EC 501 EMBEDDED SYSTEM APPLICATIONS CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

EC 501 EMBEDDED SYSTEM APPLICATIONS CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEM DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING POLITEKNIK SULTAN HAJI AHMAD SHAH

LEARNING OUTCOMES • Understand the concept of embedded system: 1. Describe the meaning of embedded system 2. Explain microcontroller as the heart of embedded system 3. Relate embedded system examples with real life application 4. Differentiate Microcontroller and microprocessor 5. Discuss the advantages of microcontroller application

Definition • Embedded system: any device that includes a programmable computer but is not itself a general-purpose computer.

EMBEDDED SYSTEM Definition Embedded system is a computer system that cannot be programmed by the user because it is preprogrammed for a specific task and embedded within the equipment which it serves. (Mc. Graw-Hill Science & Technology Encyclopedia: ) Embedded system is a product controlled by its own internal microprocessor or microcontroller with a purpose for specific functions needed for the system

• component of : embedded system • A combination of hardware and software which together form a component of a larger machine. • An example of an embedded system is a microprocessor that controls an automobile engine. • An embedded system is designed to run on its own without human intervention, and may be required to respond to events in real time. • Source: www. computeruser. com/resources/dictionary

Microcontroller as the Heart of Embedded System Like A microcontroller is the data processing "brain" of an embedded system. Microcontroller like brain? ? Woww. . It is great right? Receive Input Signal Process it Produce an Output

Embedding a computer: a very simplified view… • In an embedded system, a microcontroller receives input signals, processes the input signals and generates output signals based on the processing. output CPU embedded computer analog input analog mem

MICROCONTROLLERS AS HEART OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM For example, in a thermometer embedded system, the microcontroller may receive a signal from a temperature measuring device, process the signal and send data to a display device to show the temperature being sensed.

ECE 354 Lecture 1 The Big Picture • What are embedded systems? • Challenges in embedded computing system design. • Design methodologies. § § § Sophisticated functionality. Real-time operation. Low manufacturing cost. Low power. Designed to tight deadlines by small teams.

Examples of Embedded system • Cell phones, Webcams, Navigation Systems • Routers, Blade servers, Wireless PC cards • Automobiles, Car Alarms, Keyless Entry Systems • Building security, card swiping systems • Embedded Medical Devices - Pacemakers

Characteristics of embedded systems • • • Sophisticated functionality. Real-time operation. Low manufacturing cost. Low power. Reliable and secure. Designed to tight deadlines by small teams.

Characteristics of Embedded System • Embedded systems are designed to do a specific task • Embedded systems are not always standalone devices • The program instructions written for embedded systems are referred to as firmware, and are stored in read-only memory or flash memory chips.

Non-functional requirements • Many embedded systems are mass-market items that must have low manufacturing costs. – Limited memory, microprocessor power, etc. • Power consumption is critical in battery-powered devices. – Excessive power consumption increases system cost even in wall-powered devices. • Must finish operations by deadlines. – Hard real time: missing deadline causes failure. – Soft real time: missing deadline results in degraded performance.

Microprocessors in Embedded Systems

Microprocessor alternatives for embedded systems • Ordinary microprocessor: CPU plus on-chip cache units. • Microcontroller: includes I/O devices, on-board memory. • Digital signal processor (DSP): microprocessor optimized for digital signal processing. • Hard core vs. soft core. • Typical embedded word sizes: 8 -bit, 16 -bit, 32 -bit.

EMBEDDED SYSTEM EXAMPLES. . cont… Physically, embedded systems range from • portable devices such as digital watches and MP 3 players, to • large stationary installations like traffic lights, factory controllers, or • the systems controlling nuclear power plants.

Applications Areas

EMBEDDED SYSTEM EXAMPLES Embedded systems are used in all aspects of modern life and there are many examples of their use, including: 1. Telecommunications systems 2. Consumer electronics 3. Transportation systems 4. Medical equipment 5. Etc

Application Areas • TV • stereo • remote control • phone / mobile phone • refrigerator • microwave • washing machine • electric tooth brush • oven / rice or bread cooker • watch • alarm clock • electronic musical instruments • electronic toys (stuffed animals, handheld toys, pinballs, etc. ) • medical home equipment (e. g. blood pressure, thermometer) • … • [PDAs? ? More like standard computer system] Consumer Products

Application Areas • Medical Systems – pace maker, patient monitoring systems, injection systems, intensive care units, … • Office Equipment – printer, copier, fax, … • Tools – multimeter, oscilloscope, line tester, GPS, … • Banking – ATMs, statement printers, … • Transportation – (Planes/Trains/[Automobiles] and Boats) • radar, traffic lights, signalling systems, …

Application Areas • Automobiles – engine management, trip computer, cruise control, immobilizer, car alarm, – airbag, ABS, ESP, … • Building Systems – elevator, heater, air conditioning, lighting, key card entries, locks, alarm systems, … • Agriculture – feeding systems, milking systems, … • Space – satellite systems, …

EMBEDDED SYSTEM EXAMPLES Line Follower Robot Washing Machine For more detail, please refer book page 25 Air-Bag

Slide credit Y Williams, GWU Introduction to Embedded Systems Setha Pan-ngum 23

More examples Slide credit Y Williams, GWU Introduction to Embedded Systems Setha Pan-ngum 24

Slide credit Y Williams, GWU Introduction to Embedded Systems Setha Pan-ngum 25

Application Areas • Facts: – 1997: The average U. S. household has over 10 embedded computers (source: www. it. dtu. dk/~jan) • 1998: 90% Embedded Systems vs. 10% Computers – (source: Frautschi, www. caliberlearning. com) • 2001: The Volvo S 80 has 18 embedded controllers and 2 busses (source: Volvo)

Automobiles

Slide credit S. Kowalewski Aachen University Introduction to Embedded Systems Setha Pan-ngum 30

Slide credit Y Williams, GWU Introduction to Embedded Systems Setha Pan-ngum 32

Embedded in a Shoe! The microprocessor embedded in this adidas running shoe calculates the pressure between the runner's foot and the ground five million times per second and continuously changes the cushioning to match an adjustable comfort level. The computer controls a motor that lengthens and shortens a cable attached to a plastic cushioning element.

• Microcontroller is great…how about our computer (microprocessor)? Next slide describe the difference between u. P and u. C u. P u. C

Microcontroller versus generalpurpose microprocessor • Microprocessor is an IC which has only the CPU inside them i. e. only the processing. Application of microprocessor includes Desktop PC’s, Laptops, notepads etc. • Microprocessor is the general purpose microprocessors such as Intel’s x 86 family (8086, 80286, 80386, 80486 and the Pentium) or Motorola’s family

Microcontroller versus generalpurpose microprocessor • A microcontroller (sometimes abbreviated µC, u. C or MCU) is a small computer on a single integrated circuit containing a processor core, memory, and programmable input/output peripherals.

Microprocessor based system A system designer using a general-purpose microprocessor must add RAM, ROM, I/O ports and timers externally to make them functional.

(μP) vs. Microcontroller (μC) store the information (during CPU operation) CPU / μP To OVERVIEW OF MICROCONTROLLER Register ALU To process the information Control Unit To control the direction of information (CPU, Memory, I/O)

OVERVIEW OF MICROCONTROLLER μP vs. μC μC CPU / μP Register DATA BUS ALU RAM ROM I/O Control Unit ADDRESS BUS CONTROL BUS Timer Serial COM

Micro controller system All the support devices like Read only memory, Read – Write memory, Timer, Serial interface, I/O ports are internal. In other words, the processor, RAM, ROM, I/O ports and timer are all on a single chip.

Differences between microcontrollers and microprocessor based system Microcontroller Microprocessor Dedicated to one specific task Can do many different task Support devices are internal for a micro controller Support devices are external in a microprocessor based system Micro controllers offer software protection micro processor base system fails to offer a protection system. Time required to build the circuit will be less, the size will be less and will be more, the size will be more power consumption will be less and power consumption will be more Not expensive Expensive

The advantages of microcontroller application • Small size • program is difficult to copy because of copy protection functions and an emulator will be required to copy it. • Reduce chip count • Many applications do not require as much computing power • Reduced power consumption • Reduced design cost

Sheet 1 End-of-chapter Problems 1 1. Microcontrollers are normally less expensive than microprocessors. (true/false) 2. When comparing a system board based on a microcontroller and a general purpose microprocessor, which one is cheaper? 3. What does the term embedded system mean?

End-of-chapter Problems 1. . cont. . 4. List the differences between microcontroller and microprocessor. 5. List the advantages of microcontroller application. 6. Microcontroller normally has which of the following devices on-chip? a) RAM b) ROM c) I/O d) all of the above

Thank you Dr. Hanaa. M