Eisenhower and the 1950 s Mc Elhaney APUSH

Eisenhower and the 1950’s Mc. Elhaney APUSH

n n n The 1950 s A. Emergence of the modern civil rights movement B. The affluent society and “the other America” C. Consensus and conformity: suburbia and middle class America D. Social critics, nonconformists, and cultural rebels E. Impact of changes in science, technology, and medicine Eisenhower and Modern Republicanism Domestic frustrations; Mc. Carthyism n Civil rights movement n n John Foster Dulles' foreign policy n n n Crisis in Southeast Asia Massive retaliation Nationalism in Southeast Asia, the Middle East, Latin America Khrushchev and Berlin American people: homogenized society n n The Warren Court and Brown v. Board of Education Montgomery bus boycott Greensboro sit-in Prosperity: economic consolidation Consumer culture Consensus of values Space race

Trends in the 1950’s Domestic Developments n n n Republican Take the presidency Mc. Carthyism continues then dies American Economy develops Baby Boom- more kids are born than ever before Housing boom-suburbs and Levvit begin a new form of urban development n n n Commercialism/Materialism”buy, buy…” Popular culture-Rock and roll Civil Rights Movement Desegregation of Schools. Central High, Little Rock Martin Luther King comes on the scene with Montgomery Bus Boycott Cold War Develops Korean War/Peace Arms Race/Arms Build up (H-Bomb) Problems with Vietnam develop (Domino Theory) Cold War Moves to the Middle East. Egypt and Iran Central America- Guatemala CIA grows as a Cold War institution

Affluent Society n n n n The 1950’s can be seen as a time of prosperity and grow for many Americans 52 million jobs-return of defense spending New appliances Home buying/building explodes with easy credit Social Security covered more Americans Stock Market grew and attracted middle class investors Television/Advertising/Consumerism Family incomes rise 30% and GNP 37% increase 3/4 ths of Americans own automobiles- 1 in 6 own two Unemployment 4% Sports/Education/Magazines/Leisure activities explode Labor gains benefits and protections Women encouraged to be house wives and mothers

Origins of Korean War 1945 August the Soviet Union declared war on Japan n When Japan surrendered Soviets controlled North part of Korea- installed Communist government- Kim Ill Sung n US forces controlled Southern part of Korea n Installed pro-US government- corrupt- Syngman Rhee n

Korea Kim Ill Sung- wanted to unite the peninsula and Soviets supported the attack but would not send troops to help. North Koreans Invade June 1950 South Korean forces are overwhelmed US sends troops and equipment Truman authorizes Mac. Arthur to fight in Korea United Nations votes to support assistance to Korean Aggression (Soviets were boycotting proceedings)

Korea • Mac. Arthur lands at Inchon and saves the South Korean Army • US forces push north to the Border of China, Yalu River • Chinese do not want to see North Koreans conquered • Send 200, 000 troops and push Americans back to the 38 th parallel and stalemate occurs • Mac. Arthur wants to bomb China with nuclear weapons and widen the war and Truman said no and Mac. Arthur is fired.

Korea n n Stalemate continues until Eisenhower is elected and threatens China with nuclear weapons. Armistice is agreed to: July 1953 1 million Americans served in Korea, 34, 000 US casualties Good example of the Truman Doctrine and Containment Policy

Eisenhower and Modern Republicans n n Landslide Election Ike vs. Stevenson n n Popular War Hero

IKE vs. Stevenson n n From Midwest “The Man from Abilene” Vowed to go to Korea to end the war Promised to keep essential elements of New Deal 1952 Republicans Won both houses of congress n n n Ike won 1952 and 1956 Landslides Against the same candidate

Ike and the Republicans “Middle Way” n n n Balanced Budget Keep some of the New Deal programs End war in Korea No deficit spending Wanted to reduce the size of the federal government n n n Limit federal power Return power to the states Balance the Budget Reduce defense expenditures Reduce agriculture subsidies Opened wild life preserve to oil and gas leasing

The Rosenbergs n n n HUAC followed up on a spy captured by the British Claus Fuchs (worked on the Manhattan project and was giving information to Soviets) Fuchs gave information regarding Ethel and Julius Rosenberg They were convicted of Treason and executed in 1953

Mc. Carthyism 1954 Mc. Carthy continued his abuse and reckless attacks until he goes against the Army n He pushed too far and lost favor with the American public n Because of the spectacle and atrocious behavior the Senate condemned his actions and he will later die in disgrace. n

IKE and Civil Rights n n Ike was not a great supporter of Civil Rights Believed that law could not change people’s minds about race. Blacks continue to move North and West (2 million) By 1950’s; 40% of Blacks live outside of the South n Life in the North n n n n Crowded in cities “Ghettos” Whites moved to the suburbs Discrimination in lending and housing practices limited opportunities Federally organized housing projects begin for the poor “The Projects” Skilled labor unions discriminated Some progress is made in the United Auto Workers Union

Civil Rights Progress in Eisenhower Administration Conditions were ready for change n Returning veterans n Black Urban Middle Class grows n Educated black leaders n Support the beginning of change n

Desegregation of the Schools n n n n Brown v. Board of Education (1954) (web site) Civil Rights attorneys wanted to end segregation in the schools Supreme Court ruled in 1896= Plessy v. Fergesun that segregation was constitutional if equal (Brown Case overturns Plessy) Schools were clearly unequal (money per pupil and conditions) Thurgood Marshall- the lead attorney attacked the concept of “Separate but equal” Worked for NAACP- National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (created by W. E. B. Dubois 1909) Case was Brown v. Board of Education Topeka, Kansas Marshall argued “Segregation saddled blacks with permanent sense of inferiority. ” Caused ambition and self esteem to drop

Marshall Thurgood Marshall n Will later be appointed n First African American to n Supreme Court n 1967 President Johnson nominated Marshall for Supreme Court Justice

Warren Court n n Earl Warren- moderate Republican Supreme Court Chief Justice Appointed by Eisenhower (Eisenhower later regrets this appointment) “We conclude that in the field of public education, the doctrine of “Separate but equal has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal. ” Ordered the states to create public school systems free of racial discrimination with “All deliberate speed. ”

Central High, Little Rock Arkansas n n n Court order in Little Rock Central High must be integrated Governor Orval Faubus-tried to prevent- citing public safety Angry white mobs try to prevent integration- some of the worst racial hatred displayed Eisenhower dispatches 101 st Air Born to protect African American students

1955 Montgomery Bus Boycott Alabama n n n Everything was segregated in Alabama including buses Rosa Parks, a trained member of the NAACP, was on a bus and refused to move back and give up her seat to a white man. Action caused her arrest and a spontaneous boycott movement of the bus company Martin Luther King Jr. was a prominent leader in the Montgomery community, and takes the lead in the city bus boycott. Protested inequality of treatment and injustice with Non-Violent Resistance and Civil Disobedience SCLC

MLK and Boycott n n n Boycott lasts 13 months 1956 Supreme court ruled that segregation of busses was unconstitutional under the 14 th Amendment (Civil Rights) Through the boycott: MLK was Arrested, his house was bombed The leading African American Civil Rights group emerges: Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) MLK president 1957

Images of Montgomery

1960 Greensboro, North Carolina n n Students in North Carolina Stage a massive Sit in- at Woolworth Department store lunch counter in a effort to integrate this private establishment Student activists create Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) Similar protests developed throughout the south.

Civil Rights Bill 1957 n Congress Passed 1 st Civil Rights Bill since reconstruction n Created Civil Rights Commission and Civil and Rights Division of Justice Department n Focus was voting rights n

People Left Out of Affluence and Prosperity n n n Mexican Americans Hispanic population grows Puerto Ricans-move to NYC n n 1 million by 1960 Bracero Program temporary workers from Mexico Illegal immigration grows 1950 5 million immigrants deported to Mexico n n n Native Americans 1960 ½ million people still lived on reservations Arizona and New Mexico now allowed Indians to vote Eisenhower supported a movement to terminate the reservations and relocate Indians to urban areas Many Indians didn’t want the move The program was terminated in 1958

IKE’s Sec. of State John Foster Dulles § Strong, § Wilsonian- moral leadership, anti-communist § Created the idea of Massive Retaliation§ Using Nuclear weapons instead of conventional forces to counter Communist threats throughout the world § Supported the Arms Race- build up of Atomic weapons and the missile program to deliver weapons § All used as a Deterrence to soviet Aggression and surprise attack (Idea was to deter any attack against the US)

Ike and the Cold War n n n n Begun under Truman Ike continues containment Supported strengthening of Germany and Japan to counter communists- both countries begin to rebuild industry in this period. US Fleet protects Taiwan Supports anti-Communists Southeast Asia, Middle East Arms Research= Hydrogen bomb

Hydrogen Bomb n n n Part of the emerging arms race- each country develops an arms program US detonates a Hydrogen Bomb- November 1952 August 1953, Soviets will detonate H-Bomb 1950 1951 1952 Weapon’s Gap USA Soviets 299 0 438 0 841 50

Examples of the Arms Race n n The United States after WWII collected German scientists working on rockets (V-2 bombs) US began to build missiles in order to fire against Soviets n Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles (ICBM) missiles able to reach Russia from US n Atlas, Minuteman, and Polaris are developed n Nuclear Submarines equipped with missiles are developed to sneak up on Russians n U 2 -Survelliance Planes are developed to spy on Russians

The Nuclear Age Nuclear Tests cause fear of “Fallout” or radiation contamination n Groups call for Test Bans- this results in some agreements (bans tests in the atmosphere but not underground) n

Southeast Asia Vietnam-French Conflict-post WWII n American Support n Ho Chi Minh- Communist Nationalist- sends insurgents into South Vietnam to unite country“Viet Cong” n 1954 Dien Bien Phu battle- French are defeated and country is split in Two North (Communist) South Pro-American leader Ngo Dinh Diem n Americans aid the South $ and military advisors n

SEATO South East Asia Treaty Organization n Cold war defensive alliance for Asia n

Middle East-Cold War Iran-CIA-Shah n Egypt-Nasser-Russians n Israel is a n