EGYPT http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Ze. V 3 Nb_h. I 4 A&feature=endscreen&NR=1 (3: 30) http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=CXQHQbvwq 70&NR=1&feature=fvwp (2: 11) http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=b. Jo. Ezwf. FTng&feature=related (3: 25) 1 Photo – National Geographic
Please. .
Vagabonds Tramping Through East Africa
Elephant Dung Paper handmade by Rocky & Sandi Tatia Discovery Center Tsavo, Kenya Elephant Dung Paper made as part of a project with Kent State University, teaching native people to create guest books, notebooks, address books and teaching native people to create other gift items from indigenous materials. Participants collected the dung gift items from indigenous materials from the local area, dried it, mixed it with a binding agent (mud and paste), rolled it into thin sheets, dried the sheets, and bound the sheets into books.
AFRICA GAME VIEWING Africa Adventure Company: www. africa-adventure. com Our website: www. vagabondgeology. com
WEEK 6: EGYPT EAST AFRICA EGYPT Week 6: Egypt Week 5: Kenya KENYA Week 4: Tanzania (2) Week 3: Tanzania (1) Week 2: Zimbabwe Week 1: living in Africa TANZANIA ANGOLA ZIMBABWE SOUTH AFRICA
EGYPT TODAY’S TOPICS • Nile • Cairo • Aswan Geography, History & Statistics Nile Cruise • Edfu • Luxor • West Bank • Abu Simbel • Giza 7
EGYPT GEOGRAPHY & GEOLOGY
EGYPT GEOGRAPHY
EGYPT GEOGRAPHY EGYPT
EGYPT GEOGRAPHY GAZA STRIP Mediterranean Sea ISRAEL LIBYA 600 miles es lles mi m i 660 390, 000 sq miles Surrounded by 5 countries (1. 45 X Texas) Red Sea SAUDI ARABIA Disputed Areas SUDAN Physical Dimensions
EGYPT GEOGRAPHY Nile River Delta 5000 Africa 3000 1500 Asia Suez Canal 0 ert es es d D d. D an an t S t. S ea ea Gr Gr This makes Egypt a transcontinental Isthmus of Suez nation Green means lower level on map Mt. Sinai (7, 497 ft) Nile River (Longest river on planet at 4, 130 miles) Physical Highlights
EGYPT GEOGRAPHY 5000 3000 1500 0 Approx. 99% of population uses only 5. 5% of total land area People per sq km Population Distribution
EGYPT GEOLOGY 5000 3000 1500 0 Egyptian Geology
EGYPT FLAG & HISTORY
EGYPTIAN FLAG • RED symbolizes early struggle against the monarchy • WHITE symbolizes the bloodless nature of its former Revolution • BLACK symbolizes end of oppression • Tricolor is based on the Arab Liberation Flag; also used by Iraq, Syria & Yemen • Egypt's national emblem, the Eagle of Saladin is centered in the white band (symbol of Arab Nationalism)
KEY HISTORY TERMS 1. Upper/Middle/Lower Egypt • Lower Egypt is from Cairo Lower Egypt to the Mediterranean • Upper Egypt is between Upper Egypt the Sudan and Cairo • Upper Egypt has been Upper Egypt broken up into a Middle Egypt & Upper Egypt • Middle Egypt stretches Middle Egypt upstream from the Qena Bend to Memphis LOWER EGYPT Cairo MIDDLE EGYPT UPPER EGYPT Sudan to south
KEY HISTORY TERMS 2. Old/Middle/New Kingdoms • Old Kingdom period, Old Kingdom c. 2700– 2200 BC • Middle Kingdom period, Middle Kingdom c. 2055 -1650 BC • New Kingdom period, New Kingdom c. 1550 -1070 BC
KEY HISTORY TERMS If Old Kingdom period ended Old Kingdom c. 2200 BC and the Middle Kingdom started c. 2040 BC, Kingdom what’s in between? WHOA! 3. Intermediate Periods • 1 st Intermediate c. 2181 -2085 BC • 2 nd Intermediate c. Intermediate 1650 -1550 BC “period of disunity and • 3 rd Intermediate relative cultural decline” c. 1069 -644 BC
KEY HISTORY TERMS 4. Dynasties “a sequence of rulers considered members of the same family. Dynasty is also used to refer to the era during which a family reigned, as well as events, trends and artifacts of that period…” Egypt 1 st dynasty (c. 3050 – 2890 BC) 2 nd dynasty (2890– 2686 BC) 3 rd dynasty (2686– 2613 BC) 4 th dynasty (2613– 2498 BC) 5 th dynasty (2498– 2345 BC) 6 th dynasty (2345– 2181 BC) 7 th and 8 th dynasties (2181 - 2160 BC) 9 th dynasty (2160– 2130 BC) 10 th dynasty (2130– 2040 BC) 11 th dynasty (2134– 1991 BC) 12 th dynasty (1991– 1803 BC) 13 th dynasty (1803– 1649 BC) 14 th dynasty (1705– 1690 BC) 15 th dynasty (1674– 1535 BC) 16 th dynasty (1660– 1600 BC) 17 th dynasty (1650– 1549 BC) 18 th dynasty (1549– 1292 BC) 19 th dynasty (1292– 1186 BC) 20 th dynasty (1186– 1069 BC) 21 st dynasty (1069 – 945 BC)
KEY HISTORY TERMS 5. Divisions of Historical Egyptian Time
BRIEF EGYPT HISTORY • c. 10 th millennium BC, a culture of hunter-gatherers and fishers is established in Egypt • c. 8000 BCE-Sahara starts to form; tribal peoples migrated to the Nile River where they developed a settled agricultural economy and more centralized society • c. 6000 BCE-Neolithic culture rooted in the Nile Valley; several pre-dynastic cultures developed independently in Upper and Lower Egypt • c. 3200 BCE-earliest known evidence of Egyptian hieroglyphic inscriptions appeared • 3150 BCE-Unified kingdom was founded by King Menes; leading to a series of dynasties that ruled Egypt for the next 3000 years!
BRIEF EGYPT HISTORY • c. 1650 BCE-first foreign ruling dynasty in Egypt; Semitic Hyksos • c. 1550 BCE, start of New Kingdom, began with the 18 th Dynasty; this dynasty sees the maximum expansion of Egypt • Well known Pharaohs, including Hatshepsut, Thutmose III, Akhenaten and his wife Nefertiti, Tutankhamun and Ramesses II are from New Kingdom Period • 343 BCE-Last native ruling dynasty during the Pharaonic epoch; Falls to the Persians after the last native Pharaoh is defeated in battle • 332 BCE-Ptolemaic Kingdom takes control; Alexandria becomes capital city and center of Greek culture and trade
BRIEF EGYPT HISTORY • 1 st century-Christianity brought to Egypt by Saint Mark the Evangelist • 639 CE-Egypt invaded and conquered by Muslim Arabs; Cairo becomes seat of Arabs Califate; Arabs remain in control for next 600 years • c. 1250 CE-Mamluks take control; Egypt Mamluks linked the Red Sea, India, Malaya, and East Indies • 1517 -Ottoman Turks conquer Egypt after which it becomes a province of Ottoman Turks the Ottoman Empire and remains connected to the Ottomans till 1914 • 1798 -Napoleon Bonaparte conquers Egypt; holds it for 2 yrs. Four years of Napoleon Bonaparte anarchy follows • 1805 Mohamed Ali (known as “Founder of Modern Egypt”) takes control and holds it for 43 yrs!
BRIEF EGYPT HISTORY • 1811 -1831 -Ali captures Saudi Arabia, Syria, Sudan and parts of Ethopia • 1840 -increasing power of Ali alarms European powers; they intercede in Ali’s forays • 1847 -Ali dies; string of family successions follow; debt increases to point that Egypt can borrow no more; Europe steps in • 1875 -Ali family sells their Suez Canal shares to the British Government; British & French appointed to Parliament to monitor finances • 1879 -1882 -Foreign involvement leads to local uprising; British/French invade; Egypt becomes British protectorate; British involvement till 1954 • 1919 -first modern revolution; UK government issues a unilateral declaration of Egypt's independence on 22 February 1922; Republic 1954
BRIEF EGYPT HISTORY • 1956 -Nasser assumes power as President • 1956 nationalizes the Suez Canal prompting the 1956 Suez Crisis • 1967 Six Day War, Israel invades and occupies Egypt's Sinai Peninsula and the Gaza Strip • 1970 -3 years later President Nasser dies and succeeded by Anwar Sadat • 1972 -Sadat switches Egypt's Cold War allegiance from the Soviet Union to the United States, expels Soviet advisors; launches the Infitah economic reform policy, while clamping down on religious and secular opposition • 1977 -Sadat makes historic visit to Israel; leads to 1979 peace treaty in exchange for Israeli withdrawal from Sinai. Fundamentalist military soldier assassinates Sadat in Cairo in 1981. He is succeeded by Hosni Mubarak
BRIEF EGYPT HISTORY • In 2003, Movement launched to oppose Mubarak regime and to establish democratic reforms/greater civil liberties • January 2011, widespread protests began against Mubarak's government; February 2011 -Mubarak resigns • Feb 2011 -VP Omar Suleiman announces Mubarak stepped down/military assume short term control nation's affairs; Celebrations breaks out in Tahrir Square • February 2011, high level military command announces that both the constitution and the parliament have been dissolved • November 2011, Egypt held its first parliamentary election since the previous regime had been in power; in July 2012, new president Mohamed Morsi elected • August 2012, Prime Minister announces new 35 member cabinet; 28 newcomers including four from the influential Muslim Brotherhood
EGYPT DEMOGRAPHIC & ECONOMIC STATISTICS
STATISTICAL COMPARISON SIZE (X Texas) DEMOGRAPHICS population (million) people/sq mile indiginous tribes European extraction (Indian/Asian/other) median age (years) life expectancy (2008) life expectancy (1990) ENGLISH? (official) RELIGIONS Christian Tribal Hindu/Jewish/Muslim ANGOLA S. AFRICA ZIM’WE TANZ’A KENYA EGYPT USA 2 X 18 25 2 X 49 104 ½ X 1. 4 X 0. 8 X 1. 4 X 12 57 43 110 43 174 83 214 312 82 95% 2% 3% 18 38 40 no 88% 7% 5% 80% 9% 11% 24 50 62 yes 80% 15% 5% 98% 1% 1% 19 38 60 yes 98% 1% 1% 18 51 54 yes 98% 1% 1% 19 55 58 yes 99% 1% 24 71 63 no 1% 72% 27% 37 78 75 yes 85% 14% 1% 30% 35% 78% 10% 12% 10% -90% 73% -7%
Christian 88% 80% 85% 30% 78% 10% Tribal 7% 15% 14% 35% 10% - Hindu/Jewish/Muslim 5% 1% 35% 12% 90% EDUCATION literacy (adults) 40 -65% 96% 92% 78% 88% 70% primary (% complete) 35% 77% 50% 62% 58% 50% ECONOMY (CIA) per capita GDP (T$) $9 T $10 T $0. 5 T $1. 8 T $6. 6 T GDP: mining 11% 6% 20% 4% -1% GDP: oil/gas 85% --* 7% GDP: tourism 12% 9% 16% 11% NATURAL RESOURCES arable land 3% 12% 8% 4% 9% 3% oil reserves (MB) 9, 000 15 --* 4 gas reserves (Tril ft 3) 9. 3 0. 32 -10 -25 * 77 diamond res (B ct) 0. 18 1. 1 > 3 0. 05 -- coal reserves (B tons) 54 30 1. 5 -0. 05 other fish platium gold tea, cof textiles STATISTICAL COMPARISON ANGOLA S. AFRICA ZIM’WE TANZ’A KENYA EGYPT 73% -7% 99% > 90% $49 T 15% 8% 2% 18% 21, 000 272 -491 coal USA
STATISTICAL COMPARISON EGYPT OLDER & LONG LIVED GAS RESERVES
STATISTICAL COMPARISON ANGOLA S. AFRICA ZIM’WE SIZE (X Texas) DEMOGRAPHICS population (million) people/sq mile TANZ’A KENYA EGYPT USA 2 X 18 25 2 X 49 104 ½ X 1. 4 X 0. 8 X 1. 4 X 12 57 43 110 43 174 83 214 312 82 95% 2% 3% 18 38 40 no 88% 7% 5% 80% 9% 11% 24 50 62 yes 80% 15% 5% 98% 1% 1% 19 38 60 yes 98% 1% 1% 18 51 54 yes 99% 1% 24 71 63 no 1% 72% 27% 37 78 75 yes 85% 14% 1% 30% 35% 10% -90% 73% -7% A! S 98% U 1% he 1% t e ar 19 p 55 om c 58 s t’ yes Le indiginous tribes European extraction (Indian/Asian/other) median age (years) life expectancy (2008) life expectancy (1990) ENGLISH? (official) RELIGIONS Christian Tribal Hindu/Jewish/Muslim 78% 10% 12%
Christian 88% 80% 85% 30% 78% 10% Tribal 7% 15% 14% 35% 10% - Hindu/Jewish/Muslim 5% 1% 35% 12% 90% EDUCATION literacy (adults) 40 -65% 96% 92% 78% 88% 70% primary (% complete) 35% 77% 50% 62% 58% 50% ECONOMY (CIA) per capita GDP (T$) $9 T $10 T $0. 5 T $1. 8 T $6. 6 T GDP: mining 11% 6% 20% 4% -1% GDP: oil/gas 85% --* 7% GDP: tourism 12% 9% 16% 11% NATURAL RESOURCES arable land 3% 12% 8% 4% 9% 3% oil reserves (MB) 9, 000 15 --* 4 gas reserves (Tril ft 3) 9. 3 0. 32 -10 -25 * 77 diamond res (B ct) 0. 18 1. 1 > 3 0. 05 -- coal reserves (B tons) 54 30 1. 5 -0. 05 other fish platium gold tea, cof textiles STATISTICAL COMPARISON ANGOLA S. AFRICA ZIM’WE TANZ’A KENYA EGYPT 73% -7% 99% > 90% $49 T 15% 8% 2% 18% 21, 000 272 -491 uranium USA
STATISTICAL COMPARISON USA BIG DIVERSE LONGEVITY ENGLISH LITERATE WEALTHY RESOURCES!
NILE RIVER
THE NILE • Longest river on planet at 4, 130 miles; used to be 870 miles longer; blocked by volcanic flows • Runs through 10 countries of Sudan, South Sudan, Burundi, Rwanda, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Tanzania, Kenya, Ethiopia, Uganda and Egypt • Drainage basin of 1, 256, 591 sq mi; approx 10% of the area of Africa • Peak flow is approx. 290, 000 cu ft/second (late August/Early September) (more on this later…)
THE NILE • Has two major tributaries, White Nile & Blue Nile; they join near Khartoum, Sudan • White Nile is longer and starts in the Great Lakes region of East Africa • 90% of Nile water and 96% of sediment load transported by the Nile originates in Ethiopia • Of the 90% Nile water, the Blue Nile supplies 65% • Blue Nile is the source of most of the water and fertile soil; begins at Lake Tana, Ethiopia
THE BLUE NILE
THE BLUE NILE Let’s go back and look at the Nile in more detail…. Flows into Sudan 250 mile long canyon! EAST AFRICAN RIFT THRU ETHIOPIA
THE NILE (1000 cu km)
THE NILE • Almost ZERO rain annually • Massive amounts of evaporation reduces output to the Mediterranean Rainfall/yr >70 in 35 in < 1 in (1000 cu km)
THE NILE Elevation (ft above sea level) 6000 4500 Very high gradient (meaning it drops very fast in relatively short distance) 3000 Low gradient 1500 Very low gradient 3000 2500 2000 1500 Distance from Mediterranean (mi)
NILE SUMMARY In summary, • Without the Nile there would not be any delta; (the delta provides 2 X as much agricultural land as the rest of Egypt) • Without the Nile, there would not have been agriculture and without agriculture, there So, let’s started Vagabonding would be no people • Around Egypt, first Cairo… Without the Nile there may not have been any Egyptian Civilization! • Geology created the Nile therefore Geology is responsible for this early Civilization!
CAIRO
CAIRO
CAIRO 48
CAIRO SIGHTSEEING Egyptian Museum Tahrir Square Cairo Tower To Pyramids Airport Mohamed Ali Mosque Coptic Museum Khan Al-Khalili Market
EGYPT PEOPLE
NILE CRUISE
NILE CRUISE ITINERARY MAP 52
ASWAN
NILE CRUISE BOAT 54
ASWAN 55
TEMPLE OF EDFU
NILE CRUISE ITINERARY MAP 57
TEMPLE OF EDFU • Was known in Greco-Roman times as Apollonopolis Magna, after the chief god Horus-Apollo • It is one of the best preserved temples in Egypt • Dedicated to the falcon god Horus, was built in the Ptolemaic period between 237 and 57 BCE 58
LUXOR
NILE CRUISE ITINERARY MAP 60
TEMPLE OF LUXOR
WEST BANK
NILE CRUISE ITINERARY MAP 63
HATSHUPSET • Hatshepsut translated means “Foremost of Noble Ladies” • Fifth pharaoh of the Eighteenth dynasty of Ancient Egypt • Regarded by Egyptologists as one of the most successful pharaohs, reigning longer than any other woman of an indigenous Egyptian dynasty 64
ABU SIMBEL
NILE CRUISE ITINERARY MAP 66
ABU SIMBEL • Construction of Abu Simbel complex started in approx. 1264 BCE and lasted for about 20 years, until 1244 BCE • Twin temples were originally carved out of the mountainside during the reign of Pharaoh Ramesses II as a lasting monument to himself and his queen Nefertari • However, the complex had to be relocated in its entirety in 1968, on an artificial hill made high above the Aswan High Dam reservoir • New location is 215 feet higher and 600 feet back from the temple’s original location • The entire temple was cut up into 20 ton blocks, blocks numbered, relocated and re-assembled at this new location • Construction time was 4 years and cost $40 million
PYRAMIDS OF GIZA
PYRAMID OF GIZA • Each base side is 755. 9 ft long • Oldest and largest of the three pyramids in the • Mass of the pyramid is estimated at 6. 5 million Giza Necropolis tons • Oldest of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient • Building the pyramid in 20 years would involve World, and the only one to remain largely installing approximately 880 tons of stone intact every day • Egyptologists believe that the pyramid was • It consists of an estimated 2. 3 million blocks built as a tomb for fourth dynasty Egyptian Pharaoh Khufu (Cheops in Greek) over a 10 to • Completing the building in 20 years would 20 -year period concluding around 2560 BCE involve moving an average of more than 12 of • the blocks into place each hour, day and night At 481 feet the Great Pyramid was the tallest man-made structure on earth for over 3, 800 • Avg. opening of joints is only 1/50 th of an inch years! wide!
PYRAMID OF GIZA
PYRAMID OF GIZA We bid farewell to wonderful Egypt… We made it!! • Permissible to enter the Pyramid and make your way to the King’s burial chamber • Only 300 Tickets per day sold • Open from 8 am till 1 pm 71
THANKS!
THANKS! - Lynn & Chuck for computer support - Carol for classroom support - Aubrey for providing ‘Ask the Geologist’ ‘Geology in the News’ on the website
EGYPT THREMEMBER… AN K Y OU GEOLOGY ROCKS ! 75
KENYA All class material either is or will be on 1) the University’s website and on 2) Our website at: www. vagabondgeology. com 76 ANY QUESTIONS? ?
REFERNCES https: //www. cia. gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/eg. html http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Africa#Egypt http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula http: //www. britannica. com/EBchecked/topic/545586/Sinai-Peninsula http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Sinai http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Fossils_of_Egypt http: //pubs. usgs. gov/of/1983/0487/report. pdf http: //adsabs. harvard. edu/abs/2003 AGUFM. H 52 A 1182 H http: //www. sacred-destinations. com/egypt/cairo-egyptian-museum http: //www. lonelyplanet. com/egypt/tours/small-group-trip/explore-egypt? lpaffil=fbta 1 http: //www. giscenter. gov. eg/ http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Upper_Egypt http: //www. thefreedictionary. com/Upper+Egypt http: //www. mapsofworld. com/physical-map/egypt-physical-map. html http: //people. csail. mit. edu/hanna/Egypt/index 06. html http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/File: Egypte_louvre_066. jpg http: //www. tripadvisor. com/Attraction_Review-g 294201 -d 1725002 -Reviews. Emo_Private_Day_Tours-Cairo. html http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Hala%27 ib_Triangle http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/History_of_Ottoman_Egypt http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=-Ts 0225 Bc. L 8 http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=XC_5 q. LRAX 10 http: //www. cheops-pyramide. ch/khufu-pyramid/pyramid-construction. html http: //www. pbs. org/wgbh/nova/ancient/explore-ancient-egypt. html http: //www. science-frontiers. com/sf 137 p 01. htm http: //www. ancient-wisdom. co. uk/Ghizaarchitecture. htm http: //www. ancient-wisdom. co. uk/Ghiza%20 essay. htm http: //www. ancient-wisdom. co. uk/egyptghiza. htm http: //www. utdallas. edu/geosciences/remsens/Nile/geology. html http: //eoimages. gsfc. nasa. gov/images/imagerecords/79000/79253/ISS 032 -E-009123. jpg http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Abu_Simbel http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Africa#Egypt http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Suez_canal http: //www. britannica. com/media/full/204 http: //pubs. usgs. gov/pp/0560 d/report. pdf http: //www. utdallas. edu/~rjstern/pdfs/Nubian. Swell. pdf http: //www. trekearth. com/gallery/Africa/Egypt/Inland/Red_Sea/Marsa_Ala m/photo 933963. htm http: //www. lonelyplanet. com/maps/africa/egypt/ http: //www. thebanmappingproject. com/atlas/index_kv. asp? tomb. ID=undefin ed (nice details on valley of the king tombs) http: //minerals. usgs. gov/minerals/pubs/country/africa. html http: //www. petroleum. gov. eg/en/Projectsand. Activities/Strategic. Projects/Pag es/Goldand. El. Soukry. aspx http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Dynasty http: //www. tripadvisor. com/Attraction_Review-g 294201 -d 2108334 -Reviews. Ayman_Ahmed_Private_Tour_Guide-Cairo. html http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali%27 s_seizure_of_power http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=d. MY 1 Ho 8 mw. TA&feature=related http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=b. Jo. Ezwf. FTng&feature=related http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=CXQHQbvwq 70&NR=1&feature=fvwp http: //www. pbs. org/wgbh/nova/ancient/who-built-the-pyramids. html http: //www. robertschoch. net/Redating%20 the%20 Great%20 Sphinx%20 of%2 0 Giza. htm http: //www. nationalgeographic. com/pyramids/khufu. html http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Nile_river http: //www. indiana. edu/~geol 116/week 9/wk 9. htm
REFERENCES songs http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=v. Ur. Ve. RGo 5 IM&feature=related http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=l. Uvo 6 vr. Izkg&feature=related http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=WNXRn 8 d 9 jlk&feature=related videos http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=b. DTyfm 7 Rp 1 g http: //www. youtube. com/watch? feature=player_embedded&v=r 1 inue. BSwko http: //www. youtube. com/watch? feature=player_embedded&v=6 Jz 5 s 6 Yl. D 2 U http: //www. youtube. com/watch? feature=player_embedded&v=gv. XV 17 y. WNtg
Travel is fatal to prejudice, bigotry, and narrow-mindedness… Broad, wholesome, charitable views of men and things cannot be acquired by vegetating in one little corner of the earth all one's lifetime. ~Mark Twain
“Twenty years from now you will be more disappointed by the things you didn’t do than by the ones you did do. So throw off the bowlines, sail away from the safe harbor. Catch the trade winds in your sails. Explore. Dream. Discover. ” – Mark Twain
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