Earthquakes Nisqually Earthquake On February 28

Earthquakes

Nisqually Earthquake • On February 28 th 2001 at 10: 54 a. m. we had an earthquake that measured 6. 8 on the Richter scale. • On a sheet of paper write down everything you can remember about your experiences during and after that earthquake. • In groups of 4 share your observations. • Show pictures • Reflection questions: • 1. What happens during an earthquake? • 2. What causes earthquakes?

Parapet Debris off of the Washington Federal Building, Olympia]

Warm Up 1/31 • What do you think causes earthquakes? • What are some of the effects of an earthquake? • How do you think scientists predict earthquakes?

Earthquake – the shaking resulting from movement of the earth’s crust

Seismic waves – waves resulting from the energy released from an earthquake

Focus – the point where movement in the crust happens Epicenter – the spot on the surface of the earth above the focus

Epicenter Plate boundary Focus or fault line

Primary waves (P waves) (6 -7 km/sec) fastest moving wave - Push pull wave - Moves through dense material (liquids solids) faster

Secondary Waves (S-waves) (3. 5 km/sec) slower than P-waves does not travel through liquids or gases up and down motion (shear)

Surface waves (L-waves) (2. 5 km/sec) Travel along earth’s surface slowest wave acts like a wave on ocean, up and down and side to side(shear) Wave motion causes the most damage

Properties of waves • Amplitude - height from origin to crest (trough) - amount of energy carried by the wave • wavelength ( l )- distance peak to peak • frequency ( f ) - number of oscillations in one second • speed = l f

Seismic Risk Map • • • create a LEGEND on your map Plot each earthquake in data table 41 -1 color each state according to risk zone Answer the Questions and Calculations Write an “I learned” statement on the back

South America Questions 1. Which type of earthquakes (shallow or deep) happen off the coast of SA? 2. Which type of earthquakes happen under the trench? 3. Which type of earthquakes happen under the Andes? 4. Which type of earthquakes happen under the western plain? 5. Given that earthquakes that occur between 50 and 150 km are the most deadly where are the most dangerous places to live in SA? 6. Explain how subduction of the ocean plate under SA might account for the location of deadly earthquakes

Warm Up 3/28 • Look at the seismogram • How many earthquake waves is it detecting? • Which part of the graph shows how big the earthquake was?

• Warm struck 3/29 the S Wave to Up did it take How long after the P wave reach this seismograph? • What is value of the amplitude of the earthquake at this station?

RTN p 470 - 473 • Create a heading for the whole selection that is in the form of a question (answered by the text. ) • Summarize each paragraph in 1 or 2 complete sentences. • List and define any new vocabulary words

• What is still unclear to you about this article? • OR • If all is clear to you, design three questions with the purpose of checking the understanding of others.

Video questions • How does the ground appear to move during an earthquake? • What are possible causes of an earthquake? • What are some destructive, or negative, effects of earthquakes? • Why do you think more people were killed in Kobe, Japan, than in California when both earthquakes were of similar strength and occurred in heavily populated cities?

RTN • Create a heading for the whole selection that is in the form of a question (answered by the text. ) • Summarize each paragraph in 1 or 2 complete sentences using concrete details. • List and define any new vocabulary words

• What is still unclear to you about this article? • OR • If all is clear to you, design three questions with the purpose of checking the understanding of others.

Building a House Think Prompt • Why did so many buildings collapsed in the Kobe earthquake? • If a major earthquake hit a large U. S. city do you think that the victims would react like the people of Kobe did? • How do you think engineers and architects use what they know about earthquake waves to design earthquake resistant buildings?

Designing earthquake resistant buildings Read pg 130 -133 and answer these questions 1. How do engineers design buildings that are more resistant to earthquakes? 2. How can older buildings be strengthened? 3. How does the size and shape of a building affect its resistance to earthquakes? 4. How does the soil a building is built on affect its resistance to earthquakes? 5. How will the design features discussed in this text influence your building design?

Agenda 11/22 • PGB • Stamp / go over HW • Build a House Lab – Get into teams and do part B and C • HW: finish lab questions as needed and work on science fair experiments

Part A: Designing the model • 1. Describe your house • 2. You will be assigned a soil foundation of sand, glue or plaster of Paris or some combination of these three • 3. You will use toothpicks and marshmallows to build your house • 4. Describe your feature • 5. You will be given a plastic pan to hold the foundation

Part B: Building and testing the model • 1. Draw your house • 2. shake your house and record results • 3. describe how you will improve your house • 4. We will shake all houses at the same time during the “earthquake” – record results

How do this lab

Part C: Evaluating the model • Answer questions 1 -5 in complete sentences

Agenda 11/25 • • Collect Build a House Lab as needed Science Fair documents Seismic risk Map activity HW: work on science fair experiments

Agenda 11/26 • hand in Seismic risk Map activity • Recording earthquake waves • HW: work on science fair experiments

Recording Earthquake Waves • Pick up Catastrophic events lab book and Turn to page 134 • Complete inquiry/lab • To Turn in: adding machine tape with your name on it AND “reflecting on what you’ve done questions on pg 141 • DUE AT the END OF THE PERIOD

Recording Vibrations Lab • Get out a piece of paper and label • OBSERVATIONS • REFLECTIONS

A note on these labs • • Always assign a reader to keep track of where you are. READ all Directions If you do not know what to do ask! Science is about conducting investigations – not about worksheets! YOU CAN DO THIS AND it can BE FUN!

Discovery Variables: • Direction • Distance • Force

The lab • The lab is broken into three sections – test for variables! • Part 9 tests for direction • Part 10 tests for distance • Part 11 tests force

Things to Turn in • Adding Machine Tape with all members names on it. Make sure you have clearly labeled the “seismogram” • Questions on Page 141

Agenda 12/2 • Epicenter Notes • Epicenter Lab • HW: work on science fair experiments

How is an Earthquake's Epicenter Located? • examine seismograms as recorded by three different seismic stations. • On each of these seismograms you will have to measure the S - P time interval (in seconds) • The S - P time interval will then be used to determine the distance the waves have traveled from the origin to that station. • The actual location of the earthquake's epicenter will be on the perimeter of a circle drawn around the recording station. • The radius of this circle is the epicentral distance. • Three stations are needed in order to "triangulate" the location.

L S time P distance

Agenda 12/3 • PGB • Finish Epicenter Lab parts 1 and 2 • HW: ½ page essay – work I have done so far on my science fair project

Epicenter Lab • Part 1 – handout – – – Determine the arrival times Calculate S minus P times Determine the distances from epicenter Draw circles Answer questions 4 and 5 • Part 2 – online virtual earthquake – Log on and follow directions – Write a conclusion paragraph on back of handout • I learned • Sources of error • Improvements or further investigations