Short i ( tongue tip up) 1. is 2. this (th - tongue between teeth) 3. it 4. kitten (kit-t’n) 5. This is Kitty. (kit-ti) 6. It is big. 7. This is Kitty’s kitten. 8. sit 9. Kitty. Sit! 11. sister (sis-t’r) 12. This is my little sister. 13. his 14. Isis (I-s’s) 15. Isis is his sister. Divide the following words into syllables: 16. kitten kit-ten 17. bigger . . . - … 18. higher (hi-'r) … - … 19. giant (ji-'nt) … - … Consonants (at the throat): H h (h / mute) G g ( g / j ) K k it

Long e 2 vowels) 1. east 2. free 3. hear 4. lease 5. need 6. please 7. sea 8. see 9. year 10. zebra The east Short e (1 vowel) 11. west 12. get 13. hen 14. let 15. next 16. rent 17. set 18. tent 19. yes 20. zest The west Underline the subjects in the following sentences: 22. Tim lives by the sea. 23. I need a tent. 24. He lends it to me. 25. I see a hen. 26. Is it (running) free? 27. Yes. Isis sets it free. Consonants . X x (s / gs/ ks) Y y (tongue down) Z z (jaw to teeth) X : s Ks . gs

Ĭěäæåïîöüăŏŭüĭěäæåïîöüăŏŭü Distinguish Long e from Short i (inwards) (upwards) 1. easy exit 2. cheese chip 3. dear drink 4. jeep Jill 5. leap lips 6. meat milk 7. queen quick 8. read quit 9. sleep ship 10. speak stick 11. tea think Underline the objects in the following sentences: 12. I eat cheese. 13. He eats chips. 14. We drink tea. 15. Jill drinks milk. ē ĭ D /J / ch / sh (tongue blade down) Q (kw)

1 bird 2 birds

A Vowel and an R at the end make a Schwa( ’ ). VERB 1. act 2. edit 3. teach 4. write 5. read PERSON an act-or an edit-or a teach-er a writ-er a read-er Weak Diphthongs Two vowels and an R make. a Weak Ddiphthong: æ ( lowering back of tongue) 6. air care bear 7. pair parent pear 8. fair fare feather 9. where wear weather 10. there their Underline the subjects in the following sentences and copy the questions: 11. Where is their teacher? 12. She is sitting there. 13. Is Jimmy there? 14. Where are his parents?

Long A and Short A . Long a Short a. . (opening mouth) (lowering tongue tip) 1. age 9. and 2. baby 10. band 3. cake 11. cat 4. date 12. dance 5. play 13. jazz 6. taste 14. tax 7. late 15. land 8. *they 16. has/have *Rare cases ey / ei = long a: ex: eight, freight, weigh . Distinguish. Short a from Short e tongue tip down inwards down 17. bad best 18. chat chess. Mark the long a’s in the following sentences: 19. I have a date. 20. I am late. 21. A band is playing. 22. They play jazz. 23. We play chess. 24. He is eating the birthday cake. 25. Is it the best the baby has ever. tasted? ě

Strong ä Weak å lowering back of tongue . . . a schwa 1. arm 2. are 3. car 4. dark 5. far 6. farmer 7. father 8. palm 9. party 10. alarm 11. Africa 12. America 13. Asia 14. Canada 15. Canadian 16. immigrant 17. paradise 18. partial ā ă å ä Mark the following A’s long, short, strong, or weak: 19. I am Canadian. 20. She is American. 21. My father is an immigrant.

Long O : o / oa / o. e / ol / ow small round lips moving forwards 1. no home 2. so close 3. go vote 4. boat old blow 5. coat cold know 6. goal gold row 7. road told snow *L and W are half vowels. Mark the long O’s in the following sentences: 8. It is cold. Where is my coat? 9. Being so old, I can’t row the boat. 10. It is snowing and the wind is blowing. 11. The road is closed, we can’t go to vote. 12. I’ve told you so. Let’s go home.

Short O 1. a colleague 2. a doctor 3. a dog 4. a door 5. a job 6. a shop 7. a sock 8. a stop 9. a boss. 10. a box 11. a dollar 12. a *daughter Mark several dogs a lock an easy job *or store a pair of socks non-stop *four bosses *fourteen boxes *forty dollars. the short o’s in the following sentences: 13. I have a job. 14. My colleagues and I knit socks. 15. These socks are four dollars a pair. 16. My boss is at the door. 17. He has a daughter. 18. He is taking her to see a doctor. 19. His dog is sleeping behind the boxes. *or & au are Strong O (lowering back of tongue)

Long U (raising back of tongue) 1. used u-ni-form u-ni-ty 2. you u-nique u-ni-ver-si-ty Strong U (stretching from back to front) 3. pure new cure field 4. pupil news cute fuel Short U (relax at centre) 5. us other 6. up brother 7. bus come 8. uncle love 9. run country 10. sun son Mark the Long U, Strong U, and Short U in the following sentences: 11. Is this your uniform? 12. It is unique. 13. Here is the news. 14. Is there anything new? 15. My uncle lives in the country. 16. Here comes his son, Justin, by bus to visit us. 17. Justin, let’s run up a hill to see the sunset.

REVIEWING THE ALPHABET 1. an A 2. a B 3. a C 4. a D 5. an E 6. an F 7. a G 8. an H 9. an I 10. a J 11. a K 12. an L 13. an M 14. an N 15. an O 16. a P 17. a Q 18. an R 19. an S 20. a T 21. a U 22. a V 23. a W 24. an X 25. a Y 26. a Z aid bad city ( c = s) deed eagle fee goal huge ice jade keep life most new ocean page queen ride street tube youth van weed xylophone year zipper an blend cube ( c = k) dress end fly age (ge=ch) height itch June kept lips mop king often pad quest risk she tub under vest which example yoga zone air bread change ( ch = tj ) add earth frog ghost (gh=g) honor (h = / ) island (s=/) juice kick girl freedom intention order photo (ph=f) quarter farmer screw (scr=skr) state urge have where (wh=w) express (x=gs) yonder zoo

Both the L and W are semi-vowels forming Strong O with a. . . Strong O : al / wa / au / aw / or lowering back of tongue 1. all wall 2. fall war 3. mall walk 4. small was 5. tall water 6. halt what 7. cause lord 8. crawl college 9. caught more 10. taught moral 11. law ignore 12. fault enforce Mark the strong o’s in the following sentences: 13. Babies crawl and adults walk. 14. Yet, big and tall, soldiers fall. 15. Whose fault is it in such falls? 16. A warlord’s desire for power and wealth is often the cause. 17. Is there any law? 18. Yes. But it is being ignored unless the United Nations enforces it for us all.

Long OO small round lips moving forwards 1. do boot shoe 2. to room zoo 3. two food who 4. youth fruit whom Short OO : oul /u tongue root moving downwards 5. book could pull 6. wood would push 7. good should put. Mark the following OOs long or short: 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. June, could you clean up my room, please? No, you should do it yourself. Would you like to go to the zoo? Good! Let’s bring some food to feed the animals there. Should I put on my boot or my shoes?

W as a half vowel is used in some diphthongs. Compare ou ow raising tongue back lips stretched sideways 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. our loud aloud hour flour cloud owl now cow how flower shower N -- a semi-vowel = a: hn stretching from throat to nose: 7. count round town young Underline the diphthongs oi /oy, ou, ow, oun in the following sentences: . 8. Aloud, a boy counted his toys. 9. His aunt was annoyed. 10. Her house was running out of oil. 11. Outside, a cow was eating her flowers. 12. She rushed out. 13. There was a black cloud over house. 14. Then came a shower. 15. It was a bad day to be in or out.

Mark the pronunciation of R with vowels ( îr/æ/er/ä) in the following sentences: 1. Birds fly high in the sky. 2. Bears roam freely on earth. . 3. Our father tills the land. 4. It hurts his palms and arms. 5. While he supports our with sweat, . our mother serves us with loving care. ä 6. Thus, we pray under a palm tree, . wishing all the responsible parents to be blessed. 7. Bang, bang! A hunter is shooting near by. 8. Who are the victims of the bloody act - some moving. …objects? friends? birds? animals? 9. Oh! the beauty of skin or feathers, …should it be the cause of admiration or death?

Bone used: cheeks, upper or lower jaw. i oo

PREFIXES SUFFIXES Suffixes are a group of endings such as adding Prefixes are a group of Latin and Greek words placed at the beginning of word stems to form -ion to form nouns, -er, -an, -or to indicate a person -ive, -ful to form adjectives; -ly, -wise to form adverbs new words of combined meanings. Word Stem Prefix- Word Stem 1. cross. . . . . a-cross 2. normal ab-normal 3. count ac-count 4. just . . . ad-just 5. body anti-body 6. point ap-point 7. fit bene-fit 8. cycle bi-cycle 9. promise com-promise 10. test con-test 11. frost de-frost 12. appear dis-appear 13. port ex-port 14. ordinary extra-ordinary 15. father fore-father 16. decision in-decision 17. national inter-national 18. understanding mis-understanding 19. position op-position 20. diction pre-diction 21. claim pro-claim 22. turn re-turn 23. way sub-way NOUN PERSON VERB ADJECTIVE ADVERB 1. absence absentee absently 2. act actor act actively 2 b action actress activate - 3. Asia Asian - Asiatic - 4. danger - dangerously 5. - employer employ - 5 b employment employee - 6. endurance - endure - 7. freedom - free freely 8. growth grower grow - 9. hope - hopefully 10. Japanese - Japanese - 11. likeness - likewise 12. management manager manageable - 13. nation - nationalize national - 13 b nationality nationalist - 14. usage user use usable usefully Adding Prefixes and Suffixes. 15. part partner partial partly 15 b party partisan - - 16. apartment - . apart 17. departure - depart - 17 b department - departmental -

Each language has its unique sentence structure. Beware of the differences between English and your mother tongue. 1. Different Sentence Structure: How are you? How do you do? (English) How goes it to you (German) You well? (Chinese) 2. The Place of a Subject: I know her. (English) Her ( I ) know. (Greek) 3. An Object: it I love it. (English) I it love. (French) 4. An Adjective: red a red apple (English) an apple red (Spanish) . . 5. A Question: where Where are you going? (English) You go where? (Chinese) 6. A Proper Noun: River The River Thames (English) The Mississippi River (American) 7. A Common Noun: Pants A pair of pants (American English) A pair of trousers (English) A trouser (Chinese) 8. A Preposition: in / on in the street (English) on the street (American English)

REGULAR VERB: Walk. Present Past Future Person/s Tense ------------------------------ 1 st I / we walked shall walk 2 nd you walked will walk 3 rd they walked will walk 3 rd he / she / it walks walked will walk ------------------------------- Verb 3 rd Person Past Tense Future Stem Singular 1 st, 2 nd & 3 rd Persons Tense 1. I work she works worked I /we shall work 2. you cross he crosses crossed you will cross 3. they fly it flies * flew it /they will fly *flew - Past Tense of the Irregular Verb of fly. Underline the verbs in the following sentences: 1. I walked to Jean's house yesterday. (Past Tense) 2. Will you walk to school tomorrow? (Future Tense) 3. Yes. I walk there everyday. (daily routine) 4. They flew home. (Past Tense) 5. It flies well. (Present Tense used in Statement)

TO BE – A VERB and AN AUXILIARY COMMANDS 1 Verb Stem 2 Adjective 1. Be quiet! 2. Be good! 3. Be careful! 4. Be kind! A subject governs a verb. In a command or request, the subject (you) is understood and omitted. SENTENCES 1 Noun 2 Verb 3 Adverb Subject a) Place b) Time> 5. I / we shall be there. 6. They will be home next week. 7. He / she will be away next month. QUESTIONS 1 Aux. 2 Subject 3 Verb 4 Adj. 5 Place / Time 8. Will you/ she/he be home tomorrow? 9. Will it be cold tonight? An auxiliary is an assistant verb (Helper) put at the beginning of a Question.

To Be - An Irregular Verb Subject Present Tense 1. I am 2. He / She is 3. It is 4. We / you / they are Adjective thirsty. hungry. cold. busy Past Tense a) Place b) Time 5. I /he /she / it was there an hour ago. 6. We / you /they were home last week. Future Tense 7. She / they / you will be late. 8. I / We shall be home at eight. QUESTIONS 1 2 3: a / b / c / d Aux / Verb Subject Verb / Adj. / Adv. / Time 9. Am I late? 10. Shall we go? 11. Is he / she / it there? 12. Are we / you / they ready? 13. Was it cold last weekend? 14. Were you / they sick yesterday?

NOUNS 1. Add an s to a singular noun to form a plural noun. cat/s dog/s house/s farm/s 2. Special Endings, add es: ch /s /x /o change y change f / fe add –es into i-es into v-es a) church/es baby/babies wife / wives b) bus / es body/bodies leaf / leaves c) box / es lady / ladies thief / thieves d) hero / es 3. Final O or Y preceded by a vowel, add an S: radio/s studio/s bay/s key/s toy/s 4. Some nouns (singular or plural) keep the Same Form: a fish / two fish a deer / two deer 5. Rare Cases: a) Add an s instead of es in some foreign words -- auto/s piano/s b) Keep the f : belief/s roof/s c) Change the Vowels: man / men foot / feet woman / women d) Add en / ren: ox / oxen child / children 6. Three types of nouns are used in singular number only: a) school subjects (history, geography) b) mass nouns (milk, rice) c) abstract nouns (wisdom, courage)

PRONOUNS: Subjective and Objective A Pronoun represents a person/s or thing/s. Subjects: I you he she it we they Objects: me you him her it us them STATEMENTS (theories, principles & daily matters) - use Present Tense. 1. I am Ivan. 2. He is John. 3. She is Nancy. 4. These are my siblings. 5. That is my cousin. 6. This is my dog, Sheba. 7. Those are my neighbors’ dogs. 8. These are my parents’ albums. Replace the Nouns with Subjective Pronouns and /or Objective Pronouns 1. You know my cousin (him / her). 2. The dog ( …) knows Mr. Brown (……. . …). 3. John ( ……. ) knows Nancy ( ………. . …. ). 4. My neighbors ( …. ) know John and me (. …. …). 5. We know their dogs ( …. . ……).

IRREGULAR VERBS There are over 200 irregular verbs listed in dictionary. Here are some of them: Present Past Participle Tense ( Verbal Adjective ) 1. break broken 2. bring brought 3. build built 4. do did done 5. drink drank drunk 6. eat ate eaten 7. get got 8. go went gone 9. have/has had 10. put 11. read 12. see saw seen 13. sell sold 14. take took taken 15. write wrote written The Past Participle of Regular Verbs = verb + ‘ed’. Change Y first into i. Present Tense Past Tense Past Participle 1. worked 2. study studied Here

Progressive Tenses (Aux. BE + Verb-ing) Aux. Present Subject BE Participle ------------- a) George is looking for you. b) I am staying here till six. c) They are having lunch. In each of the following blanks, write a verb which is in agreement with the subject and tense. 1. What time ……… it? 2. I ……. late. 3. ………you home yesterday? 4. . ……. you be home tomorrow? 5. I ……visit you tomorrow. 6. …. …. John (come) ………tomorrow? 7. . …… he coming by train? 8. Who ……. . coming today? 9. ……. . they (come) ……… in the evening? 10. ……. . we (take) ………… a bus home?

THREE AUXILIARY VERBS Auxiliary (1) (2) (3) VERB : to DO to HAVE to BE TENSES ------------------------------Present: do / does have / has am / are / is Past: did had was / were Participle: done/doing had / having been / being -------------------------------------Used in: Statement Perfect form Progressive form Works with Verb Stem Past Participle Present Participle 1. I don't eat meat. (Daily affair in Statement) 2. I've already eaten an apple. (Present Perfect) 3. I am eating a sandwich. (Present Progressive) Start a QUESTION with an AUXILIARY VERB. Aux. . . . Verb 1 a. Does she know Susan? (Present Tense Statement) 2 a. Has Nancy eaten yet? (Perfect Form) 3 a. Are you leaving now? (Progressive Form) 4 a. Does George work upstairs? (Question, Statement) Auxiliary Verbs help in giving Negative Answers. Neg. Aux. Verb 1 b. No, she doesn't know Susan. 2 b. No, Nancy hasn't eaten yet. 3 b. No, I am not leaving till five. 4 b. No, George doesn't work there any more.

TENSES 1. Future Tense: I shall be there tomorrow. 2. Progressive Tense (Present / Past): I am/ was going there. 3. Present Tense: I am here. 4. Past Tense: I was there yesterday. 5. Perfect Tense (Present / Past): I have been here for an hour. I had been there last year. Perfect Tenses = Aux. Have + Past Participle QUESTIONS starting with an auxiliary: . Aux Past Have Subject Participle --------- 1. Has George got a cold? 2. Has Nancy gone home? 3. Have you eaten yet? 4. Have you bought a newspaper? 5. Has Susan forgotten us? 6. Haven't we received a letter from her? Write the correct tense in each blank bellow, using Aux. Have: a) ………. . you bought a car? b) ………. George seen your car? c) ………. they sold their house?

ARTICLES An ADJECTIVE can be an Article, a Number, or a word used to qualifying a noun. No Articles are required in Plural Nouns. Articles are used in Countable Singular Nouns. Singular Noun Plural Noun with Article No Article 1. an / the aunt 7. an Americans 2. an / the eagle 8. a Chinese *the Chinese 3. an / the idea 9. a / the car cars 4. an / the owl 10. a / the girls 5. an / the hour 11. a / the houses 6. an / the uncle 12. a / union (long u) unions • Adjectives used as plural nouns without adding s must have articles: the Japanese, the French, the Chinese. Nouns in General Meaning do not require articles: a) School subjects - geography biology b) Sports - basketball hockey c) Abstract Nouns - strength wisdom d) Plurals of Nouns - people cities

ADJECTIVES Quantitative Adjectives - with Mass Nouns: some sugar many trees a cup of tea a lot of people Numerical Adjectives: the first man three thousand students Other Adjectives: Shape - rectangular round oblong square triangular Color - black white yellow blue green red brown Size - extra large medium small . . Height - tall short average middle high Temperature - hot warm cool cold

Three forms of Adjectives: Positive Comparative Superlative A. Regular Adjectives: faster fastest bigger biggest . B. Adjectives with Adverbs: common more common the most common expensive less expensive the least expensive round almost round perfectly round . C. Irregular Adjectives: good better the best . . bad worse the worst. 1. Your house is small. 2. Theirs is smaller than yours. 3. Mine is the smallest one here. 4. The first piano is less expensive than the second one, . but here is the least expensive one. 5. Is a dog more intelligent than a cat or a rat? Which of them is the most intelligent one? 6. Her handwriting is good but his is better; yours is the best and mine is the worst.

A Preposition is placed before a Noun such as a thing, a place or person to show: a) the object is an indirect object, b) the relationship of the indirect object to the subject. A Direct Object is placed behind a transitive verb: 1. John bought a book. An Indirect Objectis is placed behind a preposition. 2. He gave it to me. Datives are the indirect objects with no preceding preposition placed before direct objects: 3. The boss gave us a bonus. 4. I bought my son a sweater. 5. We gave ourselves a treat. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Subject Verb Dative Dir. Object Preposition Ind. Object 6. I lent Joan a book. 7. David borrowed it from her. 8. He gave it to you. 9. Who will return it to me? 10. We shall sail along the Rhine. 11. Frank has flown to London. 12. Nancy will come with us.

Underline the following Prepositions: 1. He is at home in London. 2. The dog is staring at us. 3. They are at work. 4. Come at four o'clock. 5. I live at 1234 Oak Street, Vancouver, B. C. 6. The train came on time. 7. Barbara arrived on Sunday. 8. Joseph came on foot from afar. 9. He lived on campus. 10. Jack was out on an errand. 11. Susan wrote their names on a sheet of paper and put it in a file. 12. She is walking in a park. 13. Jack is walking behind her. 14. Let's go across the street. 15. Who is sitting by the window? 16. This letter is for you. 17. Who is in the office? 18. Your letter is in the drawer. 19. I came to America in 1990. 20. I live in Vancouver, Canada.

POSSESSIVE CASES Possessive Adjective Pronoun 1. This is my dog. It is mine. 2. Is this your cat? Is this yours? 3. This is his car. This is his / George's. 4. This is her house. This is hers / Linda's. 5. There is our truck. That is ours. 6. Here is their boat. This is theirs. Replace the words underlined with appropriate possessive pronouns and / or possessive adjectives. 1. Is this Mrs. Brown's dog? (her dog / hers? ) 2. No. This is my dog. ( ________ ) 3. Is this George's car? ( ______ car? ) 4. Yes. This is George's. ( ______. ) 5. Is this Nancy's boat? ( ______. ) 6. No. This is neighbors’ boat. ( ____. ) 7. Is this our truck? ( _____ . )

INTERROGATIVES (Words used in Asking Questions) Interrogative Pronouns: Who What Interrogative Adjectives: Whose Which Interrogative Adverbs: How Where When Why Interrogative Verb 1. Who is he? 2. What is that? 3. Whose bag is this? 4. Which room is yours? 5. How much is it? 6. How many rooms are there? 7. Where is Joe? Interrogative Aux Subj. Verb 8. When will Joe be here? 9. Why doesn't he stay with us? 10. Why don't you ask Mary? Underline the Verbs in the following sentences: 11. Joe stays at the Hilton across the street. 12. This hotel is full. 13. There are no vacancies here or next door.

DIRECT SPEECH & INDIRECT SPEECH Direct Speech is used in conversations: 1. "Are you leaving now? " 2. "Where are you going? " . To form Indirect Speech from Direct Speech: a) Quotation marks ( " …. ’’) are replaced with that in statements or whether in questions. b) Change the Present Tense to Past Tense. c) Change the Pronouns according to sense. 3. John asked , "Are you taking the dog for a walk? " (Direct) John asked Irene whether she was taking the dog for a walk. (Indirect) 4. Irene answered, "Yes. I am taking her for a walk. " (Direct) Irene replied that she was taking the dog for a walk. (Indirect) Write the appropriate PROGRESSIVE FORMS in the blanks below: 5. John asked, "What ____ you (do) ______. 6. John asked Susan what she (do) _________. 7. Susan answered, "I (bake) _________ a pie. " 8. Susan answered that she (bake) ______ a pie.

ACTIVE VOICE & PASSIVE VOICE Active Voice has transitive verbs whose Subjects perform the Actions. Passive Voice has Intransitive Verbs whose Actions are executed by Indirect Objects which may be unknown or deleted. Intransitive Verbs: Aux. Be + Past Participle (They are verbs which can't have Direct object) 1 2 3 4 5 6 Present Progressive Present Perfect Past Future Subject Verb Dir. Object Prep. Ind. Obj. Active Voice: sells is selling has sold will sell Adverb Passive Voice: is sold is being sold has been sold was sold will be 1. Ann mailed the letter sold yesterday. The letter. . was mailed by Ann yesterday. 2. They sell stamps here. Stamps are sold here. 3. We will build our house on a hill. Our house will be built on a hill. Complete the following sentences (subjects can de deleted):

Participles can be used as Adjectives, Nouns, & Phrases. Present and Past Participles used as Adjectives: 1. a family-owned business 2. an air-conditioned room 3. a middle-aged secretary 4. a living creature 5. a hard working child Present Participles used as Gerunds (nouns): 6. Hiking is good for you. 7. Swimming keeps you healthy. 8. I like dancing and acting. Participial Phrases: 9. Going north, he came to a forest. 10. Frightened by lightning, the wandering child ran home. *A Phrase with subject and auxiliary omitted, is separated by a comma from the main clause. *swim-ming, run-ning, sit-ting, but act-ing (Sometimes the last letter - m, n, or t - is doubled before the -ing is added. *live/living hike/hiking dance/dancing (Delete the last e before adding the -ing. )

INFINITIVES An Infinitive is a verbal notion, the 2 nd Verb, formed with a preposition, to. 2 nd Verb Subject 1 st Verb Infinitive Object / Adverb 1. I go to swim every weekend. 2. He wants to play tennis. 3. They have to study for examination. 4. I have to go home. 5. He has to work. 6. We have to leave in ten minutes. 7. My aunt wants to see a movie. 8. Who wants to go to movie? 9. I like to look at these plants. 10. He tried to tell you the truth. A Question is started with an Auxiliary Verb. Aux. Subj. Verb Infinitive 11. Do you like to live in a big city? 12. Do you like to read? 13. Does she have to leave now? 14. Have you decided what to do?

CONJUNCTIONS A Conjunction joins an adjective to an adjective, a noun to a noun, a clause to a clause. 1. Lucy paints her room blue and green. 2. Do you want spaghetti or rice? 3. We have neither fruit nor vegetables. 4. I want to buy some apples and bananas. 5. This dress is nice, but it doesn't fit me. COMMANDS & REQUESTS In a Command, use verb stem, omit the subject (you): 1. Be quiet and listen carefully! 2. Don't be late, please. 3. Let's go. 4. Please, speak louder.

ADVERBS Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs to show directions (which way), degrees (more or less), and manners (how does one act). 1. Turn right! (direction) 2. It is very hot. (degree) 3. He does not walk so well. (manner) An Adverb modifying a verb can be placed after an auxiliary. 4. The house is almost completed. 5. It is not yet finished. According to its meaning, an Adverb of Manner can be placed immediately before or after a verb, at the beginning or the end of a sentence. 6. She quietly walked into her room. 7. She walked quietly into her room. 8. Quietly, she walked into her room. 9. She walked into her room quietly.

Adverbs of Place and Time may be put at the beginning or at the end of a sentence. 1. There is our car. / Our car is over there. (Place) 2. Yesterday, I was sick. (Time) 3. Have you seen Susan lately? (Time) An Adverb used as an Introductory Word, must be set off from the subject by a comma because adverbs do not modify nouns. 4. Suddenly, it rained heavily. 5. Quickly, the dog ran away. A Transition makes one sentence flow coherently to the next. To make a smooth transition, repeat a word of the last sentence or use one of the following adverbs: a) to give example: first thus b) to add a point: next besides c) to express a contrast: but yet d) to draw a conclusion: so therefore 6. Personally, I like her a lot. 7. Yet, she is always late. 8. So, she doesn’t get a promotion.

Underline the transitions in the following essay of FIGURES 1. There are many kinds of figures: round, square, big, small, and great figures. 2. While car designers create streamlined figures, . engineers figure out the production work. 3. Accountants keep track of balance sheet figures and . managers want to know the profit and loss figures: . . . red is a loss; and black, a profit. 4. While economists figure out the growth factors, . . environmentalists figure out the causes of pollution. 5. Politicians want to be well-known figures while . . models exercise and diet for good figures. 6. Which figure would you choose? 7. Make an effective plan for your choice. 8. Then think whether your plan will affect your income, …. … environment, society, and health? 9. Would your parents, children, or friends be proud , , . . … of your accomplishment? 10. Parents would like their children to healthier and better educated than themselves. 11. So alcoholic parents don't like to see their children repeat their mistakes. 12. When God sees such improvement, won't He bless the people and their world? 13. Figure this out and improve your plan for prosperous future.

PUNCTUATION A PERIOD (. ) is used a) at the end of a sentence: Mr. & Mrs. T. Clark are here. b) often in abbreviations and initials: A. D. 1945 25 B. C. A QUESTION MARK ( ? ) is used after a direct question. Where are you going? Who is there - Joe? Tim? A COMMA ( , ) is used in a) a compound sentence: I like cats, and he likes birds and dogs. b) a series: She has bought some butter, milk, and eggs. c) an introductory adverb, phrase, or clause: However, she didn't buy any bread. d) an appositive ( a parallel group of words): My teacher, Mr. Brown, is sick. e) a date: We came here on April 4 th, 1992. f) between city and province: Vancouver, British Columbia. g) separating adjectives or names: The wall is painted blue, green, and red. h) in numbers: $1, 567. 85 5, 000 men A SEMICOLON ( ; ) can be a) used to replace a conjunction between two independent clauses: I like cats; he like dogs. b) paired with comma to separate paired items: Shirts are on sale at $9. 90 each; pants, $14. 85 each.

AN APOSTROPHE indicates a) a possessive case – men's wear boys’ shoes b) an omission – '45 (1945) doesn't (does not) c) the plural of a figure: high $80's ($85, 100 - $89, 990) COLONS ( : ) are used a) before listing a few items: as follows: b) after the salutation of a business letter: Dear Sirs: c) to indicate time: 10: 15 a. m. 4: 30 p. m. d) before a long quotation -- Alice said: "If it rains on Sunday, the picnic will be canceled. " A DASH ( - ) is used: a) to replace a colon or semicolon: He is a good man - honest, kind, and modest. b) in compound words: a 5 -year-old girl, sister-in-law PARENTHESES [ ( ) ] are used a) in enumeration - (1) , (2), (3), (a), (b) b) to enclose a reference c) to indicate additional information. QUOTATION MARKS ( “. . …", '……. . ' ) are used: a) to mark foreign words, slang, technical terms b) in direct quoting: John said: "I may be late. "

CAPITAL LETTERS are used as follows: 1) the first word of a sentence 2) the first person, singular pronoun ‘ I ’. 3 ) names of persons, organizations ( The United Nations ) 4) historical events, documents ( World War II ) 5) holidays ( Easter ) 6 ) titles ( Dr. Chiu ) 7) salutations in letters ( Dear Sirs ) 8) complimentary closings ( Yours truly, ) 9) proper adjectives ( Canadian apples ).