ece 627 intelligent web: ontology and beyond lecture 18: tagging and folksonomy of 49
metadata is: “structured information that describes, explains, locates, or otherwise makes it easier to retrieve, use, or manage an information resource” (NISO) it allows systems to collocate related information, and helps users find relevant information ece 627, winter ‘ 13 2 of 49
metadata ways of creation generally in two ways: professional creation (professionals working with complex, detailed rule sets and vocabularies) author creation (authors of documents provide metadata along with their creations) are ontologies the result of that? ? ? ece 627, winter ‘ 13 3 of 49
metadata third (new) way user-created metadata users of the documents and media create metadata for their own individual use that is also shared throughout a community ece 627, winter ‘ 13 4 of 49
folksonomy what is it? it is a people's taxonomy is composed of terms in a flat namespace there is no hierarchy, no parent-child or sibling relationships between these terms ece 627, winter ‘ 13 5 of 49
folksonomy what is it? the set of terms (called tags) that a group of users tagged content with, they are not a predetermined set of classification terms or labels ece 627, winter ‘ 13 6 of 49
folksonomy … the cumulative force of all the individual tags can produce a bottom-up, self-organized system for classifying items on the web ece 627, winter ‘ 13 7 of 49
what is tagging? introduction a tag is a non-hierarchical keyword or term assigned to a piece of information - such as an internet bookmark, digital image, or computer file (Wikipedia) tagging – to mark with a tag; to label, identify, or recognize with or as if with a tag - a unique and powerful way of organizing information ece 627, winter ‘ 13 8 of 49
what is tagging? tagging system three “components” -users -resources -tags ece 627, winter ‘ 13 9 of 49
tagging system users the people who employ a tagging system (sometimes also called taggers) – they create the tags, and sometimes they add resources have a variety of different interests, needs, goals, and motivations – but they are trying to achieve some larger goal – such as sharing a photo or labeling a document so they can find it later ece 627, winter ‘ 13 10 of 49
tagging system resources are items that users tag a resource can be just about anything – a book, a Web page, a video, or even a location within each tagging system, resources often share some common properties – they are books, or photos, or … ece 627, winter ‘ 13 11 of 49
tagging system tags the keywords added by users are tags can be just about any kind of term, they can be descriptions of the resource’s subject matter, its location, its intended user, a reminder, or something else entirely – can be individual words or phrases tags are essentially metadata about the resource ece 627, winter ‘ 13 12 of 49
tagging system tags are more than just metadata in an application – they are a tool people use to track, share, and find information ece 627, winter ‘ 13 13 of 49
tagging system tag cloud is a method of presenting tags where the more frequently used tags are emphesized ece 627, winter ‘ 13 14 of 49
tagging system tag cloud – example www. wordle. net ece 627, winter ‘ 13 15 of 49
tagging system … all tagging happens in the context of a system, and the system defines what kind of tagging can take place for example, the system may allow users to add their own resources or not, may allow to tag any resource or not, may forbid certain kinds of tags ece 627, winter ‘ 13 16 of 49
tagging system perspectives … Information Architecture Social Software tagging sits at the intersection of three established fields ece 627, winter ‘ 13 Personal Information Management 17 of 49
tagging system information architecture the structural design of shared information environments and the art and science of organizing and labeling web sites, intranet, online communities, and software to support usability and findability information architects focus on using controlled vocabularies, search-and-browse systems ece 627, winter ‘ 13 18 of 49
tagging system social software applications that people use to communicate, collaborate, and share online people who design social software interested in facilitating group interaction within the system ece 627, winter ‘ 13 19 of 49
tagging system personal information management “refers to the practice and study of the activities people perform in order to acquire, organize, maintain, retrieve, and use information items such as documents, web pages, e-mail messages …” (Wikipedia) they are programs for managing information and methods for keeping yourself on track – help you file, track, and find your information when you need it ece 627, winter ‘ 13 20 of 49
tagging system tensions … personal <-> social do people tag primary for their own benefit? or are they motivated to share information with a group …? ece 627, winter ‘ 13 21 of 49
tagging system tensions … idiosyncratic<-> standard should tags be unique? or should be standardized so they can be used for browsing and searching? ece 627, winter ‘ 13 22 of 49
tagging system tensions … freedom<-> control does the system give users complete freedom? or does it influence or control their tags? ece 627, winter ‘ 13 23 of 49
tagging system tensions … amateur<-> expert how qualified are the people who do tagging? should tags contributed by amateurs count as much as tags created by experts? ece 627, winter ‘ 13 24 of 49
tagging why matters it is popular it is multifaceted it is flexible it is also made for the stream – the constant flow of information we experience online ece 627, winter ‘ 13 25 of 49
tagging motivation ease of use - tags are simple just typing few words - tags are flexible tags can be whatever you need them to be - tags are extensible you can always add new tags - tags can be aggregated … can be messy and may not conform to any recognizable pattern ece 627, winter ‘ 13 26 of 49
tagging motivation managing personal information - do not need to consider the whole categorization scheme, you just add tags you can add any tags, instead of finding the one category that is the best fit re-categorization is easy if we make a mistake ece 627, winter ‘ 13 27 of 49
tagging motivation collaborating and sharing - you can explore topics using the tags of other users may be experts you may use tags to connect with other users who share interests having fun expressing yourself ece 627, winter ‘ 13 28 of 49
tagging system architecture requires to set up rules about your users (who they are and how they join the system), your resources (how they are added to the system), and tags (who can tag which resources) how users interact with each other ece 627, winter ‘ 13 29 of 49
tags as metadata kinds of metadata: -helps you (or others) find data you want -helps you manage your data -lets you relate your data to other data you own, as well as other data out there in the world ece 627, winter ‘ 13 30 of 49
tags as metadata kinds of metadata descriptive – provide details about the resource administrative – used to manage a collection of resources (for example, date a resource was acquired, the person who owns the rights to the resource) structural – used to associate the resource with other resources (for example, volume of books, maps of how individual files relate to each other) ece 627, winter ‘ 13 31 of 49
tags as metadata kinds of metadata tag type descriptive resource ownership/source opinion self-reference task organizing play/performance ece 627, winter ‘ 13 example webdesign, drama, sushi gardening, music blog, book, video, photo nytimes, genesmith (author) cool, funny, lame mystuff, mine todo, work helo 3, poetry 32 of 49
tags … taxonomies and controlled vocabularies two kinds of classification systems – define relationships between terms help us understand navigate concepts by making language less ambiguous, by connecting concepts, and by capturing the relationships between objects observed in the real world ece 627, winter ‘ 13 33 of 49
tags … controlled vocabularies a system for managing the meaning of words – it removes ambiguity of language synonym rings – give two or more words an equivalent meaning authority files – as above but one of the words is identified as a preferred term ece 627, winter ‘ 13 34 of 49
tags … taxonomies establishes parent-child relationships between terms, are typically hierarchical ece 627, winter ‘ 13 35 of 49
tags … enriching taxonomy with tags bubble-up approach tags are attached to a resource, for example, a song those tags are “bubble-up” from several songs to describe their parent item, album tags are then bubbled up again to describe the artist relationships between resources are preserved while capturing the descriptive terms of users ece 627, winter ‘ 13 36 of 49
folksonomy introduction it is a term used to describe the bottom-up classification systems that emerge from social tagging ece 627, winter ‘ 13 37 of 49
folksonomy introduction the relationships between tags are inferred based on their usage patterns no formal relationships parent-child like in taxonomy no equivalences between terms as in a controlled vocabulary ece 627, winter ‘ 13 38 of 49
folksonomy introduction css ajax HIV ccr 5 webdesign ece 627, winter ‘ 13 cxcr 4 39 of 49
folksonomy - independence users are free to choose their tags some systems offer suggestions – a tool aimed to help users add tags more easily and efficiently ece 627, winter ‘ 13 40 of 49
folksonomy - aggregation pulling all the tags together in an automated way – this creates folksonomy manual sampling of tags, few users – not a folksonomy – based on users’ activities and interests ece 627, winter ‘ 13 41 of 49
folksonomy - inference relationships between tags are inferred from their use they are based on the language and usage patterns of real users ece 627, winter ‘ 13 42 of 49
folksonomy - methods to infer semantic relationships -counting tags to see which is most popular -co-occurrence counts which tags are used together (loose approximation of the associative relationships) -clustering of tags that have a high probability of cooccurence ece 627, winter ‘ 13 43 of 49
folksonomy when to use -nomenclature is uncertain or evolving -dynamic information space -semantic relationships are not critical -multiple viewpoints are desirable -you can tap in an active base of users ece 627, winter ‘ 13 44 of 49
from folksonomy to ontology super-class relationships tags that co-occur with other tags often are thought to be more general than more specific-tags that cooccur with other tags less often ece 627, winter ‘ 13 45 of 49
from folksonomy to ontology super-class relationships for example "music" co-occurs with both "piano" and "guitar", and as such can be suspected being a super-class of both on the other hand, "piano" probably does not cooccur with more possible tags than "music" and usually co-occurs with "music" and so it likely is a subclass ece 627, winter ‘ 13 46 of 49
from folksonomy to ontology synonym relationships detecting synonyms is actually counter-intuitive, since I believe that the same user will not tag a URI both "computer" and "PC, " but will probably only pick one of those however, groups of users will use different synonyms, and over time most of the convergence will come from synonyms being merged. ece 627, winter ‘ 13 47 of 49
from folksonomy to ontology structured relationships tags that co-occur often might have a facet, or structured relationship these may be pairs or trids ece 627, winter ‘ 13 48 of 49
from folksonomy to ontology structured relationships for example "book" and "author" and "Mark Twain" is a triadic ("triple" on the Semantic Web) relationship, and if these co-occur quite often they are probably a relationship in fact, one would suspect that most co-occurences are pairs, like "author" and "Zadie Smith, " or "book" and "Mark Twain, " and making these work with the Semantic Web would be slightly more difficult ece 627, winter ‘ 13 49 of 49
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