ENGLISH GRAMMARTENSES & STATIVE VERBS Levels B 2 -C 1 -C 2 Κόττη Παρασκευή (Εύη) Α’ Εξάμηνο – ΣΔΟ – ΤΕΙ ΚΡΗΤΗΣ
Overview of English Grammar n n n n Definite & Indefinite Article (The - A/an) Plural Nouns // Possessive Case Pronouns Uncountable nouns // Many, Much, Few, Little // Some, Any, Νo Comparison of Adjectives Tenses // Irregular Verbs // Modal verbs Infinitive // Gerund Passive Voice Causative Form // Have, Make, Get Conditional clauses Reported Speech Prepositions // Linking words The Subjunctive // Inversion Question tags - So do I, I do too Wish // Enough, Too, Very // As - Like
Verbs n Auxiliary verbs: be, have, do n Modal verbs: can/could, will/would, shall/should, may/might, must/have to, ought to, used to, need n Main verbs a) Regular verbs b) Irregular verbs
Diagram of Tenses
TENSES PRESENT SIMPLE 1. Για επαναλαμβανόμενη πράξη α) επιρρήματα συχνότητας β) every, each γ) on Mondays, . . I sleep at 11 every night. 2. Για γενικές αλήθειες ή μόνιμη κατάσταση The Earth goes round the sun. I love ice-cream. 3. Για προγράμματα ή δρομολόγια. The film starts at 8. The bus leaves at noon.
PRESENT SIMPLE Affirmative I work You work He works We work You work They work Spelling Rules: Interrogative Do I work? Do you work? Does he work? Do we work? Do you work? Do they work? Negative I don’t work You don’t work He doesn’t work We don’t work You don’t work They don’t work 1. -ch, sh, o, s, ss, -x -> - es (Ι go, he goes - I teach, he teaches) 2. vowel + y -> s (I play, he plays) consonant + y -> - ies (I try, he tries - I cry, he cries)
PRESENT CONTINUOUS 1. Για κάτι που γίνεται τώρα ή προσωρινά. - now, right now, at the moment, Look!, Listen! - these days, this week, this month, this year, at present. I am working really hard these days. 2. Για κάτι προσχεδιασμένο, στο κοντινό μέλλον. I am flying to Rome tomorrow morning. 3. Για επαναλαμβανόμενη ενόχληση (always, constantly) Peter is always shouting. It is so annoying!
PRESENT CONTINUOUS Affirmative I am working You are working He is working Spelling Rules: Interrogative Am I working? Are you working? Is he working? 1. - e -> - e αποβάλλεται + ing - ee -> - eeing 2. Negative I ‘m not working You aren’t working He isn’t working (live-living) (see-seeing) Ρήμα ‘sos’ τονούμενο -> διπλασιασμός τελικού συμφώνου (stop-stopping, run-running, begin-beginning αλλά: enter-entering & travel – travelling) 3. - ie -> –ie αποβάλλεται, y + ing (die-dying, lie-lying)
Present Simple or Present Continuous? 1. James (live) ________ in a little village. 2. He (travel) ________ to school by bus. 3. After school, James (want) ________ to become a banker. 4. So this week, he (do) ________ a practical course in a bank. 5. The bus (leave) ________ at 5. 30 in the morning and (return) ________ at 8. 15 in the evening. 6. James (not / like) ________ to spend so much time in town before and after work, waiting for the bus. 7. Therefore, this week he (stay) ________ with his aunt, who (live) ________ in town. 8. James usually (wear) ________ jeans and t-shirts but today he (wear) ________ a suit and a tie. 9. Although he is tired, today he (go) ______ out with friends.
SIMPLE PAST 1. Για πράξη που έγινε και αναφέρουμε το πότε. I saw Mary yesterday. 2. Για επαναλαμβανόμενη πράξη στο παρελθόν When I was young I played football everyday. Last year, I ate a pizza every single day. 3. Για διαδοχικές πράξεις στο παρελθόν (‘’, ’’ // ‘’and’’) I got up, had breakfast, got dressed and left for the office. 4. Για πράξη που έγινε και δεν θα επαναληφθεί. A relative of mine travelled on the Titanic.
SIMPLE PAST Affirmative Interrogative Negative I worked Did I work? I didn’t work He worked Did he work? He didn’t work ---------------------------------------------I slept Did I sleep? I didn’t sleep He slept Did he sleep? He didn’t sleep Spelling Rules: 1. -e -> μόνο -d (live-lived, smile-smiled) 2. Ρήμα ‘sos’ τονούμενο -> διπλασιασμός τελικού συμφώνου (stop-stopped, plan-planned αλλά: enter-entered & travel-travelled) 3. vowel + y -> -ed (I play - I played) consonant + y -> -ied (I try- I tried, I cry- I cried)
PAST CONTINUOUS 1. Για παράλληλες πράξεις στο παρελθόν I was studying while you were playing. (Past C. – Past C. ) 2. Για πράξη που ενώ γινόταν συνέβη/διέκοψε μια άλλη Mary was cleaning the room when the phone rang. (Past C. -S. Past) 3. Για πράξη που ήταν σε εξέλιξη σε συγκεκριμένη χρονική στιγμή Yesterday at 10, I was taking a test. 4. Για αφηγήσεις και περιγραφές στο παρελθόν The wind was blowing outside and it was raining heavily.
PAST CONTINUOUS Affirmative Interrogative I was working You were working He was working We were working You were working They were working Was I working? Were you working? Was he working? Were we working? Were you working? Were they working? Negative I wasn’t working You weren’t working He wasn’t working We weren’t working You weren’t working They weren’t working
Past Simple or Past Continuous? 1. _____ Peter _____ his teeth this morning? (brush) 2. Mary and Nelly _____ dinner last night. (cook) 3. I _____ the museum yesterday. (not visit) 4. The girls _____ the homework on time. (not finish) 5. _____ John _____ hard for his essay? (work) 6. I (play) ________ tennis yesterday but I (not win) _______. 7. John (not write) _______ letters often; he (prefer) _______ phoning. 8. She (not go) ________ to work yesterday because she (not feel) ________ well.
PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE 1. Για μια πράξη του παρελθόντος όταν δεν αναφέρουμε το πότε. I have travelled abroad. 2. Για μια πράξη που έγινε μέσα σε μία περίοδο, η οποία [περίοδος] συνεχίζεται μέχρι τώρα, ακόμη [‘today’, ‘this week’, ‘this month’, ‘this year’]. I have played tennis twice this month. 3. Για μια πράξη που ξεκίνησε στο παρελθόν και η οποία [πράξη] συνεχίζεται μέχρι τώρα, ακόμη. I have worked in this department for three years.
PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE Affirmative I have worked You have worked He has worked Interrogative Have I worked? Have you worked? Has he worked? Negative I haven’t worked You haven’t worked He hasn’t worked Keywords: already, always, ever, just, for (over a period of time), how long, yet, recently, since (from a starting point in the past), so far, this week/month etc.
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS 1. Για πράξη που τελείωσε πρόσφατα και τα αποτελέσματά της φαίνονται τώρα, στο παρόν. The secretary has been writing on the computer all morning and now her eyes are sore. 2. Για μια πράξη που ξεκίνησε στο παρελθόν και η οποία [πράξη] συνεχίζεται μέχρι τώρα, ακόμη. [έμφαση - είναι η περίπτωση γ’ του Παρακειμένου απλού] I have been working in this department for three years.
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS Affirmative Interrogative Negative I have been working Have I been working? I haven’t been working You have been working Have you been working? You haven’t been working He has been working Has he been working? He hasn’t been working We have been working Have we been working? We haven’t been working You have been working Have you been working? You haven’t been working They have been working Have they been working? They haven’t been working
PRESENT PERFECT Simple & Continuous For -> duration He hasn’t come to the office for three whole days! Since -> starting point I have known Mr. Smith since 2015. ………………………………… have been to - έχω πάει κάπου και έχω επιστρέψει. Peter has been to Paris twice. have gone to - έχω πάει κάπου και είμαι ακόμη εκεί. John has gone to London and he will be back in a week. have been in - βρίσκομαι κάπου και αναφέρω το χρονικό διάστημα που συμβαίνει αυτό. I have been in this shopping mall for three hours.
A. Present Perfect Simple or Present Perfect Continuous? 1. Why are you out of breath? - I (run) __________. 2. The toaster is okay again. Dad (repair) _________ it. 3. I am so tired, I (work) ________ all day. 4. Your shirt is clean now. Maggie (wash)_________ it. 5. I'm afraid, I'm getting a cold. I (walk) _____home in the rain. 6. Your clothes smell awful! (you / smoke) __________? 7. Peggy is ready for her exam now. I (help)_______ her prepare for it. 8. It is dark in here because we (close)_________ the curtains. We want to watch a film and that's better in the dark. 9. His voice is gone now because he (shout) ________ all morning.
B. Present Perfect Simple or Present Perfect Continuous? A: (you / take) __________ the dog for a walk yet? B: I (work) __________ all day. I (come / just) __________ home from work and I (have / not) __________ the time yet to walk the dog. A: How long (the dog / be) __________ home alone? B: For about 6 hours. You (walk / not) __________ the dog for a long time. Don't you want to go? A: Well, I (laze / not) __________ about all day either, you know. I have a very important meeting tomorrow and I still (finish / not) __________ my presentation. B: Okay, I will go then. Where (you / put) __________ collar and leash? A: They are in the kitchen. By the way, (you / eat) __________ anything yet? If not, could you get us something from the supermarket?
PAST PERFECT SIMPLE 1. Για πράξη που έγινε πριν από μια άλλη ή πριν από μια χρονική στιγμή στο παρελθόν. Δηλ. για δύο πράξεις στο παρελθόν, η πρώτη είναι σε Υπερσυντέλικο και η δεύτερη σε Αόριστο απλό. I had eaten before you came = I had eaten by the time you came. He had finished the project by 9 o’clock. The film had already started when we arrived = When we arrived, the film had already started.
PAST PERFECT SIMPLE Affirmative Interrogative Negative I had worked You had worked He had worked We had worked You had worked They had worked Had I worked? I hadn’t worked Had you worked? You hadn’t worked Had he/she/it worked? He hadn’t worked Had we worked? We hadn’t worked Had you worked? You hadn’t worked Had they worked? They hadn’t worked
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS 1. Για μια πράξη που γινόταν στο παρελθόν και τα αποτελέσματά της φάνηκαν στο παρελθόν. We had been walking all morning in the rain yesterday and that’s why we were so tired yesterday. 2. Για μια πράξη που άρχισε στο παρελθόν και συνεχιζόταν μέχρι μια στιγμή ή πράξη στο παρελθόν. I had been cooking for two hours when the bell rang. I had been living in Heraklion for ten years until the year 2010. (δεν ζω πια στο Ηράκλειο) ενώ I have been living in Heraklion for ten years (ζω ακόμη στο Ηράκλειο)
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS Affirmative Interrogative Negative I had been working You had been working He had been working Had I been working? Had you been working? Had he been working? I hadn’t been working You hadn’t been working He hadn’t been working We had been working You had been working They had been working Had we been working? We hadn’t been working Had you been working? You hadn’t been working Had they been working? They hadn’t been working
Past Perfect Simple or Past Perfect Continuous? 1. The boy _____ (break) his leg before his mother came. 2. I could smell cigarettes. Somebody _______ (smoke). 3. I ___________ (eat) when you called me. 4. Kathy put on weight because she ________ (not/do) exercise for months. 5. My mother _____ (already/cook) the dinner when I arrived. 6. I _________ (run) for an hour when it started raining. 7. If it _______ (not/rain), we would have played football. 8. Mary ___________ (not/finish) her homework yet.
SIMPLE FUTURE 1. Χρησιμοποιείται μετά από ρήματα που δηλώνουν ΓΝΩΜΗ ΠΡΟΒΛΕΨΗ, ΕΛΠΙΔΑ, ΦΟΒΟ για το μέλλον, όπως: expect, be afraid, be sure, believe, hope, know ή επιρρήματα όπως το certainly, definitely, perhaps, possibly, probably. I hope that you will sleep early tonight. The student will probably apply for the position. 2. Για να περιγράψει απόφαση της στιγμής (on-the-spot decision). It’s stuffy in here. I will open the window. 3. Για να εκφράσει απειλή. Do it right now or I’ll punish you!
SIMPLE FUTURE Affirmative Interrogative Negative I will work Will I work? I won’t work You will work Will you work? You won’t work He will work Will he work? He won’t work We will work Will we work? We won’t work You will work Will you work? You won’t work They will work Will they work? They won’t work
SIMPLE FUTURE Shall ή Will? : 1. ‘’shall’’ -> συνήθως α’ ενικό & α’ πληθυντικό πρόσωπο. 2. Κατάφαση = ‘’θα’’ Ι will buy = I shall buy Άρνηση = ‘’δεν θα’’ Ι will not buy = I shall not buy I won’t buy = I shan’t buy Ερώτηση = ‘’να’’ α) για να προτείνουμε κάτι. Shall we eat a pizza? β) για να προσφέρουμε βοήθεια. Shall I help you? γ) για να ζητήσουμε μια συμβουλή. What shall I do?
FUTURE CONTINUOUS 1. Για μια πράξη που θα είναι σε εξέλιξη σε συγκεκριμένη στιγμή του μέλλοντος. Tomorrow at noon I will be sleeping. At this time next week I will be flying to Berlin.
FUTURE CONTINUOUS Affirmative Interrogative Negative I will be working You will be working He will be working Will I be working? I won’t be working Will you be working? You won’t be working Will he be working? He won’t be working We will be working Will we be working? We won’t be working You will be working Will you be working? You won’t be working They will be working Will they be working? They won’t be working
Future Simple or Future Continuous? 1. I _________ (not help) if he doesn't apologise to me. 2. I'm sure that next year this city ______ (look) much better. 3. You should recognise her easily. She ___________ (wear) a red skirt when she comes to the party at 9 o’clock. 4. I suppose the weather __________ (be) good. 5. You can visit me tomorrow at 6 pm. I ____________ (not do) anything important. 6. At 11 p. m. I _____________ (sleep). 7. Can I borrow your car? Sure, I _______ (not use) today. 8. This time next month I __________ (swim) in Hawaii. 9. We _________ (leave) this house as soon as possible.
FUTURE Εναλλακτικοί τρόποι για μελλοντικές πράξεις n n n n Present Continuous: I am flying to Rome in June. Going to: I am going to fly to Rome in June. Future Simple: I will fly to Rome in June. be to = πρόκειται να I am to fly to Rome in June. be due to = αναμένεται The plane is due to arrive at 5 pm. be bound to = είναι σίγουρο ότι This plan is bound to succeed. be about to = είμαι έτοιμος να I’m sorry but I can’t help you now; I’m about to leave.
FUTURE PERFECT SIMPLE 1. Για πράξη που θα έχει γίνει πριν από μια στιγμή ή πριν από άλλη πράξη στο μέλλον. Δηλαδή, για δύο πράξεις στο μέλλον, η πρώτη είναι σε Συντελεσμένο Μέλλοντα απλό και η δεύτερη συνήθως σε Ενεστώτα απλό. [‘’by’’ + ώρα // ‘’by the time’’ + πράξη] I will have finished by nine. We will have eaten by the time you come. 2. Για να περιγράψει μια πράξη που λογικά / πιθανόν θα έχει γίνει. It’s too late. The film will have finished. Nobody is answering the phone. They will have left.
FUTURE PERFECT SIMPLE Affirmative Interrogative Negative I will have worked Will I have worked? I won’t have worked You will have worked Will you have worked? You won’t have worked He will have worked Will he have worked? He won’t have worked We will have worked Will we have worked? We won’t have worked You will have worked Will you have worked? You won’t have worked They will have worked Will they have worked? They won’t have worked
FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS 1. Για μια πράξη που άρχισε στο παρελθόν, συνεχίζεται τώρα και θα συνεχίζεται μέχρι μία χρονική στιγμή του μέλλοντος. By next June I will have been working in this company for seven years. By the year 2020, I will have been living in this town fo 9 years.
FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS Affirmative Interrogative I will have been working Will I have been working? You will have been working Will you have been working? He will have been working Will he have been working? Negative I won’t have been working You won’t have been working He won’t have been working
Which Future Tense? 1. ________ (you / retire) by the time you're 60? 2. Next year, I ______ (study) maths at university. 3. Hurry up! The film ______ (start) soon. 4. There won't be anyone in the office. Everyone _____ (go) home. 5. Julie _______ (not work) this time next week. She'll be on holiday! 6. I'm only halfway through my homework. I _______ (not finish) it before the teacher arrives. 7. Do you think that Les ______ (fix) the car tomorrow? 8. Don't phone me before 8 pm, we _____ (have) dinner.
STATIVE VERBS – Α. Α. Ορισμένα ρήματα (stative verbs) δεν σχηματίζονται στους χρόνους διαρκείας, όπως: n Ρήματα αισθήσεως: hear, κλπ. n Ρήματα που εκφράζουν γνώμη: agree, believe, regard, seem, understand κλπ. n Ρήματα που εκφράζουν συναισθήματα: care, dislike, envy, forgive, κλπ. n Άλλα ρήματα: belong, contain, cost, know, need, owe, prefer, require, remember, want, κλπ.
STATIVE VERBS – Β. Β. Ορισμένα άλλα ρήματα (stative verbs) σχηματίζουν χρόνους απλούς & διαρκείας αλλά με διαφορετικό νόημα: n n Ρήματα αισθήσεως: feel, taste, see, smell κλπ. Ρήματα που εκφράζουν γνώμη: consider, κλπ. Ρήματα που εκφράζουν συναισθήματα: like, love κλπ. Άλλα ρήματα: appear, be, weigh, wish κλπ.
STATIVE VERBS – Β 1. STATE ACTION The milk tastes awful. He is tasting the sauce. Το γάλα έχει απαίσια γεύση. Αυτός δοκιμάζει τη σάλτσα. I see you are in trouble. Βλέπω/καταλαβαίνω ότι έχεις πρόβλημα. I’m seeing my lawyer tonight. Θα δω/έχω ραντεβού με τον δικηγόρο μου απόψε. The kitchen smells Why are you smelling of burnt meat. your food? Η κουζίνα έχει μυρωδιά Γιατί μυρίζεις το φαγητό σου; από καμένο κρέας.
STATIVE VERBS – Β 2. He comes from Spain. He is coming from Spain. Κατάγεται από την Ισπανία. Τώρα έρχεται από την Ισπανία. Your hair looks great. He is looking at some photos. Τα μαλλιά σου φαίνονται. Κοιτάει κάποιες φωτογραφίες. The baby weighs 5 kilos. I’m weighing myself on my new scales. Το μωρό ζυγίζει 5 κιλά. Ζυγίζομαι στη ζυγαριά μου. Ann is very tall. Ann is being very nice to me these days. Η Άννα είναι πολύ ψηλή. Η Άννα μου συμπεριφέρεται πολύ καλά αυτές τις ημέρες.
STATIVE VERBS – Β 3. Her skin feels soft. Το δέρμα της είναι μαλακό, έχει αυτή την αίσθηση. She is feeling her way in the dark. Μέσω της αφής, προσπαθεί να βρει τον δρόμο μες στα σκοτεινά. Tom appears to be naughty. Ο Τομ φαίνεται άτακτος. He is appearing on stage tonight. I think this is the best solution. Νομίζω/πιστεύω ότι αυτή είναι η καλύτερη λύση. What are you thinking about? Θα εμφανιστεί στη σκηνή απόψε. Τι σκέφτεσαι;
STATIVE VERBS – Β 4. People consider him to be wealthy. Οι άνθρωποι θεωρούν ότι είναι πλούσιος. I’m considering buying a new house. Σκέφτομαι να αγοράσω καινούργιο αυτοκίνητο. What do you mean? Τι εννοείς; I’ve been meaning to talk to you. Σκόπευα να σου μιλήσω. He doesn’t realize how Now that I got a promotion, dangerous smoking is! I am realizing my dream! Δεν συνειδητοποιεί πόσο Τώρα που πήρα προαγωγή, επικίνδυνο είναι το κάπνισμα. πραγματοποιώ το όνειρό μου
Present Simple or Present Continuous? (Stative Verbs) 1. Listen! I _______ (hear) voices. I _______ (think) the children ______ (have) fun now. 2. The dog _______ (wag) its tail now. I _______ (think) he _______ (want) to go for a walk now. 3. She usually _______ (prefer) to stay at home but this weekend she _______ (go) on a trip. 4. The children _______ (listen) to music at present but they usually _______ (do) their homework first. 5. He _______ (lie) to me now. I _______ (not believe) him. 6. Rina _______ (do) her H. W now because she _______ (want) to finish them before the movie. 7. Listen! I _______ (think) I _______ (hear) the telephone. It _______ (ring). 8. We ______ (look) at the picture now but we _______ (not like) it.
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