E U AND SCHENGEN International Institute For Security

E. U. AND SCHENGEN International Institute For Security and Cooperation Rodolfo Peikov Member of the Advisory Board IISC 2011

E. U. AND SCHENGEN • This presentation is intended only to furnish a basic knowledge of the European Union and its laws, treaties, etc. , and could be a starting point for further and more detailed study. • It is not to be taken as a complete or detailed work but, rather, as an introduction to an interesting but very complex and dynamic subject. • It gives a minimum essential background knowledge required to properly analyze the European Union and its place in today’s society.

E. U. AND SCHENGEN Where in the world is the EU? Sources: Europa. eu The European Union – 500 million people – 27 countries

E. U. AND SCHENGEN 500 million people-27 countries *Countries shaded grey are candidates for EU membership: Croatia FYROM Iceland Montenegro Turkey Sources: Europa. eu The European Union – 500 million people – 27 countries

E. U. AND SCHENGEN

E. U. AND SCHENGEN EU Population in the World 1, 341, 932, 000 500, 441, 000 Sources: Europa. eu Open sources 310, 384, 000 126, 536, 000 EU China Japan 142, 958, 000 Russia United States

E. U. AND SCHENGEN Area of the EU compared with the rest of the World 17, 075, 200 9, 372, 614 9, 596, 960 4, 326, 253 EU Surface Sources: Europa. eu area, 1 000 km² Open sources 377, 835 China Japan Russia United States Surface area in km²

93 Sources: Europa. eu Surface area The European Union – 500 million people – 27 countries in 1 000 km² Malta Luxemburg Cyprus Slovenia 0. 3 3 9 20 30 Belgium 43 Denmark 34 43 Estonia Netherlands 49 62 Latvia Slovakia 63 68 Lithuania Ireland 77 Czech Republic 83 Portugal Austria 92 Hungary Bulgaria Greece Romania United Kingdom Italy Finland Poland Germany Sweden Spain France 111 131 230 244 295 305 313 357 410 506 544 E. U. AND SCHENGEN Size of the EU countries

Sources: Europa. eu The European Union – 500 million people – 27 countries 9. 3 10. 0 Hungary Bulgaria 5. 5 7. 6 Austria Population in millions, 8. 4 Sweden 10. 5 10. 6 Portugal Czech Republic 10. 8 11. 3 Belgium Greece Netherlands Romania Poland Spain Italy United Kingdom France Germany 500 million total in 2009 2. 0 Slovenia Malta Luxemburg 0. 4 0. 5 0. 8 2. 3 Latvia Cyprus 3. 3 Lithuania 1. 3 4. 5 Ireland Estonia 5. 3 Slovakia Finland 5. 4 Denmark 16. 5 21. 5 38. 1 45. 8 60. 1 61. 6 64. 4 82. 1 E. U. AND SCHENGEN Population of the EU countries

E. U. AND SCHENGEN European Union Европейски съюз (Bulgarian) Unione europea (Italian) Evropská unie (Czech) Eiropas Savienība (Latvian) Den Europæiske Union (Danish) Europos Sąjunga (Lithuanian) Europese Unie (Dutch) Unjoni Ewropea (Maltese) Euroopa Liit (Estonian) Unia Europejska (Polish) Euroopan unioni (Finnish) União Europeia (Portuguese) Union européenne (French) Uniunea Europeană (Romanian) Europäische Union (German) Európska únia (Slovak) Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση (Greek) Evropska unija (Slovene) Európai Unió (Hungarian) Unión Europea (Spanish) An t. Aontas Eorpach (Irish) Europeiska unionen (Swedish) Sources: Open Sources

E. U. AND SCHENGEN 23 Official Languages Sources: Europa. eu The European Union – 500 million people – 27 countries

E. U. AND SCHENGEN A brief history From six to 27 countries Sources: Europa. eu The European Union – 500 million people – 27 countries

E. U. AND SCHENGEN Treaties and Institutions Signed: 1948 1951 1957 1965 1985 1986 1992 1997 2001 2007 In force: 1952 1958 1967 1987 1993 1999 2003 2009 Document: Brussels Paris Rome Merger Schengen Single Maastricht Amsterdam Nice Lisbon Treaty Agreement European Treaty Mutual Defense Act European Coal and Steel Community (CECA) – expired 2002 European Atomic Energy Community (CEEA) or (EURATOM) European Economic Community (CEE) Single Commission and Single Council Internal Market European Community (EC) Justice and Home Affairs (JHA) Police and Judicial Cooperation in Criminal Matters (PJCC) Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) Schengen Rules European Union (EU) Sources: Open Sources

E. U. AND SCHENGEN TREATIES, AGREEMENTS, ACTS TREATY OF BRUSSELS 1948 The Treaty of Brussels was signed on March 17, 1948 between Belgium, France, Luxembourg, Netherlands and the United Kingdom, as an expansion to the preceding year's defence pledge, the Dunkirk Treaty signed between Britain and France. As the Treaty of Brussels contained a mutual defence clause, it provided a basis upon which the 1954 Paris Conference established the Western European Union (WEU). TREATY OF PARIS 1951 -1952 The Treaty establishing the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), which was signed on April 18, 1951 in Paris, entered into force on July 23, 1952 and expired on July 23, 2002. It was signed by France, West Germany, Italy and the three Benelux countries, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg. Sources: Europa

E. U. AND SCHENGEN TREATIES, AGREEMENTS, ACTS TREATY OF ROME 1957 -1958 The Treaty of Rome establishing the European Economic Community (EEC), signed in Rome on March 25, 1957, entered into force on January 1, 1958. On the same date the Treaty establishing the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) was signed and the two are therefore jointly known as the Treaties of Rome. MERGER TREATY 1965 -1967 The Merger Treaty, signed in Brussels on April 8, 1965, in force on July 1, 1967, which provided for a Single Commission and a Single Council of then three European Communities. Sources: Europa

E. U. AND SCHENGEN TREATIES, AGREEMENTS, ACTS SCHENGEN AGREEMENT 1985 The Schengen Agreement is a treaty signed on 14 June 1985 on the boat Princess Astrid on the Mosel river near the town of Schengen in Luxembourg between five of the ten member states of the European Economic Community. It was supplemented by the Convention implementing the Schengen Agreement 5 years later. Together these treaties created Europe's borderless Schengen, which operates very much like a single state for international travel with external border controls for travellers travelling in and out of the area, but with no internal border controls. The Schengen Agreement and the rules adopted under them were, for the EU members of the Agreement, entirely separate from the EU structures until the 1997 Amsterdam Treaty, which incorporated them into the mainstream of European Union Law. The borderless zone created by the Schengen Agreement, the Schengen Area, covers a population of over 492 million people and an area of 4, 326, 253 square kilometers. SINGLE EUROPEAN ACT (SEA) 1986 -1987 The Single European Act (SEA), signed in Luxembourg and the Hague, and entered into force on 1 July 1, 1987, provided for the adaptations required for the achievement of the Internal Market. Sources: Europa

E. U. AND SCHENGEN TREATIES, AGREEMENTS, ACTS MAASTRICHT TREATY 1992 -1993 Also known as the Treaty on European Union, was signed in Maastricht on February 7, 1992, entered into force on November 1, 1993. The Maastricht Treaty changed the name of the European Economic Community to simply "the European Community". It also introduced new forms of co-operation between the Member State governments - for example on defence, and in the area of "justice and home affairs". By adding this inter-governmental co-operation to the existing "Community" system, the Maastricht Treaty created a new structure with three "pillars" which is political as well economic. This is the European Union (EU). 1. The European Communities pillar handled economic, social and environmental policies. It was the only pillar with a legal personality, consisting of the European Community (EC), the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC, until its expiry in 2002), and the European Atomic Energy Community (EURATOM). 2. The Common Foreign and Security Police (CFSP) pillar took care of foreign policy and military matters. 3. Police and Judicial Co-operation in Criminal Matters (PJCC) brought together cooperation in the fight against crime. This pillar was originally named Justice and Home Affairs (JHA). Sources: Europa

E. U. AND SCHENGEN TREATIES, AGREEMENTS, ACTS TREATY OF AMSTERDAM 1997 -1999 The Treaty of Amsterdam, signed on October 2, 1997, entered into force on May 1, 1999. It amended and renumbered the EU and EC Treaties. Consolidated versions of the EU and EC Treaties are attached to it. The Treaty of Amsterdam changed the articles of the Treaty on European Union, identified by letters A to S, into numerical form. TREATY OF NICE 2001 -2003 The Treaty of Nice was signed by European leaders on February 26, 2001 and came into force on February 1, 2003. It amended the Maastricht treaty (or the Treaty on European Union) and the Treaty of Rome (or the Treaty establishing the European Community). The Treaty of Nice reformed the institutional structure of the European Union to withstand eastward expansion, a task which was originally intended to have been done by the Amsterdam Treaty, but failed to be addressed at the time. The entrance into force of the treaty was in doubt for a time, after its initial rejection by Irish voters in a referendum in June 2001. This referendum result was reversed in a subsequent referendum held a little over a year later. Sources: Europa

E. U. AND SCHENGEN TREATIES, AGREEMENTS, ACTS TREATY OF LISBON 2007 -2009 The Treaty of Lisbon was signed on December 13, 2007. Its main objectives are to make the EU more democratic, meeting the European citizens expectations for high standards of accountability, openness, transparency and participation; and to make the EU more efficient and able to tackle today's global challenges such as climate change, security and sustainable development. The agreement on the Treaty of Lisbon followed the discussion about a constitution. A "Treaty establishing a constitution for Europe" was adopted by the Heads of State and Government at the Brussels European Council on June 17 -18, 2004 and signed in Rome on 29 October 2004, but it was never ratified. Sources: Europa

E. U. AND SCHENGEN ACQUIS COMMUNAUTAIRE (COMMUNITY ACQUIS) The Acquis Communautaire or Community Acquis (pronunciation: AKI), sometimes called the EU Acquis, and often shortened to Acquis, is the accumulated legislation, legal acts, court decisions which constitute the body of European Union Law. Acquis is a French word meaning “acquired” and in general sense "that which has been agreed upon". During the process of the enlargement of the European Union, the Acquis was divided into 31 chapters for the purpose of negotiation between the EU and the candidate member states for the fifth enlargement (the ten that joined in 2004 plus Bulgaria and Romania which joined in 2007). Following are these chapters. For negotiations with Croatia and Turkey, the Acquis is split up into 35 chapters, with the purpose of better balancing between the chapters: dividing the most difficult ones into separate chapters for easier negotiation, uniting some easier chapters, moving some policies between chapters, as well as renaming a few of them in the process. Sources: Open Sources

E. U. AND SCHENGEN ACQUIS COMMUNAUTAIRE (COMMUNITY ACQUIS) 1. Free movement of goods 2. Free movement of persons 3. Freedom to provide services 4. Free movement of capital 5. Company law 6. Competition policy 7. Agriculture 8. Fisheries 9. Transport policy 10. Taxation 11. Economic and Monetary Union 12. Statistics 13. Social policy and employment 14. Energy 15. Industrial policy 16. Small and medium-sized enterprises Sources: Open Sources 17. Science and research 18. Education and training 19. Telecommunication and information technologies 20. Culture and audio-visual policy 21. Regional policy and coordination of structural instruments 22. Environment 23. Consumers and health protection 24. Cooperation in the field of Justice and Home Affairs 25. Customs union 26. External relations 27. Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) 28. Financial control 29. Financial and budgetary provisions 30. Institutions 31. Others

E. U. AND SCHENGEN Sources: Open Sources Europe Euler Diagram

E. U. AND SCHENGEN European Union Member States Entered European Union Belgium France Germany Italy Luxemburg Cyprus July 23, 1952 (CECA) January 1, 1958 European Economic. Community (CEE) Netherlands January 1, 1973 United Kingdom Greece Portugal Spain January 1, 1981 January 1, 1986 Sweden Sources: Open Sources Lithuania Poland May 1, 2004 Czech Republic Slovakia Slovenia Hungary Austria Finland Latvia Malta Denmark Ireland Estonia January 1, 1995 Bulgaria Romania January 1, 2007

E. U. AND SCHENGEN Member States of the European Union Austria Germany Netherlands Belgium Greece Poland Bulgaria Hungary Portugal Candidate States Croatia FYROM Cyprus Ireland Romania Czech Republic Italy Slovakia Denmark Latvia Slovenia Estonia Lithuania Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Spain Iceland Montenegro Turkey Finland Luxembourg Sweden France Malta United Kingodom Sources: Open Sources

E. U. AND SCHENGEN European Union Member States Schengen Flag: State: Costitutional name(s): Joined: Population: km²: Currency: Capital: Languages: yes Austria Republik Österreich yes Belgium Koninkrijk België Founder 1957 10, 827, 519 30, 528 Euro Brussels Dutch Royaume de Belgique French Königreich Belgien German no Bulgaria Република България 2007 7, 576, 751 110, 910 Lev Sofia Bulgarian no Cyprus Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti 2004 801, 851 9, 251 Euro Nicosia Greek Turkish yes Czech Republik Česká republika 2004 10, 512, 397 78, 866 Czech Prague Czech Koruna 1995 8, 372, 930 83, 871 Euro Vienna German yes Denmark Kongeriget Danmark 1973 5, 547, 088 43, 094 Danish Copenhagen Krone Danish yes Estonia Eesti Vabariik 2004 1, 340, 274 17, 908 Euro Tallin Estonian yes Finland Suomen tasavalta Republiken Finland yes France Sources: Open Sources 1995 5, 350, 475 33, 555 Euro Helsinki Finnish Swedish République Founder 1957 64, 709, 480 674, 843 Euro Paris French française

E. U. AND SCHENGEN Schengen Flag: State: yes Germany European Union Member States Costitutional name(s): Joined: Population: km²: Currency: Capital: Languages: Bundesrepublik Founder 1957 81, 757, 595 357, 050 Euro Berlin German Deutschland yes Greece Ελληνική Δημοκρατία 1981 11, 125, 179 131, 990 Euro Athens Greek yes Hungary Magyar Köztársaság 2004 10, 013, 628 93, 030 Hungarian Budapest Hungarian Forint no Ireland Éire Ireland 1973 4, 581, 269 70, 273 Euro Dublin Irish English yes Italy Repubblica italiana Founder 1957 60, 397, 353 301, 318 Euro Rome Italian yes Latvia Latvijas Republika 2004 2, 248, 961 64, 589 Latvian lats Riga Latvian yes Lithuania Lietuvos Respublika 2004 3, 329, 227 65, 303 Lithuanian Vilnius Lithuanian litas yes Luxembourg Grand-Duché de Founder 1957 Luxembourg Großherzogtum Luxemburg 502, 207 2, 586 Euro Luxembourg French German Luxembourgish Groussherzogtum Lëtzebuerg yes Malta Sources: Open Sources Repubblika ta' Malta Republic of Malta 2004 416, 333 316 Euro Valletta Maltese English

E. U. AND SCHENGEN Schengen Flag: State: European Union Member States Costitutional name(s): Joined: Population: km²: Currency: Capital: Languages: yes Netherlands Koninkrijk der Founder 1957 16, 576, 800 41, 526 Euro Amsterdam Dutch Nederlanden Frisian yes Poland Rzeczpospolita Polska 2004 38, 163, 895 312, 683 Polish zloty Warsaw Polish yes Portugal República Portuguesa 1986 11, 317, 192 92, 391 Euro Lisbon Portuguese no Romania România 2007 21, 466, 174 238, 391 Romanian leu Bucarest Romanian yes Slovakia Slovenská republika 2004 5, 424, 057 49, 037 Euro Bratislava Slovak yes Slovenia Republika Slovenija 2004 2, 054, 119 20, 273 Euro Ljubljana Slovenian yes Spain Reino de España 1986 47, 150, 819 506, 030 Euro Madrid Spanish yes Sweden Konungariket Sverige 1993 9, 347, 899 449, 964 Swedish krona Stockolm Swedish no United Kingdom of 1973 62, 041, 708 244, 820 Pound sterling London English Great Britain and Northern Ireland Sources: Open Sources

E. U. AND SCHENGEN The Euro 17 European Union member States use Euro currency. 10 are still using their old currency. Sources: Europa. eu The European Union – 500 million people – 27 countries

E. U. AND SCHENGEN The Euro have a common front and EU coins Sources: Europa. eu The European Union – 500 million people – 27 countries nation-specific designs on the reverse.

E. U. AND SCHENGEN Schengen States: Member from: Effective from: Belgium France Germany Luxemburg Netherlands Monaco 4 June 1985 26 March 1995 Monaco has open border with France EU member Portugal Spain 25 June 1992 26 March 1995 Italy 27 November 1990 26 October 1997 San Marino Vatican City San Marino and Vatican City have open borders with Italy. Both have right to mint Euro. Both are no EU member Vatican City: controls incoming – Schengen outgoing Austria 28 April 1995 Greece Sources: Open Sources 6 November 1992 1 April 1998 26 March 2000

E. U. AND SCHENGEN Schengen States: Member from: Effective from: 19 December 1996 25 March 2001 Denmark Finland Sweden Iceland Norway Slovenia Estonia Latvia Lithuania Poland Czech Republic Slovakia Hungary Malta Sources: Open Sources Iceland Norway are not part of the EU, but together with Denmark, Finland Norway they are members of the Nordic Passport Union (in effect since 1958) who joined EU in 1996. 1 May 2004 21 December 2007 (land maritime borders) 30 March 2008 (airports)

E. U. AND SCHENGEN Schengen States: Switzwerland Liechtenstein Member from: Effective from: 16 October 2004 12 December 2008 Currency: Swiss Franc (land maritime borders) No EU member 29 March 2009 (airports) 28 February 2008 Currency: Swiss Franc 1 November 2009 Open border with Austria and Switzerland No EU member Bulgaria 1 January 2007 Undetermined 1 May 2004 Undetermined Romania Cyprus Sources: Open Sources

E. U. AND SCHENGEN European microstates bordered by the European Union Andorra Euro Customs Agreement No Schengen Liechtenstein Swiss Franc Customs Agreement Schengen Monaco Euro Customs Agreement Schengen San Marino Euro Customs Agreement Schengen Vatican City Sources: Open Sources Euro Customs Agreement Schengen outgoing Controls incoming

Sources: Open Sources E. U. AND SCHENGEN EU Overseas

E. U. AND SCHENGEN EU Overseas Flag: Country: Territories: Austria Belgium Bulgaria Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland Sources: Open Sources excludes: Northern Cyprus UN Buffer Zone UK Sovereign Base Areas (Akrotiri and Dhekelia) excludes: Faroe Islands Greenland includes: Åland Islands

E. U. AND SCHENGEN EU Overseas Flag: Country: Territories: France includes: French Guiana Guadeloupe Martinique Rèunion Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin excludes: New Caledonia Mayotte French Polinesia Saint-Pierre and Miquelon TAAF Terres Australe Antartique FR Wallis and Futura Sources: Open Sources

E. U. AND SCHENGEN EU Overseas Flag: Country: Territories: Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Sources: Open Sources excludes: Aruba Curaçao Sint Maarten Bonaire Sint Eustatius Saba

E. U. AND SCHENGEN EU Overseas Flag: Country: Territories: Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden includes: Azores Madeira includes: Canary Islands Ceuta Melilla Plazas de Soberania (Spanish North Africa) Sources: Open Sources

E. U. AND SCHENGEN EU Overseas Flag: Country: United Kingdom Sources: Open Sources Territories: excludes: Akrotiri and Dhekelia (Cyprus) Anguilla British Antarctic Territory Bermuda Cayman Islands Falkland Island British Indian Ocean Territory (Chagos Islands) Montserrat Pitcairn Islands Saint Helena and Tristan da Cunha South Georgia and the South Sandwich Island Turks and Caicos Islands British Virgin Islands

E. U. AND SCHENGEN Schengen, Luxembourg The '80 s marked the beginning of a debate on the concept of "free circulation of persons, goods, capital and services", initiated by a "White Paper" of the European Commission. For some of the member States, free movement was to apply only to European citizens, which required to maintain border controls to distinguish Europeans from those of third countries. Sources: Emanuele Marotta “International Police and Judicial Cooperation”

E. U. AND SCHENGEN Open borders: Tui, Portugal Pontevedra, Spain Others advocated, instead, free circulation for all, with consequent abolition of checks at internal borders of member countries. Given the impossibility of reaching an agreement in the EU, France, Germany, Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands decided to create a territory without borders, the so-called "Schengen area" after the small town in Luxembourg where the first agreement was signed (June 14, 1985)… Sources: Emanuele Marotta “International Police and Judicial Cooperation”

E. U. AND SCHENGEN Open borders: Germany Austria Signatures on the Schengen Agreement, June 14, 1985 …After the first agreement between the five founding countries, on June 19, 1990, the Schengen Convention was signed, convention entered into force 1995, which enabled the abolition of controls at the internal borders of the signatory States in order to create a single external border along which controls at the entrance in the Schengen area are carried out according to identical procedures. Common rules have been on visas, asylum and external border controls, to allow the free circulation of persons within the member countries… Sources: Emanuele Marotta “International Police and Judicial Cooperation”

E. U. AND SCHENGEN Schengen Borders Code Internal borders Irrespective of nationality, any person may cross the internal borders at any crossingpoint without checks being carried out. The police may exercise their powers in border zones in the same fashion as elsewhere in their territory, provided that this is not equivalent to the exercise of border checks. EU countries must remove all obstacles to fluid traffic flow at road crossing-points at internal borders. Where there is a serious threat to public policy or internal security, an EU country may exceptionally reintroduce border controls at its internal borders for, in principle, a limited period of no more than thirty days. If such controls are to be reintroduced, the other EU countries and the Commission should be informed as soon as possible. The European Parliament should also be informed. Sources: Europa. eu

E. U. AND SCHENGEN Schengen Borders Code External borders may be crossed only at border crossing-points and during the fixed opening hours. When crossing an external border, European Union (EU) citizens and other persons enjoying the right of free movement within the EU (such as the family members of an EU citizen) undergo a minimum check. This minimum check is carried out to establish their identity on the basis of their travel documents and consists of a rapid and straightforward verification of the validity of the documents and a check for signs of falsification or counterfeiting. Non-EU country nationals are subject to thorough checks. For stays not exceeding three months per a six-month period, a non-EU country national must: possess a valid travel document; possess a valid visa, if required; justify the purpose of his/her intended stay and have sufficient means of subsistence; not have an alert issued for him/her in the Schengen Information System (SIS) for the purpose of refusing entry; not be considered a threat to public policy, internal security, public health or the international relations of EU countries. Sources: Europa. eu

E. U. AND SCHENGEN WHAT HAPPENS WHEN A COUNTRY JOINS THE SCHENGEN AREA. 1. Gradually controls at the land borders with other Schengen state are abolished, both passports (police, immigration) and goods (customs). There are possibilities to conduct spot checks. And controls could be reinstated in particular cases (e. g. public order etc. ) after notification to all other Schengen partners. 2. The usual border controls in ports and aeroports stay for passengers coming from no Schengen areas who will be, mandatorily, divided from passengers coming from Schengen areas. 3. Mandatorily the checks at the external borders will be reinforced using common standards, to avoid the entering in the Schengen area to citizens of countries who are not Schengen. 4. The country will enter an integrated system for the issuance of visas which will be issued from any consular office of any member State, the visa should be presented at any Schengen entry point. To visa issuance should follow directives from the “Manual of Common Consular Instructions on visas for the diplomatic missions and consular posts”. Sources: Emanuele Marotta “International Police and Judicial Cooperation” Bonanno Editore, Catania 2011 (in print)

E. U. AND SCHENGEN WHAT HAPPENS WHEN A COUNTRY JOINS THE SCHENGEN AREA. 5. Police, Consulate and other competent authorities have access to the Schengen Information System (SIS) which contains information and data on individuals, vehicles, objects, false, stolen or lost documents, so that necessary steps required by the State who entered those information, can be taken. To facilitate the execution of such steps there is an informatic network connection between police, justice, customs and consular authorities called Supplementary Information Request at the National Entry (SIRENE). 6. In agreement with the bordering Schengen State, it should be established a buffer zone at the borders (usually 20 km. ) which police vehicles from both States can trespass to chase vehicles that avoided controls or might have on board perpetrators of serious crimes in flagrante delicto. In this case, the use of weapons by the chasing car will not be allowed unless in self-defense, nor can they carry out executive acts (arrest, seizure) which are supposed to be carried out by the police of the State where the chase ended. In addition the guest police chasing the car will desist from the chase when a local police car takes over the chase. Sources: Emanuele Marotta “International Police and Judicial Cooperation” Bonanno Editore, Catania 2011 (in print)

E. U. AND SCHENGEN WHAT HAPPENS WHEN A COUNTRY JOINS THE SCHENGEN AREA. 7. To facilitate relations among law enforcement and as a “compensatory measure” to the abolition of internal borders controls, new police and customs cooperation centers could be created, with bilateral agreements, in place of the old border crossings. Similarly mixed police groups could be established to conduct controls and/or patrol the border area. 8. Soon to be applied is a simplified and accelerated form to execute extraditions. The entry into force of the European arrest warrant will substitute the old extradition system with a very simple “delivery”. Sources: Emanuele Marotta “International Police and Judicial Cooperation” Bonanno Editore, Catania 2011 (in print)

First anti-EU protests in Bulgaria (January 2007) Issue: sales tax on home-made liquor Graffiti: We don’t want Europe We don’t want money We want Rakia at the old prices. Sources: Gary Marks Introduction to the EU, 2008

THE STATE OF THE EUROPEAN UNION Europe united tackles the crisis According to the pessimistic