Emerging Zoonoses in West Africa Zékiba Tarnagda 1

Emerging Zoonoses in West Africa Zékiba Tarnagda 1 Dieudonné Tialla 1 and Séni Kouanda 2 1 Unité des Maladies à potentiel épidémique, maladies émergentes et zoonoses (UMEMEZ), Laboratoire National de Référence-Grippes, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso 2 Unité du VIH/sida et maladies associées, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso 3 rd SYMPOSIUM 2016 Africa’s preparedness for emerging viral infections: lessons from HIV/AIDS and EBOLA and outlook for ZIKA & LASSA

Emerging Zoonoses in West Africa Zoonosis definition: Any disease or infection that is naturally transmissible from vertebrate animals to humans and vice-versa is classified as a zoonosis according to WHO definition. Zoonoses have been recognized for many centuries, and over 200 have been described. They are caused by all types of pathogenic agents, including bacteria, parasites, fungi, viruses and unconventional pathogens.

Emerging Zoonoses wideworld Ebola and CCHF Influenza H 5 N 1 Hantavirus Lassa fever Monkeypox Nipah Hendra v. CJD Rift Valley Fever SARS-Co. V VEE Yellow fever West Nile Brucellosis Cryptospporidiosis E Coli O 157 Leptospirossis Multidrug resistant Salmonella Lyme Borreliosis Plague 3 rd Symposium 2016, Africa preparedness for merging viral infections: lessons from HIV/AIDS and EBOLA and outlook for ZIKA & LASSA Courtesy of Dr Angela Merianos CDS/CSR/ARO, WHO Geneva

4èmes journées vétérinaires, Ouagadougou, le 22 septembre 2005

INTRODUCTION § § It has been estimated that nearly 2/3 (61%) of all human infectious diseases and 75% of all emerging diseases are of animal origin. The WHO is engaging in an ever-increasing number of cross sectoral activities to address health threats at the human-animalecosystem interface.

INTRODUCTION § § These threats include existing and emerging zoonoses as well as antimicrobial resistance, food-borne zoonoses, and other threats to food safety. In developing countries, urbanization and the production of food within and around cities is increasing dramatically.

INTRODUCTION § § West Africa, with an urban growth rate of 6. 3% per annum is no exception. In this region subsistence, small-holder and commercial scale production systems all play a role in satisfying the growing urban food demand.

INTRODUCTION § While these urban production systems have the potential to improve both household food security and welfare, they also pose risks to both humans and animals in the form of zoonotic infections and environmental contamination.

INTRODUCTION § However, the deficiency in baseline epidemiological data on the occurrence of zoonotic diseases in humans and animals in West Africa poses a challenge in identifying zoonotic infections of primary importance.

STUDIES AND RESULTS What is about identified zoonotic diseases in West for the two last decades?

STUDIES AND RESULTS shigellosis in Côte d’Ivoire and Burkina Faso in 1999: after Tabou’s ethnic conflict, more than twenty thousands cases of shigellosis due to Shigella dysenteriea type 1 were detected in the Region of Gaoua, Burkina Faso (Tarnagda et al. , 2001)

STUDIES AND RESULTS High pathogenic avian influenza in five countries (Nigeria, Burkina Faso, Niger, Burkina Faso and Côte d’Ivoire) in 2006: One human case in Nigeria These HPAI (H 5 N 1) outbreaks occurred in all these countries with great economic losses (Ducatez et al. , 2007)

STUDIES AND RESULTS

STUDIES AND RESULTS Poultry Killing in Burkina Faso in 2006 (Outbreak)

STUDIES AND RESULTS n n collected paired tracheal and cloacal swabs from wild birds including vultures, RT-PCR was positive for HPAI (H 5 N 1) We know hooded vultures can flight more than hundreds and hundreds Km per day and that is an excellent way to spread the disease throught the continent.

STUDIES AND RESULTS nontuberculous tuberculosis, brucellosis and Buruli Ulcer in the North 0 f Ghana and the South of Burkina Faso (2012 -2015).

STUDIES AND RESULTS Bovine tuberculosis in Burkina Faso (Tarnagda et al. , 2014; Sanou et al. , 2014)

STUDIES AND RESULTS brucellosis in Senegal in 2012 (Tialla et al. , 2014). The frequency of risk behaviors toward this zoonosis was determined using two epidemiological surveys that inventoried the known risk factors of brucellosis transmission between animals and humans.

STUDIES AND RESULTS n These results show that brucellosis is present in dairy cattle farms in suburban Dakar. Since the milk produced in these farms is used to supply the city of Dakar, measures must be developed to promote brucellosis prevention methods aimed at Dakar’s population.

STUDIES AND RESULTS n n Q fever in Mali in 2009 (Sidibe et al. , 2013) Bacterial disease due to Coxiella burnetii. 2006 -2009, sera tested by indirect ELISA showed a prevalence of 35% of Q Fever in ovine species. In Mali, losses in the reproduction are the main constraints of improvement of small ruminant’s productivity.

STUDIES AND RESULTS n n These losses the causes of which are still under investigated include infertility, abortions, orchitis and weakness. The transmission to human can occur by contact or by respiratory route

STUDIES AND RESULTS n n n Toxoplasmosis in Burkina Faso In total three hundred and fifteen (315) bovine sera were analyzed. The overall seroprevalence materialized by the presence of Ig. G anti - T. gondii was 14. 3% (45/315, IC 95%: 10. 7% -18. 5%).

STUDIES AND RESULTS n Our findings suggest that T. gondii flows in bovine livestock in Bobo-Dioulasso (Bamba et al. , 2014). Monitoring strategies should be developed by the animal health authorities in order to minimize financial losses ensuing and which can be potentially serious for agropastoral countries such as Burkina Faso.

STUDIES AND RESULTS n Ebola virus disease in Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone (2014 -2016).

STUDIES AND RESULTS

West Nile Virus • First isolation in Ouganda, 1937 • First outbreak in Israel. • One of Flavivirus often detected in the environnement of Africa, Asia, Europe. Not data in West Africa Courtesy of J. P. Vaillancourt

Transmission Cycle of West Nile Virus vectors Secondary Hosts D. Furry, 2003.

West-Nile Virus in human: “Iceberg” 1 neurologic case = ~150 infections <1% meningoencéphalitis ~20% “West-Nile Fever” ~80% Asymptomatic cases Courtesy of J. P. Vaillancourt ~10% fatal (<0. 1% of infections)

Rift Valley Fever endemic at risk Lack of data in West Africa

USUTU VIRUS(USUV) • Usutu a name of a river in Swaziland • flavivirus looklike West Nile Virus • Isolated from mosquitos in Africa • Transmissible to birds and humans. • Lack of data in West Africa

Usutu Virus in Africa

4èmes journées vétérinaires, Ouagadougou, le 22 septembre 2005

Confirmed Cases of BSE per month and year in UK Cas ESB/mois Cas de v. MCJ au RU : 156 (+ 14 en France, 3 en Irlande, 1 en Italie, 1 à USA, 1 en Arabie Saoudite, 1 au Canada, 1 au Japon, 1 aux Pays-Bas, 1 Portugal) 3500 Augmentation de la subvention de 50 à 100% Total : 179 (13 juin 2005) Interdiction Des FVO 28 1ère confirmation histologique 18 15 10 10 20 3 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 5 ans 4èmes 1992 1993 1994 1995 17 6* 2 18 9 1996 1997 Années 1998 1999 2000 journées vétérinaires, Ouagadougou, le 22 septembre 2005 2001 2002 2003 2004

BSE in Europe 1990 Pas d’ESB rapportée 1986 1989 1990 1991 1994 1997 2000 2001 2002 Premiers cas chez les animaux autochtones + 1998 - Liechtenstein 2001 - Japon 20 2002 - Israel 1 2003 – Canada 4 - USA 1 Courtesy of Ray Bradley Private BSE Consultant November 2003, actualisation 31 december 2003

Conclusion Going through all these occurred zoonotic diseases and not yet investigated zoonoses, it is mandatory to highlight the importance of their economical and sanitary burden to convince health authorities to promote their diagnostic, control and prophylaxis in the concept of “One Health “

Acknowldgement § § § To SAA for inviting me to attend this great and important Symposium To all partners for all supports To Ghana people for the warm hospitality

Thank You