Energy Management 2014 2015 Primary Final Useful Energies

Energy Management: 2014/2015 Primary, Final & Useful Energies Sankey Diagrams 1 st and 2 nd law efficiencies Historical Energy Use Class # 3 Prof. Tânia Sousa taniasousa@ist. utl. pt

Energy Units and Scales • How much energy should we ingest daily? • How much energy do you spend per hour using an electric heater?

Energy Units and Scales IAASA – Global Energy Assessment 2012

Energy Units and Scales Activities (k. J) IAASA – Global Energy Assessment 2012

Energy Units and Scales IAASA – Global Energy Assessment 2012

Energy Units and Scales Activities (MJ-GJ or k. Wh=3. 6 MJ) IAASA – Global Energy Assessment 2012

Energy Units and Scales IAASA – Global Energy Assessment 2012

Energy Units and Scales Activities (GJ-TJ or toe=41. 87 GJ) IAASA – Global Energy Assessment 2012

Energy Units and Scales Activities (GJ-TJ or toe=41. 87 GJ) • In early agricultural societies – 10 -20 GJ/capita/year – 2/3 for food and feed – 1/3 for cooking, heating and early industrial activities • In UK in the mid-19 th century – 100 GJ/capita/year • In Portugal in 2010 – 108 GJ/capita/year

Energy Units and Scales IAASA – Global Energy Assessment 2012

Forms of Energy - Primary energy

Forms of Energy - Final energy

Forms of Energy – Useful Energy

Forms of Energy • Primary energy – embodied in resources as it is found in nature (coal, oil, natural gas in the ground) • Final energy – sold to final consumers such as households or firms (electricity, diesel, processed natural gas) • Useful energy – in the form that is used: light, heat, cooling and mechanical power (stationary or transport) • Productive energy – the fraction of useful energy that we actually use

From Primary Energy to Energy Services

From Primary Energy to Energy Services Energy Supply energy flows driven by resource availability and conversion technologies IAASA - Global Energy Assessment 2012

From Primary Energy to Energy Services The energy supply sector dealing with primary energy is referred as “upstream” activities IAASA - Global Energy Assessment 2012

From Primary Energy to Energy Services The energy supply sector dealing with secondary energy is referred as “downstream” activities IAASA - Global Energy Assessment 2012

From Primary Energy to Energy Services Energy Demand Energy system is service driven IAASA - Global Energy Assessment 2012

From Primary Energy to Energy Services Quality and cost of energy services IAASA - Global Energy Assessment 2012

Energetic Balance • Where are the primary and final energies in the energetic balance? BALANÇO ENERGÉTICO tep 2008 IMPORTAÇÕES 2. VARIAÇÃO DE "STOCKS" SAÍDAS 4 = 1 a 3 1. PRODUÇÃO DOMÉSTICA Gás Natural (*) 22= 15 + 21 Gases o Outros Derivados Total de Eectricidade Calor Resíduos Industriais Renováveis Sem Hídrica TOTAL GERAL 23 Total de Carvão Total de Petróleo 30 = 24 a 29 36 = 31 a 35 37 38 46 = 39 a 45 47=4+22+23+30+36+37+ 38+46 2 327 219 16 608 384 4 163 167 923 984 1 142 338 3. - 223 603 315 673 5 960 4. 24 949 3 680 661 CONSUMO DE ENERGIA PRIMÁRIA 5. 2 525 873 PARA NOVAS FORMAS DE ENERGIA 6. 2 444 703 4 372 817 - 837 97 193 112 918 17 634 3 836 162 12 612 050 4 157 207 1 953 404 39 800 3 173 882 24 462 216 1 079 137 2 597 143 -2 810 996 -1 472 450 1 120 1 367 391 3 206 048 605 301 270 736 3 1 407 519 4 159 099 1 201 714 38 680 1 806 488 279 - 38 580 38 680 1 806 209 18 611 387 475 376 56 103 CONSUMO COMO MATÉRIA PRIMA 1 275 842 9 781 695 1 503 961 81 170 24 022 754 3 190 679 7. DISPONÍVEL PARA CONSUMO FINAL 8. 39 800 CONSUMO DO SECTOR ENERGÉTICO 1 275 842 18 572 807 ACERTOS 9. 9 851 - 47 340 - 1 382 12 CONSUMO FINAL 10. 71 319 9 829 035 1 505 343 4 159 087 1 201 714 AGRICULTURA E PESCAS 10. 1 358 801 3 359 87 218 2 366 21 451 765 INDÚSTRIAS EXTRACTIVAS 10. 2 66 103 8 444 49 882 30 844 4 155 277 1 085 788 1 027 157 1 340 009 1 154 293 615 382 5 332 628 5 063 50 490 21 631 784 INDÚSTRIAS TRANSFORMADORAS 10. 3 71 319 38 680 CONSTRUÇÃO E OBRAS PÚBLICAS 10. 4 576 210 TRANSPORTES 10. 5 6 680 176 6 659 46 677 3 452 6 736 964 SECTOR DOMÉSTICO 10. 6 552 680 300 190 1 157 672 1 180 750 3 191 292 SERVIÇOS 10. 7 509 277 154 471 1 427 139 14 211 6 579 2 111 677

Energetic Balance • Where are the primary and final energies in the energetic balance? BALANÇO ENERGÉTICO tep 2008 IMPORTAÇÕES PRODUÇÃO DOMÉSTICA VARIAÇÃO DE "STOCKS" SAÍDAS CONSUMO DE ENERGIA PRIMÁRIA PARA NOVAS FORMAS DE ENERGIA CONSUMO DO SECTOR ENERGÉTICO 1. 2. 3. 4. 7. CONSUMO COMO MATÉRIA PRIMA DISPONÍVEL PARA CONSUMO FINAL ACERTOS CONSUMO FINAL AGRICULTURA E PESCAS INDÚSTRIAS EXTRACTIVAS INDÚSTRIAS TRANSFORMADORAS Total de Carvão Total de Petróleo 4 = 1 a 3 22= 15 + 21 Gás Natural (*) Gases o Outros Derivados Total de Eectricidade Calor Resíduos Industriais Renováveis Sem Hídrica TOTAL GERAL 23 30 = 24 a 29 36 = 31 a 35 37 38 46 = 39 a 45 47=4+22+23+30+36+37 +38+46 2 327 219 - 223 603 24 949 16 608 384 315 673 3 680 661 4 163 167 5 960 5. 2 525 873 12 612 050 4 157 207 1 953 404 6. 2 444 703 1 079 137 2 597 143 -2 810 996 -1 472 450 475 376 56 103 605 301 270 736 1 275 842 38 680 923 984 1 142 338 112 918 24 022 754 4 372 817 97 193 3 836 162 39 800 81 170 9 781 695 1 503 961 4 159 099 1 201 714 9. 10. 1 10. 2 9 851 71 319 - 47 340 9 829 035 358 801 66 103 - 1 382 1 505 343 3 359 8 444 12 4 159 087 87 218 49 882 1 201 714 2 366 30 844 71 319 1 085 788 1 027 157 1 340 009 1 154 293 10. 3 3 190 679 - 837 17 634 3 173 882 24 462 216 1 120 1 367 391 3 206 048 3 1 407 519 8. 39 800 38 680 1 275 842 1 806 488 18 572 807 279 1 806 209 21 4 - 38 580 18 611 387 451 765 155 277 615 382 5 332 628 CONSTRUÇÃO E OBRAS PÚBLICAS 10. 4 576 210 5 063 50 490 21 631 784 TRANSPORTES SECTOR DOMÉSTICO SERVIÇOS 6 680 176 552 680 509 277 6 659 300 190 154 471 46 677 1 157 672 1 427 139 14 211 3 452 1 180 750 6 579 6 736 964 3 191 292 2 111 677 10. 5 10. 6 10. 7

Energetic Balance • Where is the useful energy in the energetic balance? BALANÇO ENERGÉTICO tep 2008 IMPORTAÇÕES PRODUÇÃO DOMÉSTICA VARIAÇÃO DE "STOCKS" SAÍDAS CONSUMO DE ENERGIA PRIMÁRIA PARA NOVAS FORMAS DE ENERGIA CONSUMO DO SECTOR ENERGÉTICO 1. 2. 3. 4. 7. CONSUMO COMO MATÉRIA PRIMA DISPONÍVEL PARA CONSUMO FINAL ACERTOS CONSUMO FINAL AGRICULTURA E PESCAS INDÚSTRIAS EXTRACTIVAS INDÚSTRIAS TRANSFORMADORAS Total de Carvão Total de Petróleo 4 = 1 a 3 22= 15 + 21 Gás Natural (*) Gases o Outros Derivados Total de Eectricidade Calor Resíduos Industriais Renováveis Sem Hídrica TOTAL GERAL 23 30 = 24 a 29 36 = 31 a 35 37 38 46 = 39 a 45 47=4+22+23+30+36+37 +38+46 2 327 219 - 223 603 24 949 16 608 384 315 673 3 680 661 4 163 167 5 960 5. 2 525 873 12 612 050 4 157 207 1 953 404 6. 2 444 703 1 079 137 2 597 143 -2 810 996 -1 472 450 475 376 56 103 605 301 270 736 1 275 842 38 680 923 984 1 142 338 112 918 24 022 754 4 372 817 97 193 3 836 162 39 800 81 170 9 781 695 1 503 961 4 159 099 1 201 714 9. 10. 1 10. 2 9 851 71 319 - 47 340 9 829 035 358 801 66 103 - 1 382 1 505 343 3 359 8 444 12 4 159 087 87 218 49 882 1 201 714 2 366 30 844 71 319 1 085 788 1 027 157 1 340 009 1 154 293 10. 3 3 190 679 - 837 17 634 3 173 882 24 462 216 1 120 1 367 391 3 206 048 3 1 407 519 8. 39 800 38 680 1 275 842 1 806 488 18 572 807 279 1 806 209 21 4 - 38 580 18 611 387 451 765 155 277 615 382 5 332 628 CONSTRUÇÃO E OBRAS PÚBLICAS 10. 4 576 210 5 063 50 490 21 631 784 TRANSPORTES SECTOR DOMÉSTICO SERVIÇOS 6 680 176 552 680 509 277 6 659 300 190 154 471 46 677 1 157 672 1 427 139 14 211 3 452 1 180 750 6 579 6 736 964 3 191 292 2 111 677 10. 5 10. 6 10. 7

Energetic Balance • How do you go from final to useful energy for household electricity consumption? BALANÇO ENERGÉTICO tep 2008 IMPORTAÇÕES PRODUÇÃO DOMÉSTICA VARIAÇÃO DE "STOCKS" SAÍDAS CONSUMO DE ENERGIA PRIMÁRIA PARA NOVAS FORMAS DE ENERGIA CONSUMO DO SECTOR ENERGÉTICO 1. 2. 3. 4. 7. CONSUMO COMO MATÉRIA PRIMA DISPONÍVEL PARA CONSUMO FINAL ACERTOS CONSUMO FINAL AGRICULTURA E PESCAS INDÚSTRIAS EXTRACTIVAS INDÚSTRIAS TRANSFORMADORAS Total de Carvão Total de Petróleo 4 = 1 a 3 22= 15 + 21 Gás Natural (*) Gases o Outros Derivados Total de Eectricidade Calor Resíduos Industriais Renováveis Sem Hídrica TOTAL GERAL 23 30 = 24 a 29 36 = 31 a 35 37 38 46 = 39 a 45 47=4+22+23+30+36+37 +38+46 2 327 219 - 223 603 24 949 16 608 384 315 673 3 680 661 4 163 167 5 960 5. 2 525 873 12 612 050 4 157 207 1 953 404 6. 2 444 703 1 079 137 2 597 143 -2 810 996 -1 472 450 475 376 56 103 605 301 270 736 1 275 842 38 680 923 984 1 142 338 112 918 24 022 754 4 372 817 97 193 3 836 162 39 800 81 170 9 781 695 1 503 961 4 159 099 1 201 714 9. 10. 1 10. 2 9 851 71 319 - 47 340 9 829 035 358 801 66 103 - 1 382 1 505 343 3 359 8 444 12 4 159 087 87 218 49 882 1 201 714 2 366 30 844 71 319 1 085 788 1 027 157 1 340 009 1 154 293 10. 3 3 190 679 - 837 17 634 3 173 882 24 462 216 1 120 1 367 391 3 206 048 3 1 407 519 8. 39 800 38 680 1 275 842 1 806 488 18 572 807 279 1 806 209 21 4 - 38 580 18 611 387 451 765 155 277 615 382 5 332 628 CONSTRUÇÃO E OBRAS PÚBLICAS 10. 4 576 210 5 063 50 490 21 631 784 TRANSPORTES SECTOR DOMÉSTICO SERVIÇOS 6 680 176 552 680 509 277 6 659 300 190 154 471 46 677 1 157 672 1 427 139 14 211 3 452 1 180 750 6 579 6 736 964 3 191 292 2 111 677 10. 5 10. 6 10. 7

Useful Energy • How do you go from final to useful energy for household electricity consumption? • • • Electrical resistance Electrical motor Fluorescent lamp Refrigerator Heat pump 100% 90% 50% 200% 250%

Sankey diagrams • Schematic representation of the energy flow Miguel Águas (2009)

Sankey Diagram for Portugal for 2010 BALANÇO ENERGÉTICO tep Total de Carvão Total de Petróleo Gás Natural Total de Eletricidade 2010 4 = 1 a 3 22= 15 + 21 23 36 = 31 a 35 CONSUMO DE ENERGIA PRIMÁRIA 5. PARA NOVAS FORMAS DE ENERGIA 6. 46 = 39 a 45 47=4+22+23+30+36+ 37+38+46 1 656 757 11 241 129 4 506 817 2 474 507 3 168 351 23 101 751 1 597 427 563 778 2 857 644 -2 403 968 1 819 195 2 846 994 - 321 179 285 397 1 740 776 Produtos de Petróleo 6. 3 Eletricidade 6. 6 Cogeração 6. 7 562 580 CONSUMO DO SECTOR ENERGÉTICO Renováveis Sem TOTAL GERAL Eletricidade 1 597 427 321 473 - 8 290 -1 787 691 456 792 2 299 882 1 116 868 - 616 277 1 040 930 555 402 10 1 252 656 7. 277 453 134 954 589 099 Consumo Próprio da Refinação 7. 1 215 503 121 238 45 829 Perdas da Refinação 7. 2 58 915 Centrais Eléctricas 7. 4 3 035 128 271 131 306 Bombagem Hidroeléctrica 7. 5 44 032 Perdas de Transporte e Distribuição 7. 8 58 925 13 716 370 355 1 514 219 4 1 514 215 3 511 7 951 971 726 9 218 12 581 300 266 4 289 376 761 4 288 615 88 164 47 271 1 331 090 52 436 40 857 1 248 873 1 349 146 - 132 1 349 278 65 91 590 133 9 111 257 4 999 9 106 258 360 870 62 582 825 308 493 136 6 430 400 679 765 4 233 724 980 17 713 460 14 762 17 698 455 009 151 412 5 101 671 554 790 6 488 071 2 953 884 10. 7 254 197 208 962 1 479 924 29 776 1 993 861 DISPONÍVEL PARA CONSUMO FINAL ACERTOS CONSUMO FINAL AGRICULTURA E PESCAS INDÚSTRIAS EXTRATIVAS INDÚSTRIAS TRANSFORMADORAS CONSTRUÇÃO E OBRAS PÚBLICAS TRANSPORTES SECTOR DOMÉSTICO 8. 9. 10. 1 10. 2 10. 3 10. 4 10. 5 10. 6 SERVIÇOS 633 710 59 330 9 130 50 200 384 071

Sankey diagram for Portugal 2010

World Sankey Diagram in 2005 IAASA – Global Energy Assessment 2012

World Sankey Diagram in 2005 ? ? US – 94 EJ Portugal – 1. 1 EJ • Overall 1 st law efficiency in converting primary to final energy? IAASA – Global Energy Assessment 2012

World Sankey Diagram in 2005 ? ? US – 94 EJ Portugal – 1. 1 EJ • Overall 1 st law efficiency in converting primary to final energy? 66% IAASA – Global Energy Assessment 2012

World Sankey Diagram in 2005 ? ? US – 94 EJ Portugal – 1. 1 EJ • Overall 1 st law efficiency in converting primary to useful energy? IAASA – Global Energy Assessment 2012

World Sankey Diagram in 2005 ? ? US – 94 EJ Portugal – 1. 1 EJ • Overall 1 st law efficiency in converting primary to useful energy? 34% IAASA – Global Energy Assessment 2012

Typical values of 1 st law efficiencies • 1 st Law efficiencies from primary to final energy • 1 st Law efficiencies from final to useful energy

Sankey Diagram for an Energy Service • Example?

Sankey Diagram for an Energy Service • Schematic representation of the energy flow (natural gas electricity light reading) 50% 20% • What is the aggregate efficiency?

Are there 1 st law efficiencies > 1? • What is the 1 st Law efficiency in a heat pump?

Are there 1 st law efficiencies > 1? • What is the 1 st Law efficiency in a heat pump? Typical values of between 3 – 5 • What is the Sankey diagram like?

Sankey Diagram A coal thermal power plant has an efficiency of 40%. The combustion of coal releases 7000 kcal/kg. The energy consumption associated with extraction, transport and grinding represent 500 kcal/kg. 1. Draw the Sankey Diagram

Sankey Diagram A coal thermal power plant has an efficiency of 40%. The combustion of coal releases 7000 kcal/kg. The energy consumption associated with extraction, transport and grinding represent 500 kcal/kg. 1. Draw the Sankey Diagram 2. What is the overall efficiency? 40% 93% Coal at the coal mine 7% Coal at the Power Plant Electricity Coal at the Power Plant Coal Mine 60% 1 Mcal = 4. 187 MJ 1 toe = 41868 MJ 1 MWh = 3600 MJ

Sankey Diagram A coal thermal power plant has an efficiency of 40%. The combustion of coal releases 7000 kcal/kg. The energy consumption associated with extraction, transport and grinding represent 500 kcal/kg. 1. Draw the Sankey Diagram 2. What is the overall efficiency? 3. What is the coefficient of conversion between final and primary energy in MWhe/TOE? 40% 93% Coal at the coal mine 7% Coal at the Power Plant Electricity Coal at the Power Plant Coal Mine 1 Mcal = 4. 187 MJ 1 toe = 41868 MJ 1 MWh = 3600 MJ 60% Eficiency = 2600/7000 = 37%

Sankey Diagram A coal thermal power plant has an efficiency of 40%. The combustion of coal releases 7000 kcal/kg. The energy consumption associated with extraction, transport and grinding represent 500 kcal/kg. 1. Draw the Sankey Diagram 2. What is the overall efficiency? 3. What is the coefficient of conversion between final and primary energy in MWhe/TOE? 40% 93% Coal Mine Electricity Coal at the Power Plant 1 Mcal = 4. 187 MJ 1 toe = 41868 MJ 1 MWh = 3600 MJ

Conversion between F. E and P. E • Conversion coefficients are efficiencies and not direct conversions – From coal (P. E) to electricity (F. E) – Direct conversion ? ? ? ? ?

Conversion between F. E and P. E • Conversion coefficients are efficiencies and not direct conversions – From coal (P. E) to electricity (F. E) – Direct conversion

Conversion between F. E and P. E • Conversion coefficients are efficiencies and not direct conversions – From coal (P. E) to electricity (F. E) – Direct conversion • What about the conversion coefficient from natural gas to electricity?

Are first law efficiencies enough? Heating of a house can be done by one of the following methods: 1. Electrical heating using the Joule effect 2. Central heating 3. Heating using a heat pump

Are first law efficiencies enough? Heating of a house can be done by one of the following methods: 1. Electrical heating using the Joule effect 2. Central heating (burning natural gas in a furnace with a 90% efficiency) 3. Heating using a heat pump (COP=3). Suppose that electricity has a production efficiency of 45% and costs 0. 12 euros per k. Wh, natural gas is transported with a 99% efficiency, and costs 0. 0708 euros per k. Wh. a) Compare the alternatives in terms of primary energy, final energy and cost for 1 k. Wh of thermal energy. Draw the Sankey Diagrams

Are first law efficiencies enough? Heating of a house can be done by one of the following methods: 1. Electrical heating using the Joule effect 2. Central heating (burning natural gas in a furnace with a 90% efficiency) 3. Heating using a heat pump (COP=3). Suppose that electricity has a production efficiency of 45% and costs 0. 12 euros per k. Wh, natural gas is transported with a 99% efficiency, and costs 0. 0708 euros per k. Wh. a) Compare the alternatives in terms of primary energy, final energy and cost for 1 k. Wh of thermal energy. Draw the Sankey Diagrams Electrical Resistance Central Heating Heat Pump Primary (k. Wh) 1/0. 45=2. 22 (1/0. 90)/0. 99=1. 12 (1/3)/0. 45=0. 74 Final (k. Wh) 1 1/0. 90=1. 11 1/3=0. 33 Useful (k. Wh) 1 1 1 Cost (euros) 1*0. 12 ((1/0. 9))*0. 0708 1/3*0. 12

Are first law efficiencies enough? • Providing 1 k. Wh of heat at 30ºC to a building with an outside temperature of 4ºC Electrical Resistance Central Heating Heat Pump Ideal Heat Pump Final (k. Wh) 1 1/0. 90 1/3 1/12 Useful (k. Wh) 1 1 First Law 100% 90% 300% 1200% • First law efficiencies do not provide information on how much you can improve your efficiency

Second law efficiencies • Ratio between 1 st law real and best efficiencies • Providing 1 k. Wh of heat at 30ºC to a building with an outside temperature of 4ºC Electrical Resistance Central Heating Heat Pump Ideal Heat Pump Final (k. Wh) 1 1/0. 90 1/3 1/12 Useful (k. Wh) 1 1 First Law 100% 90% 300% 1200% Second Law 8. 3% 7. 5% 25% 100% • Second law efficiencies provide information on how much you can improve your efficiency

Typical values of 2 nd law efficiencies IAASA - Global Energy Assessment 2012 • Overall 2 nd law efficiency in converting primary to final is 76% and primary to useful energy is 10%

Second law efficiencies • Second law efficiencies by providing information on how much you can improve your efficiency show where efforts should be made Rosen and Dincer, 1997

Primary Energy Use 1800 -2000 Population (lines) Primary energy use (bars) industrialized countries (white squares and bars) developing countries (gray triangles and bars) Energy use data includes estimates of noncommercial energy use Grubler, A. “Energy Transitions”

Primary Energy Use 1800 -2000 Population (lines) Primary energy use (bars) industrialized countries (white squares and bars) developing countries (gray triangles and bars) Energy use data includes estimates of noncommercial energy use Grubler, A. “Energy Transitions” • Primary energy use increased more than 20 -fold in 200 years • Heterogeneity in per capita primary energy use: • • In industrialized countries population increased linearly while primary energy use increased exponentially until recently In developing countries energy use increased proportionally to population until recently • Primary Energy Mix ?

Primary Energy Mix 1850 -2010 Grubler, A. “Energy Transitions” IAASA – Global Energy Assessment 2012

Primary Energy Mix 1850 -2010 Grubler, A. “Energy Transitions” IAASA – Global Energy Assessment 2012 • Mostly biomass in 1850 • Increasing diversification of energy vectors

Primary Energy Mix 1850 -2010 Grubler, A. “Energy Transitions”

Primary Energy Mix 1800 -2040 • Energy Transition: The switch from an economic system dependent on one or a series of energy sources and technologies to another (Fouquet & Pearson, 2012)

Primary Energy Mix 1800 -2040 • Energy Transition: The switch from an economic system dependent on one or a series of energy sources and technologies to another (Fouquet & Pearson, 2012) Energy Transition biomass to coal

Primary Energy Mix 1800 -2040 • Energy Transition: The switch from an economic system dependent on one or a series of energy sources and technologies to another (Fouquet & Pearson, 2012) Energy Transition biomass to coal Energy Transition coal to oil

Primary Energy Mix 1800 -2040 • Energy Transition: The switch from an economic system dependent on one or a series of energy sources and technologies to another (Fouquet & Pearson, 2012) Energy Transition biomass to coal Energy Transition coal to oil Stabilization

Energy Eras and Transitions • Energy Transformations before industrial civilization:

Energy Eras and Transitions • Energy Transformations before industrial civilization: – Solar radiation – food & feed, light and heat – Animate labor from humans and work animals (levers, inclined planes, pulleys) – mechanical work & transport – Kinetic energies of water & wind – mechanical work & transport – Biomass fuels (wood, charcoal, crop residues, dung) – residential & industrial heat and light

Energy Eras and Transitions • Energy Transformations before industrial civilization: – Dominant in the western world until the 2 nd half of the 19 th century – Dominant for most of humankind until middlle of the 20 th century – Annual per capita primary energy consumption 20 GJ

Energy Eras and Transitions • Energy Transformations that came with industrial civilization: – Fossil fuels – heat & mechanical work & transport (steam engines, internal combustion engines and steam turbines)

Energy Transitions • An aggregated transition to other energy source(s) includes numerous services and sectors

Energy Transitions 16 th century (tall narrow chimneys and suitable grates ) 17 th century (coal gets even cheaper) • The switch from an economic system dependent on one or a series of energy sources and technologies to another (Fouquet & Pearson, 2012)

Energy Transitions 1709 (coke) 18 th century (efficiency improvments) • The switch from an economic system dependent on one or a series of energy sources and technologies to another (Fouquet & Pearson, 2012)

Energy Transitions 1804 (1 st steam locomotive) • The switch from an economic system dependent on one or a series of energy sources and technologies to another (Fouquet & Pearson, 2012)

Why do energy transitions occur? • Main Drivers/Catalyst for adoption of a new energy carrier: – – Price of energy Better/Different Service Technological change and innovation Efficiency improvments

Why do energy transitions occur? • Main Drivers/Catalyst for adoption of a new energy carrier: – – Price of energy Better/Different Service Technological change and innovation Efficiency improvments – Environmental Impacts?

Decarbonization of Energy Systems Decreasing trend in CO 2 emitted per GJ from 1850 to 2000 2010: 108 GJ/capita/year 7600 kg CO 2/capita/year

Decarbonization of Energy Systems Historically energy related biomass burning has not been carbon-neutral (maximum estimated value of 38%)

Decarbonization of Energy Systems Why a slight increasing trend in the last 10 years?

Power generation 1990 -2010 Share of no n-fossil electricity Share of electricity (%) Electricity generation (TWh) ed electricity bas Share of coal- Non-hydro renewables Hydro Nuclear • Despite an increasing contribution across two decades, the share of non-fossil generation has failed to keep pace with the growth in generation from fossil fuels. IEA - Energy Technology Perspectives 2012 © OECD/IEA 2012

Final Energy from 1900 -2000 World final energy use by consumers. Solids (such as coal and biomass, brown), Liquids (such as oil, red) and fuels delivered via dedicated Grids (such as natural gas and electricity, green). Grubler, A. “Energy Transitions”

Final Energy from 1900 -2000 World final energy use by consumers. Solids (such as coal and biomass, brown), Liquids (such as oil, red) and fuels delivered via dedicated Grids (such as natural gas and electricity, green). “With rising incomes, consumers pay increasing attention to convenience and cleanliness, favoring liquids and grid-delivered energy forms” Grubler, A. “Energy Transitions”

Final Energy from 1900 -2000 World final energy use by consumers. Solids (such as coal and biomass, brown), Liquids (such as oil, red) and fuels delivered via dedicated Grids (such as natural gas and electricity, green). Grubler, A. “Energy Transitions” Developing countries OECD (squares)

Final Energy from 1900 -2000 World final energy use by consumers. Solids (such as coal and biomass, brown), Liquids (such as oil, red) and fuels delivered via dedicated Grids (such as natural gas and electricity, green). Grubler, A. “Energy Transitions” Heterogeneity in final energy quality

Final Energy per capita in 2010 • Heterogeneity in Final Energy Use per capita: IAASA – Global Energy Assessment 2012

What is Final Energy used for? • UK 1800 -2000 IAASA – Global Energy Assessment 2012

What is Final Energy used for? • Regular expansion of energy services in 19 th – dominated by heat and transport • High volatility due to political and economic events IAASA – Global Energy Assessment 2012 • Moderated growth after 1950 – Decline in industrial energy services compensated by strong growth in transport • Saturated at a level of 6 EJ or 100 GJ/capita • What about energy services?

From Final Energy to Energy Services • UK 1800 -2000 IAASA – Global Energy Assessment 2012

From Final Energy to Energy Services • UK 1800 -2000 • Increasing efficiencies in converting final energy to energy services – Ranges between a factor of 5 for transportation and 600 for lighting IAASA – Global Energy Assessment 2012

From Final Energy to Energy Services • UK 1800 -2000 • Lower prices of energy services – Ranges between a factor of 10 for heating and 70 for lighting IAASA – Global Energy Assessment 2012

Energy Services 2005 • Energy services cannot be expressed in common units • Transport – 13 km/day/per capita – 1 ton 20 km/day/per capita • Industry – 9 ton/year/per capita (steel + fertilizers + construction materials + plastics … • Buldings – Heating/cooling to 20 m 2/per capita • Useful energy – minimizes distortions among different energy service categories, as it most closely measures the actual energy service provided.

World Sankey Diagram in 2005

Second law efficiencies • Second law efficiencies provide information on the destruction of exergy • What is exergy? Δz = 0 m Δz = 120 m Power = 0 W Power = 150 k. W

Energy vs. Exergy 160ºC 25ºC Energy = 105 MJ Potential Work = 34 MJ Potential Work = 1. 8 MJ Exergy = 34 MJ Exergy = 1. 8 MJ environment 20ºC