Скачать презентацию Ecology and Ecosystems 1 To be able to
Energy transfer within ecosystems.pptx
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Скачать презентацию Ecology and Ecosystems 1 To be able to
Скачать презентацию Ecology and Ecosystems 1 To be able to
Ecology and Ecosystems 1. To be able to define the common key terms in ecology and recap some common concepts 2. To introduce the terms NPP and GPP and energy transfer
• Ecology: the study of how living organisms interact with each other and with their abiotic environment. • Abiotic Factors: non-living components of the environment. • Habitat: the organism place of residence to which it is adapted. • Population: a group of individuals of the same species living in the same area that interact and interbreed with each other. • Community: interacting populations of different species living in the same area. • Ecosystem: a community of organisms and the habitat’s non-living components. • Biosphere: the global ecosystem - the Earth’s ‘layer of life’. • Niche: a species niche is everything about how it lives and fits into the community. Each species in a community has a unique niche. • A Pyramid of Numbers is a bar chart showing the number of individuals at each trophic level of a food chain • A food web is a flow chart showing the feeding connections in a community • Trophic Level: the position of a species in a food chain.
Nutritional Types of Organisms • Producer (Autotroph): makes its own food from inorganic materials. • Photosynthesis: light is the energy source. • Chemosynthesis: energy released by chemical reactions is the energy source. • Consumer (Heterotroph): cannot make food - uses ‘readymade’ food. • Herbivore: plant eating animal e. g. rabbit, honey bee, green fly. • Carnivore: flesh eating animal e. g. fox, hawk, ladybird. • Omnivore: plant and flesh eating animal e. g. hedge hog, field mouse. • Decomposer: detritus feeder e. g. earthworm, most bacteria and fungi. • Saprophyte: bacterium or fungus that feeds on detritus.
Feeding Terms • Symbiosis is the relationship between individuals of two or mores species living together. • Commensalism: symbiosis where one species gains benefit and the other species does not gain but is not at any serious disadvantage. Example: lichens and trees - the lichens gain a place to grow. • Parasitism: symbiosis where one species feeds off and harms the other. Example: lice on hawks. • Mutualism: symbiosis where all species gain. Example: lichens - the fungus gains food from the algae and the algae gain shelter, water plus mineral nutrients from the fungus.
Stop and think! Can you name 3 biotic and 3 abiotic factors?
Environmental Factors Affecting Living Organisms • Biotic Factors: the effect of other living organism of the same or other species. • Abiotic Factors: the effect of non-living items of the organism’s habitat. • Climatic Factors: the effect of the average weather conditions over time, e. g. , temperature, rainfall, day length, humidity, wind, atmospheric pressure. • Edaphic Factors: the effect of soil conditions e. g. p. H, aeration, porosity, water content, mineral nutrients, humus, soil type. • Aquatic Factors: e. g. wave action, tides, submergence time, exposure time, salinity, oxygen concentration, currents, sedimentation and light quality.
Predation is the hunting and killing of one animal by another food. • Examples: fox killing rabbits; ladybird killing aphids. Ecological Benefit of Predation • Maintains the prey species at a sustainable level. • Predation is a major factor in the evolution of the prey species. Predator Adaptations, e. g. , fox. • Reddish fur: camouflage to avoid detection by rabbits. • Long canine teeth: to kill the prey and tear flesh from it when feeding. • Great speed: to outrun the prey to capture it. Prey Adaptations, e. g. , rabbit. Predation • Rests underground: predator avoidance. • Long ears: good hearing to detect the predator. • White tail: conspicuous warning signal to other rabbits.
Competition is the rivalry between individuals of the same or different species for the same resources. • Plant Example: grass and daisies compete for light, space, water. • Animal Example: fox and hedgehog compete for food e. g. earthworms. Competitive Adaptations • Yellow petals of buttercup flower: to win the battle for insect pollinators. • Antibiotics secreted by soil bacterial to inhibit their competitors for nutrients. Ecological Benefit of Competition • • Controls and limits the size of the competitive species. Maintains a species at a sustainable level. Competition is a major factor in the evolution. Important factor in maintaining the ‘balance of nature’ in the community.
Ecosystems a quick recap.
Скачать презентацию Ecology and Ecosystems 1 To be able to
Energy transfer within ecosystems.pptx