engineering iowa Designing a Better Quality of Life and

engineering@iowa Designing a Better Quality of Life and Economy for Iowa Communities

Iowa Values Vision n n n We need a broader vision of value fund Value added of course! But build upon – “value based” Sustainable Socially just Healthy (human and environmental perspectives)

Aligns well with current thinking– but is a level above n n Biotech – renewable, green, Health Advanced manufacturing Etc.

Companies that might be interested n n Mid America Genecor Rockwell Others…. .

A Good Environment and Economy Go Hand-in-Hand n n Triple Bottom Line (Elkington, 1998): Economy Environment Social considerations (culture, equity, quality of life)

State Opportunities n n n Energy production (from coal, biomass, wind, hydrogen. . ) Transportation fuels (ethanol from corn, biodiesel from soy beans) Recreation (fishing, hunting, boating) n n Manufacturing, shipping Biotechnology, pharmaceuticals Markets and commodity exchanges Carbon sequestration

This Idea links together our interests in research and teaching with economic elements – but in a economic environment manner. n n Pollution prevention internships (DNR/industries big and small) PEDE Carbon trading Engineers without boarders…, turn it around…

Sustainable Futures n Definition of Sustainability: The design of human and industrial systems to ensure that the use of natural resources does not lead to diminished quality of life due either to losses in future economic opportunities or to adverse environmental impacts. n We must design human and industrial systems which do not lead to the impoverishment of plants, animals, and future generations of all ethnic backgrounds.

Sustainability Principles Economic Sustainability Profit Resources Employment Environmental Sustainability Human health Environmental impacts Ecosystem health Biodiversity Sustainability Issues Societal Sustainability Racial/Gender Diversity Social justice, Equity

Sustainability Metrics: What gets measured, gets managed, and what gets managed can be improved Ecosystem Health and Biodiversity: A large biodiversity is an indicator of the age of an ecosystem and its health. We should strive to preserve the treasure house of genetic material as it is the major driving force of evolution. Ecosystem health will be estimated from environmental indices such as: (1) impacts of toxic chemicals on food wed elements (e. g. , green algae, daphnid, earthworm and fish), (2) Great Lakes contribution to global warming, (3) Great Lakes contribution to ozone depletion, and (4) Great Lakes contribution acid rain and deposition, (5) smog formation, (6) and endocrine disruption. Human Health: We need to ensure a good life quality for all people regardless of their race, and heritage. They all should be allowed to lead useful and productive lives. We will predict indexes for (7) human non-carcinogenic ingestion and (8) human non-carcinogenic inhalation toxicity (e. g. asthma), (9) human carcinogenic ingestion and (10) human carcinogenic inhalation toxicity.

Sustainability Metrics: What gets measured, gets managed, and what gets managed can be improved Biological and Manufacturing Production: Sustainable biological production is necessary for long term survival. (e. g. , agriculture and forestry). We will develop indexes for (11) agricultural and forest soil erosion, (12) water use for irrigation, (13) fertilizer use, (14) pesticide use and toxicity, (15) forest growth, (16) forest land acreage, and (17) forest yield. Resources Utilization: Natural Resources must be used responsibly and the needs of future generations must be considered. We will develop indexes to track the utilization of natural resources in support of the five major industries which form the basis of this proposal. These indexes will reflect known reserves, production, and utilization rates of (18) iron ore, (19) other mineral resources, (20) crude oil and natural gas, (21) forest resources, (22) recycling of materials and (23) surface and ground water resources.

Imagine what is possible…. .

Using Markets: Pollution Allowances Trading n n n We are already working with farmers, utilities, and brokers to establish a nascent market Farmers plant trees or sequester carbon in soils and models help to document it Chicago Climate Exchange is establishing an initial market Carbon dioxide at ~$1/ton now but expected to be at least $10/ton CO 2 within few years Government program is needed; cap and trade system works best

“Engineers without Borders”

The road forward…. n n n n Develop the vision…. Implication for Co. E/UI research/curriculum Implication for Private Sector Its not (only) an environmental vision! Care to distinguish the plan from (activism…) One outcome could be an Iowa Institute for Sustainable Industry – focused on helping industry/state in small and big ways…, add this element to existing activities when possible… Co. E actions …. .

Co. E Idea Incubator Goal: to facilitate focused, strategic, and forward-looking discussions of future research directions and opportunities. The possibilities are left up to your imagination! Long Term Aspiration: Create an Advanced Studies Institute

engineering@iowa Viral Insecticide Research n n Caterpillars are the most destructive insects to agricultural crops and trees [1]. n Corn, soybeans, cotton n Douglas fir and pine 1997 - 3. 7 Billion dollars spent on chemical insecticides [2]. Larvae Spodoptera frugiperda 1. World Wide Web, http: //www. cals. ncsu. edu/course/ent 425/compendium/butter~1. html accessed 11/01 2. World Wide Web, http: //www. epa. gov/oppbead 1/pestsales/97 pestsales/table 2. htm, accessed 7/02

Insect Resistance to Chemical Insecticides 600 500 Resistant 400 Species (Number) 300 Neonicotinoids ‘ 95 200 Pyrethroids ‘ 78 Carbamates ‘ 72 Organophosphates ‘ 65 100 DTT/Cyclodienes ‘ 46 1940 1950 1960 1970 I. Denholm, G. L. Devine, M. S. Williamson, 2002, Science, Vol 297, pg 2222 -2223. 1980 1990 2000 2010

Baculovirus Safety n n n Will not infect beneficial species; honeybees, lady bugs, etc. Typical cole slaw serving = 1. 12 x 108 polyhedra Endocytosed by some mammalian cells viral proteins are not replicated n When virus has mammalian promoters (eg. SV 40) then recombinant proteins are produced The Baculoviruses, 1997, New York, Miller, L. editor, 371

Baculovirus Polyhedra n Alternative to chemical insecticides Natural pathogen to destructive caterpillars n Autographa californica Multiple n Nucleopolyhedrovirus (Ac. MNPV) infects the most destructive caterpillars: n n n Spodoptera sp. Trichoplusia sp. Bombyx sp.

Polymers from Furfural Co-investigators: Gary Aurand & Julie Jessop Chemical & Biochemical Engineering Sponsor: Iowa Energy Center n n Biomass combustion product Project goals n n Develop high-temperature polymers Replace formaldehyde as cross-linker in soy protein-based plastics

Emulsion Photopolymerization of Synthetic Monomers onto Corn Starch Principal Investigator: Julie Jessop Chemical & Biochemical Engineering Sponsor: Iowa Energy Center n n Biodegradable, renewable resource Project strategies n n Reduce side reactions Control temperature and viscosity Use less energy during processing Decouple thermal processing and chemical reaction

Convert low-value organic matter into valuable products. Holy Grail – cheaply produce glucose from cellulose. Cellulose or starch feedstock have been liquefied in supercritical and near-critical water in a continuous flow tubular reactor. The reactions were performed without catalyst addition at ~5000 psig with reactor exit temperatures ranging from 200°C to 400°C (τ = ~1 -2 minutes). Under these conditions, cellulose and starch undergo hydrolysis into glucose, followed by conversion into levoglucosan, 5 -(hydroxymethyl)-2 -furaldehyde and other products. With, glucose dehydration and decomposition products predominate at supercritical temperatures. At temperatures below 300 C, significant glucose yields (~35%) are obtained.

Fermentability of the glucose-rich effluent is being studied. More analysis of the many species of the products will be performed to close the mass balance. The effect of temperature profile on the product distribution will be studied to improve the yield of glucose. New reactors will be built which are designed for detailed kinetic studies.

engineering@iowa Program for Enhanced Design Experience • Exposing students in a teambased setting to solve realworld industrial problems Deere-Dubuque Alcoa General Electric HON Industries Maytag Monsanto Pella Rockwell Collins

www. engineering. uiowa. edu

Production of Baculovirus n n n Larval Production n Inexpensive n Each Larvae Requires Individual Attention Batch Insect Cell Culture n Expensive n Repeated Reactor Set-up and Viral Stock Preparation Continuous Insect Cell Culture n Unstable

Goal: Develop a Stable Continuous Production System Without Mutant Accumulation Involves a combination of molecular biology and bioreactor design to overcome mutant accumulation Fresh Medium Cell Growth Virus Infection Cells Baculovirus Biopesticide