Edward IV Чернышева 10 а
Edward IV • Еdward IV (28 April 1442 – 9 April 1483) was King of England from 4 March 1461 until 3 October 1470, and again from 11 April 1471 until his death in 1483. He was the first Yorkist King of England. The first half of his rule was marred by the violence associated with the Wars of the Roses, but he overcame the Lancastrian challenge to the throne at Tewkesbury in 1471 to reign in peace until his sudden death. Before becoming king he was 4 th Duke of York, 7 th Earl of March, 5 th Earl of Cambridge and 9 th Earl of Ulster. He was also the 65 th Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece.
Accession to the throne • • Edward of York was born at Rouen in France, the second child of Richard, 3 rd Duke of York, and Cecily Neville. He was the eldest of the four sons who survived to adulthood. His younger brother Edmund, Earl of Rutland, died along with his father at Wakefield on December 30, 1460. With the support of his cousin Richard Neville, 16 th Earl of Warwick, Edward's father, Duke of York routed the Lancastrians at the First Battle of St. Albans on May 22, 1455. At this battle, several prominent Lancastrians including Edmund, Duke of Somerset, Henry Percy and Lord of Clifford were killed. Additionally, Somerset's son Henry Beaufort, Earl of Dorset, Thomas, Earl of Devon and Buckingham were all wounded. This was the first battle of the conflict that became known as the War of the Roses. The Duke of York's assertion of his claim to the crown in 1460 was the key escalation of the Wars of the Roses. When the Duke of York was killed during the Battle of Wakefield on December 30, 1460, his claim to the throne of England did not die with him. Instead it passed to Edward and Warwick then united to defeat the Lancastrians in a succession of battles—at Northampton on July 7, 1460, at Mortimer's Cross on February 2– 3, 1461 and at Towton on March 29, 1461 At the Battle of Northampton, the Yorkish forces captured King Henry VI and held him as a prisoner. With King Henry VI in captivity, his queen, Margaret of Anjou led a Lancastrian army north into the Midlands to fight against uprisings there. Meanwhile in London, Warwick had Edward declared King in March of 1461. Edward strengthened his claim to the throne by virtually wiping out the Lancastrian army over the course of 1461. Defeat of the Lancastrians and the decimation of their army at the Battle of Hexham on May 15, 1464 spelled the end of the Lancastrian resistance to the Yorks. King Henry VI escaped from the battle field and disappeared into the remote Pennine Mountains in northern England, Henry was hidden for an entire year by devoted Lancastrians. After spending a year in hiding Henry VI was finally caught and imprisoned in the Tower of London. Even at the age of nineteen, Edward exhibited remarkable military acumen. He also had a notable physique and was described as handsome and affable. His height is estimated at 6 ft 4 in (1. 93 m), making him the tallest among all English, Scottish and British monarchs to date.
Later reign and death • Edward's health began to fail, and he became subject to an increasing number of ailments. He fell fatally ill at Easter 1483, but lingered on long enough to add some codicils to his will, the most important being his naming of his brother Richard, Duke of Gloucester, as Protector after his death. He died on 9 April 1483 and was buried in St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle. He was succeeded by his twelve-year-old son, Edward V of England (who was never crowned) and then by his brother, Richard. • It is not known what actually caused Edward's death. Pneumonia and typhoid have both been conjectured, as well as poison. Some attributed his death to an unhealthy lifestyle, as he had become stout and inactive in the years before his death. •
Achievements • • An extremely capable and daring military commander, Edward destroyed the House of Lancaster in a series of spectacular military victories; he was never defeated on the field of battle. Despite his occasional (if serious) political setbacks — usually at the hands of his great Machiavellian rival, Louis XI of France — Edward was a popular and very able king. While he lacked foresight and was at times cursed by bad judgement, he possessed an uncanny understanding of his most useful subjects, and the vast majority of those who served him remained unwaveringly loyal until his death. Domestically, Edward's reign saw the restoration of law and order in England (indeed, his royal motto was modus et ordo, or "method and order"). The latter days of Henry VI's government had been marked by a general breakdown in law and order, as well as a sizeable increase in both piracy and banditry. Interestingly, Edward was also a shrewd and successful businessman and merchant, heavily investing in several corporations within the City of London. He also made the duchy of Lancaster property of the crown, which it still is today. During the reign of Henry there had been corruption in the exchequer. Edward made his household gain more control over finances and even investigated old records to see payments had been made. Documents of the exchequer show him sending letters threatening officials if they did not pay money. His properties earned large amounts of money for the crown.
Marriage and children • • • Wife: from 1 May 1464 , Elizabeth Woodville (about 1437 - June 8, 1492 ) , daughter of Richard Vudvila , 1 st Earl Rivers and Zhaketty ( Jacobine ) Luxembourg. children: Elizabeth ( February 11, 1466 - February 11, 1503 ) , the husband : January 18, 1486 with Henry VII ( January 28, 1457 - April 21, 1509 ) , Earl of Richmond from 1462 , King of England from 1485 ; Mary ( August 11, 1467 - May 23, 1482 ); Cecily ( March 20, 1469 - August 24, 1507 ) , 1 st husband : with 1485 (divorced 1486 ) Ralph Le Scrope (after 1459 - September 17, 1515 ) , 8 th Baron Scrope of Masham with approx. 1512 , 2 nd husband : from November 25, 1487 / January 1, 1488 by John Wells (died February 9, 1499 ) , 1 st Viscount Welles from February 8, 1485/1486 , third husband : 13 May 1504 Thomas 1502/marta rims of Ueynflita Edward V (1 -4 November 1470 -1483 ? ) , Earl of March and Pembroke 1479 , King of England in 1483 ; Margaret ( April 10, 1472 - December 11, 1472 ); Richard of Shrewsbury (August 17, 1473 -1483 ? ) , The Duke of York from 1474 , Earl of Nottingham in 1476 , the Duke of Norfolk , Earl of Surrey and Warenne from 1477 ; Anna ( November 2, 1475 - November 22 1511/1512 ); husband : February 4, 1495 to Thomas Howard ( 1473 - Aug. 25, 1554 ) , 2 nd Earl of Surrey from 1514 , 3 rd Duke of Norfolk in 1524 ; George of Windsor ( 1477 - March 1479 ); Katerina ( August 14, 1479 - November 15, 1527 ) , the husband : 1495 William Courtenay (c. 1475 - June 9, 1511 ) , 1 st Earl of Devon 1511 Bridget (10 or 20 November 1480 - to 1513), a nun in the convent of Dartford in Kent. King was a great lover of the female and also the official 's wife , was secretly engaged to another with one or more women , which later permitted the royal council to declare his son Edward V illegitimate and, together with his other son imprisoned in the Tower.