Earth Observation Information and Decision Making: An ongoing story Gilberto Câmara, INPE, Brazil IGOS-GEO Symposium, 2009
INPE: Clear-cut deforestation mapping of Amazonia since 1988 ~230 scenes Landsat/year Yearly detailed estimates of clear-cut areas LANDSAT-class data (wall-to-wall)
Then, in November, 2004. . 30000 25000 20000 15000 10000 5000 0 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Yearly deforestation rate for 2003 -2004: 27, 100 km 2
Public opinion reaction was strong What is the proper scientific reaction?
How does deforestation happen? T 1 – Selective logging T 2 – Loss of smaller trees T 3 – Loss >50% of forest T 4 – Loss >90% of forest
Intensive Logging time Can we detect deforestation before it is too late? Warning 1 Loss >50% Warning 2 Loss > 90% Warning 3
Satellites for Monitoring Tropical Forests (2004) 100 50 Identification Revisit (days) Mapping CCD CBERS-2 LANDSAT TM 10 5 MODIS Detection 1 1 5 10 50 100 Resolution (m) 1000
DETER: Real-time Deforestation Monitoring 15 -day warnings of newly deforested large areas MODIS data
Altamira (Pará) – LANDSAT Image – 22 August 2003
Altamira (Pará) – MODIS Image – 07 May 2004
Altamira (Pará) – MODIS Image – 22 June 2004 6. 000 hectares deforested in one month!
Go to the field. .
. . . and get the bad guys!
How hard is to use MODIS images to detect deforestation? Landsat/TM Alerta DETER nov-2007 MODIS August 2007 November 2007
Monitoring forest degradation (S 12, 270 ; W 54, 130)
For a while, everything was well. . .
Transparency builds credibility “Today, Brazil’s monitoring system is the envy of the world. INPE provides automated bi-weekly alerts that other tropical nations would love to emulate. ”
Transparency builds governance 500. 000 registrations 46 million protests
Then, in January 2008. . .
Transparency builds governance
Relative Variation 2007 -2008 (%)
Yearly rates of deforestation: 2008 -2009 Smallest yearly increase since the 1970 s
A Global Forest Information System LANDSAT TM (30 m) Navigate, describe, understand: image navigation and processing, production and dissemination of information, knowledge-building using semantics CBERS HRC (2, 5 m)
“A few satellites can cover the entire globe, but there needs to be a system in place to ensure their images are readily available to everyone who needs them. Brazil has set an important precedent by making its Earth-observation data available, and the rest of the world should follow suit. ”
Data for the world´s tropical areas Urumchi Aswan Maspalomas Chetumal Boa Vista Accra(? ) Miyun Ghuangzhou Nairobi(? ) Darwin) Cuiabá Jo´burg Global satellite data in 5 meter+ will be free Concerted action needed with benefits to all involved
Optical Satellites for Forestry HRC CBERS-2 B LISS-4 (IRS-P 6) 100 MUX CBERS-3/4 SPOT HRV 50 Mapping CCD CBERS-2/3/4 Revisit (days) HRG SPOT 10 LISS-3 IRS-P 6/7 TM LANDSAT Identification SENTINEL-2 Detection AWIFS (IRS-P 6/7) 5 AWFI CBERS-3/4 AWFI CBERS-2 Amaz-1/2 MODIS 1 1 5 50 Resolution (metres) 10 100 500 1000
Multiple perspectives Type 1: Capable national agencies Type 2: Other National agencies Type 3: International organizations Type 4: Scientists and experts Type 5: Private companies (markets and services) Type 6: NGOs and common citizens.
Supporting Type 1 users with high-resolution CBERS-HRC image (2, 5 meters) Degradation Deforestation Validation sites (INPE, Feb 2008) High-resolution images support validation
Supporting Type 2 users with web tools Angola CBERS CCD (20 m) 24 -June-08 Google. Earth (resolution? date? ) Angola national report? Web-based tools for mapping, validation and assessment of deforestation
Supporting Type 4 users with semantics Overcoming the semantical debate Deforestation! Knowledge base A What is deforestation? Deforestation? Knowledge base B
Global Forest Information System National, int´l agencies Open Globes Congo DR Open. Forest. Map Wiki. Forest Scientists, Citizens, Markets Angola
Development as Freedom (Amartya Sen) The goal of development is the promotion and expansion of valuable capabilities. Capability is the freedom to achieve valuable beings and doings.
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