Emerging Infections-A Presentation to SOPHE Conference April 30

Emerging Infections-A Presentation to SOPHE Conference –April 30, 2008 Importation of Exotic Infections by Humans-Hits and Misses William L. Mason, MD Branch Chief Preparedness and Emergency Response Arkansas Department of Health

Who is that uses effective communication skills? They have no ability to form an image. All they can do is tell night from day. Their lives are associated with smells and vibrations and they move among each other with pheromones. Through very simple communication signals, they can organize vast groups from which emerge simple but very clear behavioral patterns directed toward accomplishing complicated tasks. They are fascinating for scientists for understanding how they communicate can potentially lead to the organization of computers and perhaps to understanding of some basic aspects of human behavior.

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More New Threats USA Appearance in early 1980 s of AIDS Reemergence of tuberculosis- Multidrug -resistant strains West Nile Virus 1999 SARS 2003 Monkeypox 2003

Factors in Emergence of Exotic Diseases Global travel, Globalization- food supply Population growth-The Major Problem Overuse of antimicrobial agents & pesticides Increased human contact in rain forests and wilderness areas- unknown infectious agents Global climate changes

Speed of Global Travel in Relation to World Population Growth

The Emergence of Nipah Virus in Malaysia 1999 Example

Reservoir Flying foxes and fruit bats Carry the virus Are not affected Virus found in • Urine • Partially eaten fruit Migratory Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2003

Hog confinement barns affected during the Malaysia Nipah virus outbreak. Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2003

Human Incursion into Fruit Bat Habitats Reservoir fruit bats live in caves in the background and feed on the fruit trees in close proximity to hog confinement barns. Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2003

Cluster 1 Clusters 2 & 3

History 1937 -Uganda 1950 - Egypt 1957 -Israel 1999 -Russia 1999 -United States

West Nile Virus

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2005

Human Monkeypox A New Disease Emerges in the US

Human Monkeypox(Congo) CDC

Monkey Pox from Prairie Dogs -5/27/03 Marshfield Clinic

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome(SARS) May 2003

The Culprits-Humans Again Raccoon Dog Masked Palm Civet 24

The Agent - Origin Coronavirus isolated civets & a raccoon dog in market in Shepzhen, Guangdong Province. The Meat of these animals is considered a delicacy. 5/10 civet handlers seropositive 66/508 civet handlers in Guangdong seropositive Nature 2003; 423: 467. 25

Keith Sowrheaver, of Gillett, Ark. , in a homemade raccoon hat, chows down on barbequed raccoon during the Gillett Coon Supper on Friday. MIKE WINTROATH / AP

Anthrax

Anthrax Letters The letter addressed to Senator Leahy was postmarked from Trenton, New Jersey, on October 9, 2001

12 July, 2002 Science/Nature First synthetic virus created Researchers at University of New York, Stony Brook, built the infectious agent from scratch using the genome sequence for polio Virus identical to its natural counterpart When injected into mice, the animals were paralyzed and then died "A good bioterrorist could have put these steps together, ” Dr. Eckard Wimmer

Flu Pandemics: A Comparison YEAR 1918 World Population 1. 8 Billion 2009 6. 5 Billion Primary Mode of Transportation Troopships, Railroad Jet Aircraft, automobile Time for Virus to Circle the Globe 4 months 4 days Estimated Dead Worldwide 20+Million 60 Million?

Timeline for Pandemic Flu 42 yr 1847 1850 39 yr 1889 1918 1900 29 yr 1957 1968 1950 11 yr ? 2008 40 Years Since Last Pandemic

Intergalactic Ban on Importation of Homo sapiens(humans) “Because this species carries diseases which pose a direct threat to the health of our citizens, It is an Intergalactic Offense to import the above species to any signatory planet. ” W. L. Mason Galactic Zoo. h 4. Galactic Quarantine