Elections
Political Institutions • Comitium (‘people’s assembly’) • Ordo Decurionum (legislative body) • Magistracy ( 2 senior and 2 junior officials)
Elections • Annual election- 2 duumvirs and 2 aediles • Could be elected more than once (Marcus Holconius Rufus=5 x) • March • Toga candida • Term begins 1 July
Restrictions • • Male, freeborn citizen of good character Property requirement Over 25 Duumvir has to have been aedile already
Money • 100, 000 seterces (ordo) • Money to buy votes • Money to pay for games and buildings.
Expenditures • Inscription in black and red paint 55/56 CE or later, House of Trebius Valens( III, ii, 1) (CIL IV 7991) • 20 pairs of gladiators of Gnaeus Alleius Nigidius Maius, quinqennial, and their substitutes will fight without any public expense at Pompeii
Location designations
Electoral Districts • • Forenses ( Southwest, Forum area) Campanienses (Nola) Salienienses (Herculaneum) Urbulanenses(Sarno) • Single group choice- winner Gets majority of groups 7, 500 out of 24, 000 eligible to vote
Voting • In Forum ( ? ) • Tesserula • Tabella • Arca/cista
Electoral Inscriptions ( Programmata) • • Name and office Abbreviations– v. b= virum bonum D(ignum) R(ei)P(ublicae) O (ro) V(os) F(aciatis) • CN HELVIUM SABINUM AED VB DRP OVF
Names of @ 131 candidates most (90%) after 62 CE @ 2800 inscriptions found Chronology determined by J. Franklin 1980
Professional sign painters • Aemelius Celer ( signed) • Worked by night in teams (evidence from programmata) “ Neighbors, I beg you to elect Lucius Statius Receptus duumvir with judicial power, a worthy man. Aemilius Celer wrote this a neighbor. You jealous one who destroys this may you fall ill”. CIL IV 775(IX. vii. 8)=ILS 6409
Variations His neighbors ask for Cn. Helvius Sabinus, an honest man, as aedile (CIL i. V 7928 ( IX. xiii. 1) Dormis ( you sleep/do you sleep? ) Wake up (? ) and vote for Helvius Sabinus for aedile (CIL IV 2993 t)
Occupational Endorsements • Bread-bakers, carpenters, dyers, fruit sellers, fullers, goldsmiths, grape-pickers, muledrivers, ointment sellers….
Occupational Endorsements • The millers ask for and desire Gn. Helvius Sabinus as aedile, together with his neighbors (CIL IV 7747 ( III. vi. 1) • Hermes with the chicken-keepers asks for Cn. Helvius as aedile (CIL IV 241(VI. xii. 7)
Women’s role (more than 50 endorsements) • Iunia asks for you to elect Cn. Helvius Sabinus aedile (CIL IV 1168) • Claudius’ little girl-friend is working for his election as duovir • Vote for Lucius Popidius Sabinus: his grandmother worked hard for his last election and is pleased with the results.
Negative campaigning? All those asleep and Macerius ask for Vatia as aedile (CIL IV 575)=ILS 641 e The little thieves ask for Vatia as aedile (CIL IV 576= ILS The late drinkers all ask you to elect Marcus Cerrinius Vatia aedile. Florus and Fructus wrote this. (CIL IV 581=ILS 641 d)
Candidates • 79 CE -Duumvirs (not many candidateshad to be aedile first) • Gaius Gavius Rufus • Marcus Holconius Priscus All the fruit sellers with Helvius Vestalis call for Marcus Holconius Priscus as duumvir for lawsuits
Candidates • 79 CE—Aediles ( competitive office) • Gaius Cuspius Pansa • Lucius Popidius Secundus • Marcus Sabellius Modestus • Gnaeus Helvius Sabinus
Patronage: Prominent families Popidiae and the Poppaeae • House of the Citharist House of Menander
Gnaeus Helvius Sabinus • The Poppaei ask for Helvius Sabinus to be elected aedile (CIL IV 357) (IX. v. 11, Street of Nola) • The Popidii ask for Helvius Sabinus as aedile (CIL IV 705) • Temple of Isis rebuilt by freedman of Popidii
Rome vs. Pompeii ( 40’s BCE) • On another occasion, Cicero openly mocked Julius Caesar’s willingness to appoint people to the Senate. For when he was asked by his host Publius Mallius to hasten his stepson’s entry to the ordo, he replied in front of a great many people, ‘ he shall have it at Rome, if you wish; at Pompeii it is difficult’. (Macrobius, Saturnalia, 2. 3. 11)
District Officials • Within the walls districts ( vici) had officials in charge of cult of Lares ( 2 magistri) • Area outside of walls divided into districts with local administrators who could be freedmen. (magistri) • Slave attendants (ministri) Fortunate Augustan Suburban Country District
Country Districts • Inhabitants= pagani • Formal system for meeting and passing decrees ( inscriptions from honorary statues) • To Marcus Holconius, son of Marcus, duumvir with judicial power, quinqennial, priest of Augustus; the inhabitants of a country district set this up(CIL X 944)
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