Electrónica de Potencia y Eficiencia Energética Rama Estudiantil

Electrónica de Potencia y Eficiencia Energética Rama Estudiantil, Rosario - 2009 Saludos desde Campina Grande!! Edison Roberto Cabral da Silva 1/63

Electrónica de Potencia y Eficiencia Energética Resúmen Ø Introducción Ø Energia en el mondo Ø Electrónica de potencia y energia Ø Electrónica de potencia y economia de energia Ø Conclusiones 2/63

Energy: earthlights from space 3/63

Net Electrical Energy in the world Adapted from data of the US Department of Energy 4/63

Net Electrical Energy in the world 5/63

Renewable Energy Sources Available renewable energy. The volume of the cubes represent the amount of available hydro, thermal, wind and solar energy. The small red cube shows the proportional global energy consumption. Values are in TW =1012 Watt. The amount of available renewable energy dwarfs the global consumption. 6/63 Source: Wilkipedia

Use of energy Transmission Hydro AC AC AC 120 – 765 k. V 7/63

Use of Energy Distribution Computers 400 V Industry Motor drive 3 – 34 k. V Motor drive Fans, etc 8/63

Problems with Conventional Utility Breakdowns/ Strikes Maintenance Downtime Fuel Problems Power Plant (~1000 MW) Transmission Line (~100 mi) Forest Fires/ Salt Spray Wind/ Lightning/ Ice Balloons/Hunters Birds/Animals Distribution Line (~10 mi) Wind/ Lightning/ Ice Equipment Failures Collisions Trees/ Birds/ Animals Secondary Line (~100’) Distribution Substation Distribution Transformer Customers Dig-ins Trees Animals 9/63 With permission of Ram Adapa

Conventional distribution can lead to this!!!! 10/63

How to avoid that? • Power quality • Distributed generation • Energy efficiency 11/63

Power Quality Disturbances Effects of grid and load on PCC • The ideal case: pure sinusoidal waveform with constant magnitude • PQ disturbances cause distortion on this waveform or its RMS values • The characteristics of the distortion determine the disturbance type 12/63

Power Quality Disturbances - Short-duration variations (sags, swells and interruptions): - Voltage imbalance - Voltage fluctuations (flicker): Sag: Swell: RMS plot Magnitude - Transients: M Interruption: D a) impulsive transients b) oscillatory transients 13/63 With permission of Wilsun Sun

Power Quality Disturbances Use of usual rectifier topologies Voltage notches Displacement angle Bose 14/63

Improving Power Quality 15/63

What is FACTS? • FACTS = acronym for Flexible Alternating Current Systems • the FACTS concept is based on the incorporation of power electronic devices and methods into the high-voltage side of the network, to make it electronically controllable • FACTS uses advances taking place in the area of highvoltage and high-current power electronics, aiming at increasing the control of power flows in the high-voltage side of the network during both steady-state and transient conditions 16/63

High Voltage AC Transmission FACTS - principles 17/63 With permission of Ram Adapa

Voltage Source Converter: “A Building Block for New Transmission” Gate Turn Off: GTO, IGCT, IGBT 18/63

FACTS Equipment Transmission Applications of VSC 19/63 With permission of Ram Adapa

AC/AC three-phase converters The VSC at the sending end performs the role of rectifier and the VSC at the receiving end performs the role of inverter 20/63

FACTS Equipment Based on VSCs bus m bus k Vk Vm Shunt Iv. R Serie Ec. I s + VDC - Ev. R ma ma VUnified control Vc. R v. R system bus k UPFC bus m Ev. R Vk Ic. I ma Iv. R Vv. R Ev. I + VDC - v. R ma Vv. I With permission of Enrique Acha Iv. I Back-to-back HVDC-VSC Vm v. I 21/63

FACTS Equipment Transmission Applications of VSC 22/63 With permission of Ram Adapa

Equipmento FACTS: STATCOM • Example: 320 MVA 138 k. V UPFC (GTO Based) Source: Toshiba Electric With permission of Ram Adapa 23/63

What is Custom Power Technology? Custom Power Technology is a new class of utility-side power quality disturbance management solutions: • Power electronics based. • Enable utilities to provide sensitive customers enhanced quality of power supply. 24/63

Custom power technology Power factor control (AC/DC) 25/63 Bose

Single-phase Power Factor Control Experimental results: input current (larger: 1 A/div) and mains voltage (smaller: 50 V/div). Hor. : 10 ms/div. 26/63

Active Power Filters (APF) Topologies • Shunt configuration • Series configuration The Unified Power Quality Conditioner 27/63

Combined Transmission DC Hydro AC AC AC 120 – 765 k. V 28/63

HVDC Transmission HVDC de 3000 MW Equivalent AC system HVDC can transfer more power than an AC system !! 29/63

Distributed generation Wind turbine Transmission DC Hydro AC AC AC 120 – 765 k. V 30/63

A Power System of Future? Distributed Generation 31/63

How important is power electronics? CV CV HVAC transmission Equipament: FACTS Adapted from slide of Keyue Smedley LV Distribution Equipament: CPE (active filter, PF controllers, etc) 32/63

UAU, LA ELETRóNICA DE POTÊNCIA ESTÁ EN TODAS LAS PARTES!!! NO HAS VISTO A NADIE, TODAVIA!!! 33/63

A Power System of the Future? 34/63

Zero Energy Home 35/63

Zero Energy Home http: //www. energy. gov/energytips. htm 36/63

Zero Energy Home 37/63

Power electronics and energy saving Hybrid vehicle Economy from 20 to 50% of liquid fuel (diesel, gasolina, ethanol, etc) and emission between 40 and 90% -depending on the gas – of less poluents into the atmosphere. 38/63

Photovoltic Energy Scenario • SAFE, RELIABLE, AND ENVIRONMENTALLY CLEAN • NO NEED OF REPAIR OR MAINTAINANCE BUT • PV PANELS ARE EXPENSIVE • POWER CONVERSION EFFICIENCY: 16% • BACK-UP POWER REQUIREMENT APPLICATIONS: SPACE POWER ROOF TOP INSTALLATIONS OFF-GRID REMOTE APPLICATIONS Bose 39/63

Auburn University solar house 40/63

Modular photovoltaic array #1 41/63

Googleplex solar system Courtesy: Google 42/63

Solúcar solar thermal plant Source: Solúcar Energia 43/63

Solúcar solar tower Source: Solúcar Energia 44/63

Wind Energy Scenario IS THE MOST ECONOMICAL, ENVIRONMENTALLY CLEAN AND SAFE “GREEN” POWER • AVAILABILITY OF 370 TW – TAPPING ONLY 5% CAN SUPPLY ELECTRICITY NEED OF THE WHOLE WORLD • COMPETETIVE COST WITH FOSSIL FUEL POWER • KEY ENERGY SOURCE FOR FUTURE HYDROGEN ECONOMY Bose 45/63

Doubly-fed induction turbine 46/63

A Power System of the Future? 47/63

Fuel Cell Power Scenario • HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN COMBINE TO PRODUCE ELECTRICITY AND WATER • SAFE, STATIC, HIGH EFFICIENCY AND ENVIRONMENTALLY CLEAN • GENERATE HYDROGEN BY ELECTROLYSIS OR BY REFORMER (FROM GASOLINE, METHANOL) BUT • BULKY AND VERY EXPENSIVE AT PRESENT STATE OF TECHNOLOGY • SLOW RESPONSE AND NEED OF SAFETY ACTION • POSSIBLE APPLICATIONS: FUEL CELL CAR, PORTABLE POWER, BUILDING COGENERATION, DISTRIBUTED POWER FOR UTILITY, UPS SYSTEM • SIGNIFICANT FUTURE PROMISE Single cell: 0. 6 V (dc), 0. 7 A/cm 2 5 -10 k. W for residences Multiple cells for higher power Connect in series: VS = n. VFC, in parallel: IS = n. IFC Bose 48/63

A Power System of the Future? 49/63

Linear generator in buoy Source: Oregon State Univ. 50/63

Archimedes Waveswing Source: AWS Ocean Energy 51/63

Power electronics and energy saving Can we still improve our life confort ? 52/63

Power electronics and energy saving Bose 53/63

AC/AC Indirect System - Drive systems 54/63

AC/AC three-phase converters bus k VAC, R Vk C I Ma, R Vv. R load Vv. I The VSC at the sending end performs the role of rectifier and the VSC at the receiving end performs the role of inverter 55/63

Power electronics and energy saving - IMPROVEMENT OF DEVICE QUALITY ADEQUATE CHOICE OF THE CONVERTER REDUCTION OF THD WITHOUT FREQUENCY INCREASE REDUCTION OF THD WITH FREQUENCY INCREASE ADDITIONAL ACTIONS 56/63

REDUCTION OF THD WITHOUT FREQUENCY INCREASE Improved waveforms; Reduced THD; Good response speed; and Good control speed. Multi-level inverters THD reduction Losses increase Size increase EMI decrease Power increase 57/63

Multi-level inverters Clamping diodes -NPC Cascade with separate DC sources Floating capacitors 58/63

Multi-level inverters Gilberto da Cunha & Paulo José Torri. In COBEP 07 p. 532 59/63

REDUCTION OF THD WITH FREQUENCY INCREASE Improved waveforms; High reliability; High response speed; and High control speed. Higher switching frequency Size reduction Losses increase EMI increase 60/63

DC/AC Converter (Inverter) Three-phase inverters Ma, I Vv. I 61/63

HARD AND SOFT SWITCHING OF POWER SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES Improved waveforms; High reliability; High response speed; and High control speed. THEN Higher switching frequency Size reduction Losses increase EMI increase Soft switching Reduced switch count Clamping techniques 62/63

Power electronics and energy saving Soft switching Reduces switching losses Softens EMI problem Reduces snubber size or energy recovery Reduces dv/dt effect on machine insulation Eliminates machine bearing current Minimizes accoustic noise Eliminates machine terminal overvoltage with long cable 63/63

HARD AND SOFT SWITCHING OF POWER SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES Bose 64/63

Examples of quasi-square-wave voltage inverters 65/63

Total losses: E = 500 V, T = 25 C, Rg=1. 8 , fs= 50 k. Hz, pf =1. 66/63

Reduced count 67/63

REDUCED COUNT Reduced switch count - Less switches; - Cheaper 3 Level Inverter - NPC Total losses (k. W) 1 Phase in 3 Level Inverter – NRC f. S = 10 k. Hz fm = 50 Hz E = 500 V m = 0, 9 = 0, 5 68/63

Clamping technique 69/63

3 -level inverter (experimental results): clamping with the current peak 70/63

Integration 71/63

INTEGRATION 72/63

INTEGRATION Device Integration MOSFET NPC IGCT PEBB 73/63

INTEGRATION • Three-leg inverter represents the most common commercial inverter manufactured • In many applications there is a need of supplying two motors Three-Phase Induction Machine Standard Three-Leg Inverter Single-Phase Induction Machine Integration of the motor and of its frequency converter Monolithic System 74/63

Motor Drive Systems Standard Three-Leg Inverter Configuration A Independent Control Three-Phase Induction Motor Configuration B Single-Phase Induction Motor 75/63

Current in the Switches The legs of the proposed configurations need be redesign, due to the presence of the single-phase motor current (extra current - il). Configuration A Three legs need to be redesigned for larger currents Configuration B Just two legs need to be redesigned for larger currents 76/63

Experimental Results In spite of the three-phase machine currents present distortions, as expected, the dq currents are balanced. Independent control 77/63

INTEGRATION Integration of converters 78/63

HARD AND SOFT SWITCHING OF POWER SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES Soft switching - Additional components - Additional control complexity - Additional losses - Additional volume THEN Integration Reduced switch count - Additional control complexity - Less switches; - SS benefits. 79/63

INTEGRATION IGBT IGCT: electro-mechanical Integration 80/63

INTEGRATION Integration converter/load With permission of Hector Zalaya Bose 81/63

ADDITIONAL ACTIONS Storage, Fight against waste mentality, Government planning New concepts, Green teaching Bose 82/63

NEW CONCEPTS - HVDC-Light system RDC bus k bus m VAC, R Vk C I C Ma, I Ma, R Vv. I Vm v. I The VSC at the sending end performs the role of rectifier and the VSC at the receiving end performs the role of inverter - DC ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS IN BUILDINGS 83/63

GREEN TEACHING POWER QUALITY - FACTS - CUSTOM POWER EQUIPMENT RENEWABLE ENERGY (PV, WIND, FUEL CELLS) - CONVERTER TECHNOLOGIES FOR PV, WIND AND FUEL CELLS - COMPLIANCE WITH POWER QUALITY DISTRIBUTED GENERATION ENERGY EFFICIENCY TECHNIQUES 84/63

SLEEPING? 85/63

WAKE UP! CHANGE YOUR MIND! 86/63

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PERO CAMBIA COMPLETAMENTE, NO SOLAMENTE UNA PARTE DE USTED. . . 88/63

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LA GINÁSTICA TERMINÓ: PREGUNTAS? 90/63