ENGLISH GRAMMAR LESSON In English three

ENGLISH GRAMMAR LESSON

In English three parts of speech have IV form: Participle I Gerund Verbal noun

PARTICIPLE I The present participle of most verbs has the form base+ing and is used in the following ways: a)as part of the continuous form of a verb b)after verbs of movement/position in the pattern: verb + present participle c)after verbs of perception in the pattern: verb + object + present participle

d)as an adjective e)with the verbs spend and waste, in the pattern: verb + time/money expression + present participle f)to replace a sentence or part of a sentence g)with the verbs catch and find, in the pattern: verb + object + present participle

EXAMPLE: a) b) c) d) e) f) g) I am working. He was singing. They have been walking. She went shopping. He lay looking up at the clouds. She came running towards me. I heard someone singing. He saw his friend walking along the road. I can smell something burning! It was an amazing film. Dark billowing clouds often precede a storm. He was trapped inside the burning house. My boss spends two hours a day travelling to work. Don't waste time playing computer games! Feeling hungry, he went into the kitchen and opened the fridge. Don't let him catch you reading his letters. We found

GERUND This looks exactly the same as a present participle, and for this reason it is now common to call both forms 'the -ing form'. However it is useful to understand the difference between the two. The gerund always has the same function as a noun (although it looks like a verb), so it can be used:

a)as the subject of the sentence )as the complement of the verb 'to be' c)after prepositions. The gerund must be used when a verb comes after a preposition d)after a number of 'phrasal verbs' which are composed of a verb + preposition/adverb e)in compound nouns f)after the expressions

EXAMPLE: a) b) c) d) e) f) Eating people is wrong. Hunting tigers is dangerous. One of his duties is attending meetings. The hardest thing about learning English is understanding the gerund. Can you sneeze without opening your mouth? She is good at painting. When are you going to give up smoking? She always puts off going to the dentist. It is a pool for swimming in. She couldn't help falling in love with him. I can't stand being stuck in traffic jams.

VERBAL NOUN In English linguistic materials, the term "ing-form" (-ing form) may include the gerund and the present participle but often denotes only the gerund. The term "verbal noun" may include the gerund and the infinitive but often denotes only the gerund.

In Russian linguistic materials, the term "verbal noun" often denotes a noun derived from a verb with the help of the suffix ING. Compare: She likes singing. (singing – gerund) – I listened to the singing of the birds. (singing – noun)