ECONOMIC RECESSION FOOD INFLATION AND DEVELOPMENT DILEMMA IN

ECONOMIC RECESSION, FOOD INFLATION AND DEVELOPMENT DILEMMA IN NIGERIA: SURGICAL OPERATION THROUGH POLYCENTRIC PLANNING Africa’s Ombudsman Paper No. 1 (for Planning/Nigerian/African Students & African Youth @ OAU, Ile-Ife, April, 2017) A/Prof. Samson R. AKINOLA (Development Planner, Community Developer, Environmentalist, Policy/Institutional Analyst, Governance/Poverty Red. Expert) Osun State University, Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria e-mail: srakinola@yahoo. com; srakinola@hotmail. com Mobile: +234 -803 -407 -5110; +234 -815 -275 -8280

INTRODUCTION 1. Introduction 2. Political economy of Nigeria & the PP perspective 3. The aim and objectives of the paper/programme 4. Knowledge Management (KM) tools and potentials for economic revival in Nigeria. 5. Strategy for domesticating democracy for economic revival through polycentric planning 2

INTRODUCTION 6. Problem solving African dev models/strategies 7. Nigerian Knowledge Management Initiatives 8. African food security, industrialisation and employment generation models 9. The implementation process for food security, industrialisation and employment generation 10. Conclusion 3

INTRODUCTION • You never change things by fighting the existing reality. To change something, build a new model that makes the existing model obsolete. – Richard Buckminster Fuller. • You can’t solve a problem by using the same kind of thinking that created the problem. There is, in effect, a bankruptcy of ideas. – Albert Einstein. • Underdeveloped countries should not accept the inherited Western economic theory uncritically but remould it to fit their own problems and interests (Myrdal 1957: 99). 4

INTRODUCTION (Conts. ) • The 3 quotations show d danger of importation of foreign ideologies. • Our political economy is dysfunctional • The top 20% of the pop. Nigeria owns 94. 6% of the wealth in the country, • The middle 20% owns 1. 9%, • The bottom 60% owns 3. 5% (Nigerian National Living Standard Survey, 2006). 5

INTRODUCTION (Conts. ) • Econ reces, food infl & dev dilemma in Nigeria are predicated upon reliance on obsolete ideas Western models and Eurocentric strategies. • Eurocenric ideas lead to monumental disaster in govnce of commt affairs & econ. dev. • Def. of ER is related drop in stock mkt, decrease in GDP, increase in unemploymt, increase in food prices (Elite defn). • The masses def is by realities on ground. • (i) Salary is less than realistic cost of living • (ii) Increasing unemployment. 6

INTRODUCTION (Conts. ) • Reduction in no of meals per day by majority • Insecurity of lives and property – herdsmen farmers • No. of jobs created/per year less than no. graduates per year. • Deadly migration – About 521 Africans drown in Med. Sea (Jan & Feb, 2017). • This paper used the IAD in tandem with PEA, KM tools & Robert Owen’s principles of ind village to analyze the missing links between neo liberal poverty reduction programmes (Western ideolgies) and Nigerian realities. 7

INTRODUCTION (Conts. ) • The paper found that b 4 ER Nigerian growth rate in 2010 was 7. 8% (Manuaka, 2011: 35) significantly higher than the global average of 3. 9%. • Present growth rate is abt 1. 5% (for all of 2016) • As a result, the operations of Nigerian State perpetrate disaster, human misery, low standard of living and poverty on the people. • But this has not translated into an improvement in the welfare of the people – “jobless growth and paper growth” • Rising econ. growth is inconsistent with rising poverty and rising unemploymt (CDD, 2013). 8

INTRODUCTION (Conts. ) • Over the years, Nigerian leaders (govts & univts) failed to adopt Africentric problem solving strategies (39 models and strategies and 95 proposals (2, 923 pgs) within the last 25 years). • This paper attempts transferring Polycentric Planning, as a problem solving strategy to Planning Students, Nigerian/African Students and Youth (leaders of tomorrow) • To demonstrate what works as opposed to what does not work in resolving the current economic crisis and poverty in Nigeria. 9

INTRODUCTION (Conts. ) • Since Nig. leaders did not embrace ideas, the leaders of tomoro shld be entrusted with strategies so that they can be equipped on how to address impending bigger crisis. • In order to address the current ER & the need for the adoption of polycentric planning PP, an off shoot of the IAD for making Nig policy pple centred. • Polycentric planning (PP) is a deliberate act of setting up multilayered and multicentred institutional mechanism that regards self governing capabilities of local communities as foundation for reconstituting order from the bottom up. 10

INTRODUCTION (Conts. ) • PP process of ordering the use of physical, human and institutional resources as well as engaging the citizens in contractual relations with the public authority (Akinola, 2010 a: 58, 2011 a: 7) • so that environtal resources are judiciously utilised to generate econ growth and the outcome (GDP) is equitably distributed through polycentric privatisation planning. 11

POLITICAL ECONOMY OF NIGERIA AND THE POLYCENTRIC PLANNING PERSPECTIVE • The pol econy of Nigeria is dysfunctional and lopsided. • It originated from neo liberal programmes/Western ideologies Decentralisation, SAP, Liberalization, Privatization, PRSPs. • The weakness of these programmes has been identified by scholars (Jutting et. al. 2004; Ikhide, 2006: 64; Mohamedbai, 2008; Akinola, 2008 p). 12

• • • POLITICAL ECONOMY & PP PERSPECTIVE (Conts. ) Akinola (Akinola, 2010 i: 7) identifies some reasons for failure of Western ideologies : (1) They did not capture informal statistics that reflect African daily economic activities; (2) Economic decisions are taken at the seat of power (usually at the capital) far away from the local people; and (3) Persistent gap between stakeholders in development. Consequently, the political economy becomes dysfunctional, while underdevelopment and poverty are heightened. 13

• • • POLITICAL ECONOMY & PP PERSPECTIVE (Conts. ) Food security potentials – labour and abundant crops are wasted, Agricultural innovations end on the shelf (Akinola, 2007 f: 223, 227 228, 2010 i). Nigerian youths ride Okada (motorcycle) Graduates of higher institutions work as labourers Currently, unemployment betw 30% & 42%. Nigeria is producing abt 2 million graduates annually into already job saturated market (British High Commissioner 06/04/2017). 14

POLITICAL ECONOMY & PP PERSPECTIVE (Conts. ) • According to Malingha and Gumbo (2017), Gross domestic product was 1. 3% lower in the December quarter, 2016 than in the previous fourth quarter after shrinking 2. 2% in the September quarter. • GDP contracted 1. 5% for all of 2016, the first full year drop in 25 years, according to International Monetary Fund figures. • That is the GDP was 1. 5% for all of 2016. 15

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• • • POLITICAL ECONOMY & PP PERSPECTIVE (Conts. ) The IMF forecasts the economy will grow 0. 8% in 2017 The concern is on the impact of the growth on the Nigerian people. In previous years, Nigerian growth rate that averaged 7. 8% in 2010 (Manuaka, 2011: 35) has not translated into an improvement in the welfare of the people. Where do we go from here? It is a dilemma which Nigerian government is yet to address. 18

POLITICAL ECONOMY & PP PERSPECTIVE (Conts. ) • The Economic Recovery and Growth Plan of President Buhari (ERGP, 2017 -2020). • The Recovery and Growth Plan has 3 broad strategic objectives: • (a) restoring growth of the economy, • (b) investing in the Nigerian people, and • (c) building a globally competitive economy. • It targets the growth of GDP 2. 19% in 2017 and 7. 0% by the end 2020 (Udo, 2017). 19

POLITICAL ECONOMY & PP PERSPECTIVE (Conts. ) • Muhammadu Sanusi ll, The former governor of the CBN has faulted the plan • “The FGN is spending 66% of its revenues on interests on debts, which means only 34% of revenues is available for capital and recurrent expenditures… • The problem is that it is a budget that is even going for more debts. ” • “Growth can only come from investments. • It cannot come from consumption” (Yusuf, 2017). 20

POLITICAL ECONOMY & PP PERSPECTIVE (Conts. ) • Muhammadu Sanusi ll succinctly captures the dependency syndrome of Nigerian leaders: • We have governors that go to China and spend one month on a tour and come back with, Mo. U on debts. • China will lend you $1. 8 bn to build light rail. • This light rail will be done by the rail workers from China. • The trains & engines will come from China. • The labour comes from China. • The driver is a Chinese. 21

POLITICAL ECONOMY & PP PERSPECTIVE (Conts. ) • “At the end of the day, … citizens in northern Nigeria state like Kano or Katsina will ride on a train not going to an industrial estate to work… not going to school… nor to the farm. ” • “You borrow money from China to invest in trains so that your citizens can ride on them and go for weddings and naming ceremonies” (Muhammadu Sanusi ll cited in Yusuf, 2017). • The condition in Nigeria is worrisome as the rich are getting richer and the poor becoming poorer. 22

• • POLITICAL ECONOMY & PP PERSPECTIVE (Conts. ) The global picture is sending serious signals to us in Nigeria. Analysis shows that 388 richest persons in 2010 owned the same amount of wealth as more than 3. 5 billion people (50% of world population). The figure reduced to 85 persons in 2014; 80 persons in 2015. The figure reduced to 62 richest persons that owned $1. 76 tn in 2016 and to 8 persons with $426 bn (£ 350 bn), the same amount of wealth as more than 3. 5 billion people in 2017 (Elliott, 2017). 23

POLITICAL ECONOMY & PP PERSPECTIVE (Conts. ) • This is instructive for us in Nigeria to begin to conceptualise how to engage PP to engineer LED & build a nation that responds to the yearning … • The FGN should draw some lessons from the current crisis in the MENA where high youth unemployment rate has angered the population & thus led to revolution without solution. • After several failed attempts 39 models and strategies and 95 proposals of 2, 923, this paper attempts transferring PP, as a problem solving strategy to Planning Students, Nigerian/African Students and Youth (leaders of tomorrow). 24

THE AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE PROGRAMME – Students/Youth Intellectual Empowerment on Problem-Solving • The major aim of this paper is to transfer problem solving strategies to Planning Students, Nigerian/African Students and Youth (leaders of tomorrow) • The specific objectives of the programme are: • (1) To establish Polycentric Public Private Partnership (PPPP) at the federal, state and local government levels in order to kick start food security, industrialization and employment generation programmes in Nigeria; 25

THE AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE PROGRAMME (Conts. ) • (2) To design effective linkage, partnership and collaboration betw the Govt, higher institutions, ind & local communities through econ poly planning; • To diversify economy and revenue base by developing different local industries that can fully utilize local resources and thereby generating employment for the local people and revenues for LG in Nigeria; and • To empower the grassroots economically through shareholding in, and joint ownership of local industries (polycentric privatization) across the country. 26

KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT (KM) TOOLS AND POTENTIALS FOR ECONOMIC REVIVAL IN NIGERIA - FOOD SECURITY, INDUSTRIALIZATION AND EMPLOYMENT GENERATION • Food Processing and Production Potentials • Dept of Agric Engineering, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, Nigeria shows that the work of about 20 days will take only one hour to accomplish with mechanical methods (Akinola, 2002: 73; 2007 f: 228). • Dept of Food Sc & Tech of OAU, using physical principles, has developed effective and viable methods of food preservation (Taiwo, et. al. 1997; 27

KM TOOLS & POTENTIALS FOR ECONOMIC REVIVAL • In FUTA, Dept of Agric Eng designed and fabricated a fruit processing machine that could produce juice from a variety of fruits (see for details Adeyemi 2011: 22 24). • FUTA designed and fabricated a combined harvester that could either be powered by fossil fuel or solar energy. • The machine also performs seven functions which include cutting and harvesting, conveying and threshing the crop, separating and cleaning and then storing it. 28

KM TOOLS & POTENTIALS FOR ECONOMIC REVIVAL (Conts. ) • Other machines developed at FUTA include cocoa yam harvesters, multiple purpose tillage machine, crop weeding machine, juice extractor, self fed cassava peeling machine, cassava washing machine (Adeyemi 2011: 22 24). • Unfortunately, the government never took up the challenge of encouraging the industrial production of these machines. • They did not go beyond prototype. • In spite of all the new ideas and opportunities, Nigerian farmers are not benefiting from these innovations. 29

KM TOOLS & POTENTIALS FOR ECONOMIC REVIVAL (Conts. ) Personal Experiments at OAU, Ile-Ife, 2005 -2007 • The voice of God ignited a vision in me in November 2004. • God spoke to me that: “There is going to be food scarcity; go into farming. ” • Consequently, I ventured into food security experiments. • I started with fishery in November 2004; cultivation of yam, maize and cassava in March/April 2005; rabbitry in October 2005; goatry in January 2006; wide range cockerel in November 2006; and plantain cultivation in August 2007. 30

KM TOOLS & POTENTIALS FOR ECONOMIC REVIVAL (Conts. ) • Results of an experiment on rabbitry = betw Oct, 2005 & Feb. 2006 > 3 rabbits multiplied to 22 rabbits within three months. • By projection, = 380 within a year. • Part of these experiences culminated into a community level investment cooperation project at Irepodun Local Government Area of Osun State, Nigeria between 2005 and 2006 (Akinola, 2007 f, 2010 a, i, 2011 a). 31

KM TOOLS & POTENTIALS FOR ECONOMIC REVIVAL (Conts. ) • Result of Experiment on Irepodun Investment Cooperation (IIC) in Osun State, Nigeria • This experiment centred on collective action and polycentric privatization (Akinola 2007 f: 230). • The Cooperation involves 16 associations with LG • The language of the programme was the mother tongue of the people – Yoruba. • It was designed to be an inward looking vehicle aimed at harnessing and utilizing local resources to. • It was a joint venture between all interested indigenes of the local government (at home and 32

KM TOOLS & POTENTIALS FOR ECONOMIC REVIVAL (Conts. ) • However, economic recession cannot be addressed in isolation of political consideration. • Hence, the need for restructuring the public sphere and political economy through polycentric planning, error correcting potentials and institutional mechanism via the setting up of SGCA at all levels and layers – community, ward, LG, state and federal. • This will require the application of African Polycentric Democracy Domestication Model (APDDM) (Akinola, 2016 d). 33

DOMESTICATING DEMOCRACY FOR ECONOMIC REVIVAL THROUGH POLYCENTRIC PLANNING • Domesticating democracy requires engaging PP for restructuring our political economy. • PP requires cooperation, while cooperation demands deliberation for achieving collective action • American experience, 4 fundamental imperatives. . • collegiality, • mutual trust, • reciprocity and • shared community of understanding. 34

DOMESTICATING DEMOCRACY THRU POLYCENTRIC PLANING • Collective action and collegiality among the Yoruba of south western Nigeria are clearly illustrated and understood through several expressions among which are: • (1) Omode gbon agba gbon la fida Ile-Ife; • (2) Owo omode ko to pepe, tagbalagba ko wo kerengbe; • (3) Owo kan ko legbe eru d’ori; • (4) Agbajo owo l’afi nsoya; • (5) Enikan ki je awade, etc. (see Akinola, 2007 a). • These are foundatns for domesticating American 35

DOMESTICATING DEMOCRACY (Conts. ) • The collective action among the Yoruba supports the notion of SELF-GOVERNANCE (SG) – • (SG) is a system whereby the people govern themselves through institutions they designed themselves without resorting to external context. • Self governance is one of the types of democracy. 36

African Polycentric Democracy Domestication Model (APDDM) • African Polycentric Democracy Domestication Model (APDDM) is designed for domesticating democracy in Africa (Akinola, 2016 d). • It is conceptualised as a process of adapting features and elements of federalism/ democratisation to African realities through appropriate institutional arrangements that are self organising and self governing within ruler ruled configuration in Africa. • APDDM derives inspirations from 14 problem solving and solution seeking African dev models. 37

African Polycentric Democracy Domestication Model (Conts. ) • Fig. 1 a, democracy in America was derived from federalism, while federalism had its roots in covenantal arrangement • The participants in the Philadelphia Convention presumed an essential connection between ideas and deeds – theory/knowledge and actions/realities (V. Ostrom, 2000: 9). • The methodology for translating ideas to deeds was conceptualized in the Mayflower Compact in which the participants made a commitment with one another to solve their common problems together (Tocqueville [1835 40] I, 1945: 35; V. Ostrom 38

African Polycentric Democracy Domestication Model (Conts. ) • In Yorubaland, for example, there existed similar structures. Owe, Aaro and Esusu – economy and development • Primordial governance structure enabled decision making to be permeated into the entire fabric of the society. Fig. 1 a&b: • African Polycentric Democracy Domestication Model 39

Fig. 1 a: APDDM American Democracy American Federalism Importation of Political Ideology in Deviance of African Realities Covenantal Arrangement Electoral Violence African Associational Life Elections = 5% of Democratisation American Associational Life African Realities CRISIS ZONE Winner-Takes-It-All Party Loyalists Benefit Start Here Dualistic Policies in all Sectors Electoral Disconnect Deprived Group Disgruntled Survival through any means Divided Society Built on Injustice Non-Party Members Disadvantaged Do or Die Affairs and Cut-Throat Competition Insecurity and Economic Loss RETHINKING 40

SOLUTION ZONE Fig. 1 b: APDDM RETHINKING African Realities Scholars Public Officials Self-governing Institutions APIN APSRM Brainstorming (viewing African realities through exogenous variables) Democracy Domestication Institutional Mechanism (Five Features and 21 elements of Federalism) African Associationalism African Endogenous Impulses Adaptive Education – Oyerinde and Eyota Constitutional level APCCM AERDM APPAM African Collective Action SGCA at all levels Collective choice level Operational level Broad-based Government with High Inclusivity ADIM (Five Features and 21 elements of Federalism) Roles of Citizens Before, During and After Elections African Self. Governance and Civic Democracy Synergy ALEDS APPM Econ. Growth IMPLEMENTATION Projects & Programmes Local share-holding 41

Fig. 1 b: APDDM (Conts. ) SGCA at all levels (Five Features and 21 elements of Federalism) Collective choice level Operational level Broad-based Government with High Inclusivity ADIM ALEDS APPM Roles of Citizens Before, During and After Elections African Self. Governance and Civic Democracy Synergy Econ. Growth IMPLEMENTATION Projects & Programmes Local share-holding Food & Employment AFSM & AEGM Retirees, Women & Youth Models Empowerment Nation-building Model PEACE, DIVIDEND OF DEMOCRACY AND PROSPERITY National Unity 42

African Polycentric Democracy Domestication Model (Conts. ) The outcome of the mechanism is the setting up of SGCA at all levels where all the 21 elements of 5 features of federalism (in Table 1) would be properly studied, deliberated upon and understood by Africans (elite and non elite) in relation to exigencies of democratisation. These elements should be brought together and weave as a bundle of African democratic framework. Specific actions shall then be taken on implementation. 43

Table 1: Five Features of Federalism and 21 Elements of Federalism in Africa Source: V. Ostrom (1994, 2000); Tun Myint (2006); Akinola (2016 d: 7). A Bill of Rights – Bill of rights in federalism is not private rights but public rights as contained in the constitution. Citizens can relate with one another on lawful ground. 1 Limits upon governmental authority 2 Assign authority vested in “people” as “persons” or “citizens” 3 Freedom of communication, and speech 4 Protection of property 5 Association 6 Due process of law 7 Rights exercisable in the context of interpersonal relationship B Separation of Power (Check Power by Power) 8 Division of labor and separation of authority 9 Multiple agency relationships C Structures of Citizen Participation in Decision Making Linking citizens and government 10 i. ELECTION 11 ii. Jury trials 12 iii. Taxation 13 iv. Associational life e. t. c. 14 v. What is going on there rather than what is said on book. 15 Constitutional prerogatives of individuals and governments 16 Recognize harmonization between characteristics of customs and law 17 Participatory links – citizens in government D Concurrent units of governments 18 Distinguishes from unitary government 19 What different levels of government can do. E Nongovernmental realm of society 20 Allows and recognize dynamic linkages between governmental and nongovernmental realm 21 Conditions of the citizens are more important than other things. 44

African Polycentric Democracy Domestication Model (Conts. ) • All the 21 elements of federalism should be emphasised and be involved by the citizens on daily basis through elegbe jegbe (associational life). • The artisanship and creativity of a basket maker are quintessential and sine qua nom for weaving the 21 elements of federalism into a political ‘basket’ that contains all the interests and aspirations of the citizenry. • All the issues that pertain to justice and checks and balances should be weaved around federalism and democratisation process. • It is an on going affair. 45

African Polycentric Democracy Domestication Model (Conts. ) • The outcome of restructuring is that ethnic minorities, youth women, retirees, etc. will feel belonged, while early warning system, conflict prevention and peacebuilding will emerge (see Akinola 2008 p: 189, 2009 b: 96, 2011 e, 2014 d, 2016 d). 46

African Polycentric Democracy Domestication Model (Conts. ) Constituents and Mechanism (Multi-layered and Multi-centred Structures) of SGCA • SGCA comprises of both elite and non elite drawn from public and private sectors. • At least 20 of the existing interest groups have already been identified by Akinola (2008 p, 2011 a). • They are: Traditional council, Religious groups, Community Development Associations, Co operative Societies, Women Groups, Youth Wing, Civil Servant in various grades – bureaucrats and technocrats, professionals – Lawyers, Accountants, Planners, Builders, Architects etc. , 47

Nigeria Union of Teachers (NUT), Nigeria Union of Journalists (NUJ), Farmers Associations, Traders Unions, Carpenters Associations, Bricklayers Associations, • Local branches of Nigeria Union of Road Transport Workers (NURTW), • Commercial Motor cycle Operators’ Associations, • Ethnic Militia (OPC in the West, MEND/Niger Delta Avengers (NDA) in the Niger Delta, Bakassi/Egbesu Boys in the East and Arewa in the North), • • 48

• Other Social Groups like Lion, Rotary, Alfa Clubs etc. , Students’ Unions, Unemployed groups. • In addition, public officials are members of SGCA as citizens and not as officials. • They include: the military, the police, representatives of ministries, departments and agencies (MDAs) – works, power, transport, health, sanitation, etc. • Multi layered and multi centred structures of SGCA is demonstrated in Fig. 2. 49

• The SGCA as a multi task assembly provides platform for cross fertilisation of ideas among citizens and serves as a precursor for restructuring the public sphere and political economy. • Since SGCA is a multi tasks assembly, one of its operations will have to do with education and enlightenment of citizens so that public officials and the people in informal/endogenous sector operate within shared communities of understanding. 50

Fig. 2: Proposed Network of Interactions between the three FEDERAL tiers of Governments and SGCA GOVERNMENT Federal Assembly Source: Adapted from Akinola (2008 p: 190, 2013 m: 70). Federal Level Self. Governing Community Assembly State Government Senatorial District Level Local Government Assembly Community Assembly Local Government Stakeholders’ Committee (Monthly) State Level Self. Governing Community Assembly Senatorial District Self -Governing Community Assembly Local Level Self. Governing Community Assembly Community Level Self-Governing Community Assembly STAKEHOLDE RS’ FORUM (Quarterly) Communities 51

Some of the critical questions that citizens need to address at the SGCA include: • Are we a people? • If yes, can we live together peacefully? • If yes to question 2, what are the conditions of peaceful co existence? • What should governments do in terms of human resources development and natural resources utilization and how should they do it? • What can people do alone without government intervention? 52

• What can people do in tandem with government? • What can people do in conjunction with local industries? • What can people do with agricultural and other natural resources in their communities? • How can people handle the issues in numbers 4 to 8? • What should be the role of local people in shaping electoral system before, during and after elections to ensure the delivery of dividend of democracy? 53

Examples of Tasks and Responsibilities of SGCA are: • Eliminate the problem of information asymmetry – Model No. 12. • Constitutionalism – Model No. 4. • Budget Preparation – several models are useful as guides on income and expenditure. • Corruption – Model No. 3. • Food security – Model No. 15, 39. • Retirees Welfare– Model No. 6. • Industrialisation – transforming local raw materials into finished/semi finished products in all sectors of the economy – Model No. 11, 26, 32, 39. 54

Employment generation – Model No. 16, 26. Local Economic Development – Model No. 20, 21. Road development – Model No. 18. Electricity and water supply and resolution of leakages – Model No. 33. • Poverty reduction – Several Models – Model No. 3, 4, 6, 12, 16, 20, 21, etc. • Forestry, Climate Change Mitigation and Flood Control – Model No. 25, 35. • Environmental management – Model No. 13, 14, 17, 35, 36. • • 55

• Electoral reform and democratisation. SGCA as a clearing house for electoral candidates. • INEC should be domiciled at the community level and acts as umpire for regulating the conducts of politicians – Model No. 24. • Nation Building Incessant killings due to Herdsmen Farmers conflicts – Model No. 7. • Security of life and property e. g. (1) Aja Ile in Ibadan; (2) Landlord Tenant engagement (ID of all tenants be known) – Model No. 22. • Conflict detection, prevention, resolution and peace building without the use of force e. g. Yoruba/Hausa clash in Ile Ife, March 2017 – Model No. 23. 56

• Wage/salary committee members will be part of jury trials to prosecute corrupt government officials because they have access to relevant information. • Project continuity At the federal and state levels, the problem of contract review or abandoned projects by new administration will be resolved – Model No. 33. • At the federal and state levels, award of contracts by a governor or president about three months to leave office will be queried and if not rational will be rejected by the SGCA. 57

• Rapid Response Squad – Cases that require immediate attention will be handled by SGCA (e. g. Underground ritual ground at Soka, Ibadan in April, 2014). • If SGCA has been in place when Boko Haram started in 2009, their grievances and operations must have been addressed long ago through deliberations at SGCA. • The passing into law of obnoxious and greedy Governor’s Pension of N 200 million as severance package within 13 days will be halted at the state level of SGCA. 58

Political Hawkism versus Check and Balances at SGCA • Using political Hawkism and African Electoral Reform and Democratisation Model (AERDM) – Model No. 30, • Each politician, after winning elections should be inaugurated at appropriate SGCA, where he/she will be ‘decorated’ with Political Score Card Mechanism and African Politician Performance Assessment Model (APPAM) for assessing the performance at regular intervals. 59

Implementation Process for the setting up of SGCA • The first step is to unfold the framework to the people through the media and practical demonstrations such as the application of traducture for demonstrating the ideas to the citizens at the federal level. • According to wa Goro (2007), traducture can be defined as the explorations of several possible means of conveying knowledge based development issues to stakeholders instead of relying on translation of words alone. 60

PROBLEM-SOLVING AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT MODELS AND STRATEGIES FOR RESOLVING ECONOMIC RECESSION • Resolution of the current economic recession demand the adoption and application of thirty nine (39) problem solving and solution seeking African development models that are strongly applicable to diverse policy issues in socio economic and techno political challenges in Nigeria. • The models are contained in the paper. • The adoption of the 39 models would help Nigeria in setting up Nigerian Knowledge Management Initiatives (NKMI) that will be the engine room of endogenous self reliant development. 61

NIGERIAN KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT INITIATIVES (NKMI) • NKMI) which draws inspirations and working mechanisms from four models: • African Intellectual Gap Measurement Model (AIGMM) for measuring intellectual potentials and relevance of African universities/polytechnics (Akinola, 2010 f); • African Education Reform Model (AERM) for reforming higher education system and making it organic, problem solving and solution seeking (Akinola 2010 f); 62

NKMI (Conts. ) • African Endogenous Knowledge Development Model (AKEDEM) designed for generating self reliant development in Africa (Akinola 2011 j); and • African Polycentric Technological Development Model (APTDM) designed for generating technologically inclined smart community and self reliant development in Africa (Akinola, 2017 a). • To set up NKMI for knowledge application this paper, adopts ADBB that can be housed in AIC (Akinola 2008 p)…. as NDBB and NIC • to serve as a control unit for four development players – (see Fig. 3). 63

Fig. 3: Nigerian Development Brain-Box (NDBB) Source: Akinola (2008 p) GOVERNMENTS UNIVERSITIES AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT BRAIN-BOX (ADBB) INDUSTRIES Exogenous Variables COMMUNITIES • Fig. 3: Nigerian Development Brain-Box (NDBB) • Source: Adapted from Akinola (2008 p: 186, 2010 i: 48).

Fig. 3 can be operationalised through five (5) steps: • Step 1: Nigerian scholars should view Nigerian realities with intellectual lenses through exogenous variables – biophysical/material conditions, cul tural and other attributes of a community, and rules in use. • Step 2: Nigerian scholars generate knowledge through relevant applied research and analysis of existing scholarship focused on overcoming Nigeria’s developmental problems. • Step 3: Nigerian scholars pass knowledge to NDBB/NIC (Akinola 2008 p: 186 187; 2010 i) where it will be assessed. . the fabrication of machine that is 65

NKMI (Conts. ) • Step 4: Universities/polytechnics thru its adaptive research, discover the needs of the society, develop new ideas and innovations and send them to NDBB/NIC, • As shown in Fig. 4, it is NDBB/NIC that will adapt knowledge to reality through its experimental stations and pilot projects for every sector of Nigerian economy – social, economic, technological, and political spheres. • Step 5: After the pilot project, there is the need for feedback, called cybernetics which will occur at three levels as shown in Fig. 4. 66

NKMI (Conts. ) • The feedback on the performance of pilot project will be sent to NDBB, which will lead to the refining of the model/package that will be demonstrated again at the field (see Akinola (2008 p: 187, 2010 i: 51). 67

Fig. 4: Illustration of the Mechanism of NDBB/NIC in taking theories to Nigerian Streets Source: Akinola (2008 p) NDBB/NIC In-House Demonstration Universities Community Relation Unit Cybernetics - 1 Refined Package Cybernetics - 2 Cybernetics - 3 Project Replication Experimental Stations Pilot Projects at Community Level

• NKM for taking theories to the streets. • We need to draw some lessons from one of the fathers of planning, Robert Owen (1799). • Robert Owen’s Industrial Village (1799), called English Cooperative Movement influenced the lives • Industrial village he built for his weaving business at New Lanark in 1799. • Owen constituted workers into cooperative and • subjected them to better pay, • shorter working hours and better housing, • he made provision for the education of various categories of people. 69

• African Development Institutional Mechanism Model (ADIM) is adopted as Nigerian Development Institutional Mechanism Model (NDIM) (see Fig. 5). • With innovation coming from scholars and robust institutional arrangements, it will be easier for government to increase its presence and relevance at the community level. • Fig. 5 70

Fig. 5: Nigerian Development Institutional Mechanism (NDIM) Source: Adapted from Akinola (2007 f: 231, 2008 p: 188, 2010 i: 53). Knowledge Sector Political/Power Sector Scholars Public Officials Exogenous Variables Implementation of Policy and Feedback Nigerian Realities Development and Citizens’ Welfare

African Public Sphere Restructuring Model (APSRM) • APSRM (Fig. 6) is designed for restructuring the public sphere and political economy in order to resolve political crisis in Africa, and then linking this to how people can work together, from community level, to address diverse challenges (Akinola 2009 b, 2010 a: 73 78, 2011 a: 40 47). • Fig. 6: APSRM 72

Elite Dominated Economy Political Society Economic Society Public Sphere Civil Society Socio. Economic and Political Crisis plus Poverty PARALLEL OPERATIONS SYNERGY Value Reorientation African Public Sphere Restructuring Mechanism Constitutional Level Scholars Public Officials Self-Governing Community Assembly (SGCA) SGCA Collective Choice Level Self-Governing Institutions Operational Level New Institutional Arrangements Electoral Reform and Democratisation Employment Generation Food Security Poverty Reductio n 73

Fig. 6 b (Continuation of Fig. 6 a): Restructuring Using Niger-Delta Post. Amnesty Development Model (NDPADM) Source: Adapted from Akinola (2007 f, 2010 a, b). New Institutional Arrangements Environmental Management Poverty Reduction Human Resources Development & Utilization Conflict Management & Peace Building Electoral Reform and Democratisation Local & Infrastructural Development Food Security Polycentric Privatization Constitutionalism Employment Generation Security of Life and Property Peace and Sustainable Development 74

• The outcome of the restructuring is emergence of new institutional arrangements, • After the institutional arrangement has been designed, operational strategy for implementation of any programme/project (e. g. employment generation, food security, road development, poverty reduction, environmental management, etc. can then be fashioned out (see Akinola, 2007 f, 2008 b, p, 2009 a, 2010 a). • It is at this stage that any of the 39 models can be applied to any of the specific action situations… 75

• • • Addressing Recession thru 6 Models (1) African Food Security Model (AFSM) with African Local Economic Development Strategy (ALEDS), (2) African Polycentric Technological Development Model (APTDM), (3) African Employment Generation Model (AGEM), (4) African Retirement and Economic Empowerment Model (AREEM) (5) African Polycentric Urban Environmental Governance Model (APUEGM) and (6) African Polycentric Students/Youth Mainstreaming and Empowerment Model 76

(1) African Food Security Model (AFSM) with ALEDS African Food Security Model (AFSM) is conceptualized as the combination of factors of production (land, labour, capital, entrepreneurship and technology) through appropriate institutional mechanisms that synergize the efforts of the key stakeholders (governments, universities, industrialists and farmers) in food production (process and storage). AFSM is diagrammatized in Fig. 7 displaying the roles and contributions of all the stakeholders including the concerned ministries. 77

Fig. 7: African Food Security Model PARALLEL OPERATIONS CRISIS Governments Universities/Polytechnic s FOOD Industries Farmers SYNERGY FOOD SECURITY MECHANISM Re-orientating Values Agricultural Resources Adaptive Technology Polycentric Privatization Planning Processed Agric. Products (Local Industries) Consumption and Export Share-holding Bonus and Dividends for share-holders Employment Generation FOOD SECURITY Creating Wealth 78

(2) African Employment Generation Model (AEGM) • African Employment Generation Model (AEGM) is conceptualized as the combination of factors of production: • land, labour, capital, entrepreneurship and technology) • through appropriate institutional mechanisms that synergize the efforts of the key stakeholders: (governments, universities, industries and business sectors) in employment generation. 79

African Employment Generation Model (AGEM) Factors of Production/ Employment Locally Sourced Imported Mixture of Local and Imported Land 5 Labour 5 Capital 5 Entrepreneurship 5 Technology Ownership 5 Total 25 5 % Total 25/30 = 83. 0% 5/30 = 17. 0% 5 Table 2: Employment Scenario • Employment could be generated when more than 2/3 (66. 67%) of factors of prod are locally sourced. • In this model, 83. 0% of factors are locally sourced, while 17. 0% a mixture of local & imported factors

(3) African Polycentric Technological Development Model (APTDM) • African Polycentric Technological Development Model (APTDM) designed for generating technologically inclined smart community and self reliant development in Africa (Akinola, 2017 a). • It derives inspirations from AIGMM, AERM and AKEDEM (Akinola 2010 f, 2011 j). • It is conceptualised as home grown technology or appropriate technology; a practise of co-creation involving social and material aspects, social and natural sciences, and societal and technological developments. 81

(4) African Retirement and Economic Empowerment Model (AREEM) • African Retirement and Economic Empowerment Model (AREEM) (Fig. 8) is designed for synergizing the efforts of retirees such that their retirement benefits are pooled as seed money for investment in their locality (Akinola, 2013 l). • The required thing is that the retirees need to embrace collective action and join efforts by pooling together part of their retirement benefits to serve as seed money for the implementation of innovative economic empowerment and practical investment strategies for retirees. 82

Fig. 8 a: African Retirement & Economic Empowerment Model (AREEMM) INNOVATION LEVEL Retirement Benefits as Seed Money • Sickness • Loss of Dignity • Death of Retirees Plundering of Pension Fund Pensioners’ Crisis PENSION CRISIS LEVEL Knowledge and Capacity Building SYNERGY LEVEL Constitutional Level Retirees’ Groups ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT MECHANISM for Retirees Family Members Youth Other Share holders – farmers, traders, artisans, etc. -tive Entrepreneurship (Local Industries, Investment, Food Production, Job Creation) Evaluation -tive or +tive Collective Choice Level Operational Level Experiments/Pilot Projects Outcome

Fig. 8 b: African Retirement & Economic Empowerment Model (AREEMM Entrepreneurship (Local Industries, Investment, Food Production, Job Creation) -tive Evaluation -tive or +tive Bonus and Dividends for shareholders Wealth Creation INVESTMENT ENLARGEMENT Food Production, Transport, Job Creation & Poverty Reduction and poverty reduction Experiments/Pilot Projects Outcome

(5) African Polycentric Urban Environmental Governance Model (APUEGM) • African Polycentric Urban Environmental Governance Model (APUEGM) is capable of mainstreaming citizens centred institutions in urban areas into socio economic and political decision making so that citizens (including the urban poor) can participate effectively in decisions on redevelopment, thus entrenching good urban governance, citizens centred environmental planning and development in Africa (Akinola 2016 f). • The APUEGM is diagrammatised in Fig. 9. 85

APUEGM • The first part of the model (Nos. 1 -10) displays the failure of centralised, monocentric and monocratic systems of governance (No. 1) occasioned by elite driven structurally defective institutional arrangement that has resulted into exclusion (No. 2) and consequent dualistic economy and policy (No. 3), etc. …. This failure requires a rethinking and a paradigm shift on urban governance (No. 11 a) to an inclusive institutional framework that would be appropriate for cities dwellers – elite and non elite – in Africa. 86

Fig. 9 a: African Polycentric Urban Environmental Governance Model 2. Elite-Driven and Exclusive 1. Centralised, Monocratic & Monocentric Governance 5 c. Lack of, and Inadequate Services 5 b. High Pop. with Small Resources (Non-elite) 5 d. Scarcity & Aggression (1 st Level) 9 b. Injustice and Aggression (2 nd Level) 11 b. Urban Realities 13 a. • Socio-Econ Factor • Cultural Factor • Institutional Factor 3. Dualisitc Urban Economy and Policy 4 b. Poor Reservation Area (PRA) 6. Slums, Shacks, Informal Settlements 8. Evictions Things Fall Apart 10. Urban Violence and Crisis 12. Restructuring (SGCA) New Urban Governmentality 4 a. Government Reservation Area (GRA) 7. Demolition 5 a. Low Pop. with Big Resources (Elite) 9 a. Violation of Human Rights 11 a. Rethinking Urban Governance 13 b. Associationalism – APIN Model (Akinola 2008 p) 87

Fig. 9 b: African Polycentric Urban Environmental Governance Model 9 b. Injustice and Aggression (2 nd Level) 11 b. Urban Realities 13 a. • Socio-Econ Factor • Cultural Factor • Institutional Factor 8. Evictions Things Fall Apart 10. Urban Violence and Crisis 12. Restructuring (SGCA) New Urban Governmentality 15 a. Polycentric System, Citizens. Driven & Inclusive Governance 14. African Polycentric Urban Renewal Model (APURM) 16. Land, Housing, Water, Roads, Electricity 17. Taxation, Accountability, Job, Services 9 a. Violation of Human Rights 11 a. Rethinking Urban Governance 13 b. Associationalism – APIN Model (Akinola 2008 p) 15 b. Municipality, Council/County 18. Environment, Health, Sanitation, Education 19. GOOD URBAN GOVERNANCE AND POVERTY REDCUTION 88

APUEGM • The second part of the model (Nos. 11 -19) displays the way forward, especially on the role of African scholars in rethinking urban governance by charting possible courses of actions on how urban mangers can work with citizens in synergy. • Rethinking urban governance requires the imperatives of urban realities (No. 11 b) to be factored into a new urban governmentality (No. 12). • Urban realities should be viewed analysed via exogenous variables (socio economic and institutional factors) (No. 13 a). 89

APUEGM • The paradigm shift in governance demands a new institutional arrangement through restructuring whereby the efforts of the stakeholders in the public terrains – politicians, bureaucrats, technocrats, NGOs, youth, unemployed persons, self governing institutions, etc. – are synergised. • Polycentric system, citizens driven and inclusive governance (No. 15 a) will enable municipal council and urban LG managers (No. 15 b) to pursue the goal of housing and infrastructural development (No. 16). 90

APUEGM • When public officials and citizens are able to work together, taxation and accountability (No. 17) will lead to job creation, access to land, affordable housing due to low cost of building materials, job opportunities, good roads, environmental health and sanitation (No. 18), etc. • At the end of the day, African countries would experience good urban governance and poverty reduction (No. 19). 91

Table 3: Proposals sent to The President, VP, Ministers, Senate President and GMD, NNPC, NCDMB and Governors of South-west S/N Date Title of Proposals sent to The President, VP, Ministers, Senate President and GMD, NNPC, NCDMB and Governors of South-west. 45 On 10 th June, 2015 Way Forward for Nigeria: Domesticate Democracy, Restructure the Public Sphere and Political Economy through Polycentric Planning. Proposal sent to the President (10 p). 47 On 21 st June, 2015 Knowledge Management Economy, Flood Mitigation And Lagos Megacity Project: A Polycentric Planning Strategy. The Executive Governor Of Lagos State, Governor Akinwumi Ambode, Governor’s Office, Alausa, Ikeja, Lagos State, Nigeria (31 p). 48 On 7 th July, 2015 Easing Nigeria’s Debt Burden through Polycentric Privatisation Planning. Proposal sent to the President (18 p). 50 On 1 st March, 2016 Re: National Economic Conference - Way Forward. Proposal sent to the President (10 p). 51 -54 On 7 th July, 2016 46, 55, 56 and 57 On 11 th June, 2015. Between July 11 and 15, 2016 58 -61 On July 22 nd and 1 st August, 2016 Resolving the Niger-Delta Crisis through Polycentric Planning. Copies sent to President, Vice President, Minister of Petroleum Resources, GMD, NNPC (16 p), and NCDMB (50 p). Knowledge Management Economy for Food Security, Industrialisation and Employment Generation in (Ekiti, Kwara, Ogun, Oyo States): A Polycentric Planning and Poverty Reduction Strategy. Copies sent to: (i) The Executive Governor Ayodele Fayose, Governor’s Office, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria. (ii) The Executive Governor of Kwara State, Governor Abdufatah Ahmed, (iii) The Executive Governor of Oyo State, Senator Isiaka Abiola Ajimobi, (iv) The Executive Governor of Ogun State, Senator Ibikunle Amosun. (PPPRS) (21 p x 3 = 63 p) Reviving Nigeria’s Economy through Polycentric Privatisation Planning. Copies sent President, Vice President, Minister of Finance and the Senate President (32 -42 p). 62 and 63 On 11 th August, 2016 Knowledge Management Economy for Food Security, Industrialisation and Employment Generation in Osun State: A Polycentric Planning and Poverty Reduction Strategy (PPPRS). Submitted to His Excellency, Ogbeni Rauf Adesoji Aregbesola, Governor of The State of Osun, Osogbo, Osun State and the Speaker of the House of Assembly, Hon. Najeem Folasayo Salaam, Osun State House of Assembly, Abere, Osogbo (22 p x 2 = 44 p). 92

(6) African Polycentric Students/Youth Mainstreaming and Empowerment Model (APSYMEM) • African Polycentric Youth Mainstreaming and Empowerment Model (APYMEM) (Fig. 10 a b) is conceptualised as the process of mainstreaming youth needs and legitimate aspirations into socio economic and techno political decisions, thereby empowering them and preparing them for effective and true leadership position in the nearest future. • APSYMEM derives inspirations from the roots of neglect the Nigerian students have suffered over the years. 93

APSYMEM • The present youth and students in Nigeria and other parts of Africa are a product of maltreatment and neglect by the African/Nigerian governments, hence their restiveness, aggressive postures and disrespect to elders that had contributed immensely to proliferation of cultism and high level of insecurity. 94

PROBLEMATICS ZONE Higher Education Level *Family Level Graduation/NYSC (12 million graduates/year) Minimal Societal Level Bad Minimal Governance World of Unemployment Disconnect Larger Societal Level Unemployment and Semi Campus Governance -employment Deficit Youth Restiveness Deprived Group Disgruntled Agitation, Cultism, Armed Robbery, Violence, Terrorism, etc. Survival through any means Lack of love & care, Child Neglect, etc. Youth Economic Disempowerment Juvenile Delinquency Inadequate Salary, Neglect of Youth Welfare Poverty, Hunger, etc. leads to agitation & Cultism Deprived Group Disgruntled Destruction of Lives and Property Insecurity, Reduction in Investment & Economic Loss Unemployment, Poverty & Human Misery RETHINKING Fig. 10 a: African Polycentric Students/Youth Mainstreaming and Empowerment Model (APSYMEM) Source: Adapted from Akinola (2014 i). 95

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SOLUTION ZONE Fig. 10 b: African Polycentric Students/Youth Mainstreaming and Empowerment Model (APSYMEM). RETHINKING African Realities Source: Adapted from Akinola (2014 i). Scholars & Intellectuals Public Officials Brainstorming Private Sector Self-governing Institutions Youth Mainstreaming & Empowerment Institutional Mechanism Adaptive Education at Campus Level Adaptive Education at School Level Minimal Governance at Family Level Adaptive Governance at Campus Level Moral and Cultural Reformation Broad-based Students Union with High Inclusivity Adaptive Education – Oyerinde and Eyota African Endogenous Impulses ADBB/AIC, AKEDEM Ministry of Students Union and Youth Development (1) Commercial Farms (2) Industrial Estates (3) Work-study Students Program Welfare (4) (Feeding & Govts Accommodation) Subvention Subsidized Innovation Village Intermediate Technological Entrepreneurial Capability, Agricultural Centre (ITC) Development & Food Security Industrialisation and Employment Generation Polycentric Privatisation and Joint-Shareholding 98 Students Economic

APSYMEM • In view of the present conditions of our students and youth, it is suggested that Ministry of Students Union and Youth Development be established for practical development of entrepreneurial capability and industrialisation through the operations of Commercial Farms and Industrial Estates. • At the same time, moral and cultural reformation will take place and this will result into the formation of broad based Students Union with high inclusivity. 99

Ministry of Students Union and Youth Development will serve the following purposes: • The Ministry of SUYD will act as a bridge between education and industry for entrepreneurial development towards specific goal/vision on what each student wants to become in the world of entrepreneurship. • The MSUYD will be saddled with identification of talents and endowments of students by giving them the opportunities for practical demonstration. • 100

MSUYD (Conts. ) • MSUYD will also venture into economic empowerment through work study programme, agricultural development and food security, industrialization, polycentric privatization and economic empowerment. • While Ministry of Education in tandem with the NUC will concentrate on funding and maintaining educational standard, the proposed MSUYD will focus on students’ welfare – subsidized feeding and accommodation, etc. – eat from your sweat and farm. • 101

MSUYD (Conts. ) • The MSUYD will help in reforming the youth morally and culturally and as well as preparing them for true and patriotic leadership in the future through electoral morality. • The MSUYD will also work in ascertaining socio economic conditions of students’ backgrounds for the purpose of scholarship and other assistance. • Students from poor family backgrounds who are in first class positions at any level will automatically qualify for full scholarship from the federal government. 102

Nigerian Students/Youth and Innovation – Wind Energy Potentials • Wind is abundant, low cost, and widely distributed. It is available for all countries to tap for energy. • This realization has prompted William Kamkwamba, from Malawi, a born inventor. • When he was 14, he built an electricity producing windmill from spare parts and scrap, working from rough plans he found in a library book called Using Energy and modifying them to fit his needs. • The windmill he built powers four lights and two radios in his family home (Africa Focus 2009 b). Nigerian students/youth, governments and 103

NIGERIAN STUDENTS/YOUTH ARE CALLING FOR CHANGE – Towards Inclusive Governance • We need a system that will guarantee students’ involvement in decision on matters that concern their lives and make them agents of positive change. • We need a system that will not allow our youth to inherit liability leadership when it gets to their turn of leadership in the future. • We need a system where elected persons will be answerable to students and youth after elections. 104

Caution for Nigerian/African Students/Youth • Nigerian Students/Youth be politically neutral. • They shouldn’t join political parties in their present structures but cast their votes. • Once they join political party hey become intellectually blind to reality and unable to think on problem solving; only to be defending the ruling party or opposing the opposition. • They should use their signatures to collectively demand for change in any area of the society. • Nigerian students should see themselves as a group, indivisible entity and work together for the sake of their future. 105

• Nigerian/African Students/Youth should enlighten their parents on realistic strategies that can solve problems and not political party. Students/Youth Role – Starting from URP Students • URP students should understand problem solving entrepreneurship called polycentric planning. • URP students should network with other students and youth in Nigeria to seek for opportunities at local government/community level for demonstrating these problem solving ideas for reviving local economy. 106

• URP students in conjunction with other students and youth in Nigeria and Africa should mount pressure on government (through signatures) for the adoption of problem solving ideas. • URP students should network with other students and youth in other countries in Africa to mount pressure on governments for the adoption of problem solving ideas in other countries. • At higher institution level, commercial farms and industrial estates should be established. 107

• At governmental level, diversification of economy at LG, state and federal levels. • This will require new orientation to the public officials. • URP students and professionals can become manager, director, supervisor, coordinator, etc. of food security and industrialisation programmes at various levels LG, state and federal. 108

Pilot Projects at Community Level • A community can set up SGCA for electoral system by selecting a consensus candidate (Councillor) at ward level for the demonstration of models that are applicable such as ALEDS, AFSM, AGEM, AREEM, APSYMEM, etc. • Religious Bodies and Pilot Projects • The Church and Islamic group can engage in pilot projects on food security, industrialisation and employment generation programmes. 109

Language Communities and Pilot Projects • Different language communities can organise food security, industrialisation and employment generation programmes starting from pilot projects. • The language of the programme should be the mother tongue of the people in their communities. Resolutions and Declarations by Nigerian Students/Youth • If opportunity can be got to apply these strategies, at least, for experimentation and the outcomes are positive, then Nigerian students/youth can make some resolutions and declarations: 110

Resolutions and Declarations (Conts. ) • Our parents and grandparents contributed in the struggles against colonialism and towards independence. • This present crop of leadership had better learning environment during their student days. • This present crop of leadership had jobs waiting for them before graduation. • We Nigerian students/youth suffered deprivation in terms of poor hostel accommodation, while Nigerian leaders sent their children abroad. 111

Resolutions and Declarations (Conts. ) • There are several cases of graduates in Nigeria riding Okada (motorcycle) as commercial taxi in order to survive economically, while some others work as labourers in building industry – carrying blocks, water and cement. • Enough is enough of dodging responsibility using the slogan of “non employability of graduates”. • The question is where are the jobs? • We demand immediate application of problem solving ideas/strategies that are Africentric. 112

IMPLEMENTATION PROCESS FOR FOOD SECURITY, INDUSTRIALISATION & EMPLOYMENT GENERATION @ Fed/State L • Polycentric Public Private Partnership (PPPP) (4 Ps) should be established in order to kick start food security, industrialisation and employment generation programmes by applying AFSM, APTDM, AREEM, AGEM, APUEGM and APSYMEM at the community level to enable governments and the people release their full potentials in meeting the present and future needs of the country. 113

• First Stage • The programme designs partnership arrangements that would involve public officials, NGOs, private sector, industries, famers’ organizations, universities, religious organisations and scholars in relevant disciplines and fields. • Decision should be taken on specific aspects of food activities to embark upon – crops, fruits, poultry, fishery, etc. – as well as their production, processing and storage. 114

• Second Stage: • Linkage should be established between governments and agricultural experts in diverse agricultural/food services. • Linkage should be established with specific industries for fabrication and production of machines and equipment. • The ownership of these projects would be shared among the stakeholders including the citizens through shareholding. 115

• Third Stage: Training of Staff • Special training should be organized for the new staff on food security and industrialization. • Fourth Stage: Project Implementation Stage – at the state level • At the state level, the process for implementation of food security, industrialisation and employment generation programmes should be fine tuned by the working group in eight stages – from planning to project commissioning. • The state level programme shall take decision on 3 6 LGs to be selected for the implementation. 116

• The PPPP office at the state level shall set up a committee cutting across all categories of the participants, called Food Industrialisation Employment Committee for Nigeria (FIECON). • FIECON shall be saddled with the responsibility of monitoring the implementation of the programmes at the local government level in each state. 117

Implementation Process for Food Security, Industrialisation & Employment Generation @ Local/Community Level • The implementation strategy of the proposed project is highlighted under 16 stages. • The number of stages is flexible due to circumstances in each community and LG of implementation (for details see Akinola, 2008 p, 2010 i). • The whole idea is diagrammatically expressed in Fig. 11 which shows the relationships between government, scholars and industrialists as the first level of action. 118

• It displays the application of PPPRS in relation to the pursuance of the actualization of five important issues: (1) re orientation of values; (2) creation of wealth; (3) generating employment; (4) providing affordable food for the poor; and (5) reducing poverty. • Fig. 12 illustrates the working mechanism of ALEDS towards polycentric privatisation, while • Fig. 13 demonstrates the process of implementing PPPRS for food security, industrialisation and employment generation as the second level of action at the local government/community level. 119

Fig. 11: Diagrammatic Expression of the Implementation Strategy. Source: Adapted from Akinola (2007 f: 233, 2008 p: 192). Governments, Universities, Religious Organisations, CSO Scholars (Higher Institutions) Re-orientating Values Agricultural Resources Adaptive Technology Public Officials Workshop on PPPP for Food, Industry & Employment – Designing Institutional Arrangements Polycentric Privatization (Local Industries) Industrialists and Private Sector Self-governing Institutions Processed Agric. Products Consumption and Export Share-holding Food for the Poor Bonus and 120

• • Application of African Polycentric Privatization Planning Model within ALEDS Framework in 36 States and 774 LG in Nigeria African Polycentric Privatisation Model (APPM) operates at two levels. At the first level, ownership of new public enterprises should be equitably distributed At the second level, by applying part of the principles that undergird AFSM, new economic enterprises should be established at various econ. centres sharing ownership among people. The implementation strategy of the proposed project is highlighted under 16 stages. 121

• First Stage • In each state, decision will be taken on three local governments/communities that could be selected for the implementation of the ideas on food security, industrialisation and employment generation. 122

FEDERAL GOVERNMENT OF NIGERIA Industrialists Farmers Agricultural Resources Subsidy and Tax Holiday Processed Agricultural Polycentric Privatization Products (Local Industries) Scholars Adaptive Technology Consumption and Export Share-holders Bonus and dividends for Share-holders Food for the poor Employment Generation Creating Wealth ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT AND POVERTY REDUCTION Fig. 12: he working mechanism of ALEDS towards Polycentric Privatisation 123

• Second Stage: A Two/Three-Day Programme on Local/Community Economic Revival Forum • At LG/community level, it is to be commenced with a programme tagged, “Local/Community Economic Revival Forum” which will bring together representatives of stakeholders/interest groups in the LG/community. • (1) For the Niger Delta region, all revolutionaries on group basis – Ex militants, Ethnic Militia. • (2) All unemployed youth LG. • (3) All existing SGIs as listed earlier in this paper. • (4) Public officials are members of SGCA as citizens and not as officials. 124

• Third Stage • Discussion on the feedback on decisions at the second stage will take place here. • Fourth Stage • The focus of the fourth stage will be on the selection of two pilot LG/communities for implementation of the programme. • Fifth Stage • At this stage, certain tasks need to be performed and these are: (a) election of board members and constitution crafting for the company. (b) resources mobilization in forms of sale of shares; and (c) the establishment of factories and industries, etc. 125

• Sixth Stage • The house (as in the fifth stage) will need to come together to ratify the constitution & register coy • Opening of a Bank Account for the company. • Seventh Stage: • The sale of shares would commence at this stage. • Eight Stage: • On the basis of the projects decided for implementation, selection of contractors and award of contracts to construct industries/factories would take place at this stage. Recruitment of workers 126

• Ninth Stage: • Construction of projects/ industries (food processing, fruit processing, fishpond, feed mills, poultry, rabbitry, goatry, snailry, etc. ) will commence at this stage. • Cooperative farming and other joint ventures can also be included in the company’s operations. • Tenth Stage: • Immediately after the training, the project would commence operation. Training would be a continuous exercise as activities expand. 127

• Eleventh Stage: • The evaluation of the pilot projects should commence three months after the commencement of operation. • The evaluation should be carried out by a group of experts and selected stakeholders. • Twelfth Stage: • Project revision and modification should commence after the evaluation. • Here, all lessons from the pilot projects would be used to improve the future design of the projects. 128

Thirteenth Stage: This step is concerned with project replication. Fourteenth Stage: This stage is for the regional workshop to share and compare experiences and • This would mark the end of the first phase of the programme that must take at least within 26 weeks (see Table 4). • Fifteenth Stage: • This stage is the beginning of the second phase of the programme and is concerned with project replication with additional projects across the states. • • 129

• Sixteen Stage: • This is the final stage where experiences gathered from all the programmes would be collated and prepared for publication for other part of the country to adopt. • Individual Local Government (LG), or a group of LGs along with groups/associations, industrialists and individuals can proceed with establishing their firms and industries, • This idea can then be spread to other countries in Africa for implementation. • The whole process is diagrammatised in Fig. 13. 130

Table 4: Outline of Tasks and Time Frame of Implementation Process Step 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Description of Tasks Time Frame State Level Programme for Government’s Officials, industrialists st 1 Week and financial institutions (2 days), SGIs, Revolutionaries, etc. The programme is titled, “Economic Revival Summit in South West” or “Niger Delta Solution Summit” for the Niger Delta region. LG Level Programme for Stakeholders in 3 LGs (2 days). The nd 2 Week programme is titled, “Local/Community Economic Revival Forum. ” Stakeholders shall brief their communities and their groups, and rd 3 Week seek for their opinion and suggestions Refined Package reflecting feedback from communities/ groups. 4 th Week Decision on Pilot Projects and the selection of communities Formation of committees and assignments to the committees (with the assistance from the experts). Crafting of rules & system of operation by the people at the LG/community level. Collation of reports on committees’ assignments (with the assistance from the experts). Final decision Execution of pilot projects 5 th Week 6 th Week 7 th to 8 th Week 9 th Week 10 th Week 11 th to 22 nd Week (12 weeks = 3 months) 11 Projects evaluation 23 rd to 24 th Weeks 12 13 Projects modification Projects replication in other LGs/communities 25 th Week 26 th Week onward 131

Economic Revival Forum for Reps. of Communities/ associations Refined Package Pilot Projects Assistance from Experts Inputs from Experts Formation of Committees Reports on Committees’ Assignments Final Decision Reps. Briefed Communities/ associations Feedback from Communities/ associations Communities - 1, 2, 3. . Assignments to Committees Crafting of Constitutions, Rules & System of Operation Communities Members & Associations Projects Execution Projects Evaluation Projects Revision & Modification Fig. 7: The Process of Polycentric Planning and Poverty Reduction Strategy for Food 132 Security in Oyo State. Projects

CONCLUSION • This paper concludes that the Nigerian reliance on neo liberal programmes/Western ideologies has resulted into monumental governance deficit and economic recession with deepened poverty. • Using African socio economic, techno political, cultural and environmental configurations, this paper presents Africentric innovative ideas/strategies to addressing the current economic recession, food inflation and development dilemma in Nigeria. 133

• After several failed attempts in getting Nigerian leaders (governments and universities) to adopt Africentric problem solving strategies, • this paper attempts transferring Polycentric Planning, as a problem solving strategy to • Planning Students, Nigerian/African Students and Youth • In order to get out of recession, it is highly imperative to domesticate democracy, restructure the public sphere and political economy; adapt endogenous knowledge to real life situations in Nigeria and intellectually empower planning students and Nigerian students through poly plang. 134

• This paper presents six models and strategies that have good bearing on economic revival: • (1) African Food Security Model (AFSM) with African Local Economic Development Strategy (ALEDS), • (2) African Polycentric Technological Development Model (APTDM), • (3) African Employment Generation Model (AGEM), • (4) African Retirement and Economic Empowerment Model (AREEM), • (5) African Polycentric Urban Environmental Governance Model (APUEGM). 135

• The paper culminates the discussions on (6) African Polycentric Students/Youth Mainstreaming and Empowerment Model (APSYMEM). • The paper thereafter charts courses of actions that Planning students, Nigerian/African students/youth, religious organisations and • CSO can take in championing and igniting the required economic revival strategies for holistic change and transformation in Nigeria. • The paper recommends the establishment of Ministry of Students Union and Youth Dev to focus on re orientating students and youth on Nigerian values, aspirations and entrepreneurial dev. 136

• The application of the models would enable Nigerian citizens to operate in synergy to resolving the current economic recession and thereby: • (i) securing food for the citizens, • (ii) generating employment opportunities, • (iii) enhancing economic growth through local industrialization, and • (iv) equitably distributing the benefits of economic growth among the citizenry tru poly priv planning, shareholding in, and joint ownership of local industries by the people. 137

• Invariably, this will empower local people economically, local governments will assume entrepreneurial roles, revenue base of LGs will be widened, oil/aid dependency syndrome will be broken, and states and LGs will be economically self reliant and sustainable. 138

THANK YOU ALL for listening & May God bless You, Planning Students, Nigerian/African 139