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Dreams: The Contemporary Theory Ernest Hartmann, M. D. Professor of Psychiatry Tufts University School Dreams: The Contemporary Theory Ernest Hartmann, M. D. Professor of Psychiatry Tufts University School of Medicine Director, Sleep Disorders Center Newton Wellesley Hospital

I was walking along a beach somewhere. It wasn’t exactly like any of the I was walking along a beach somewhere. It wasn’t exactly like any of the beaches I know, I think my friend Jan was with me. Suddenly, a huge wave reared up out of the ocean and totally engulfed us. I’m not sure what happened after that. I struggled and struggled to get to the surface. There was no one else with me. I’m not sure whether I made it, and I awoke, terrified.

Fear, Terror A huge tidal wave is coming at me. A house is burning Fear, Terror A huge tidal wave is coming at me. A house is burning and no one can get out. A gang of evil men, Nazis maybe, are chasing me.

Helplessness, Vulnerability I dreamt about children, dolls — dolls and babies all drowning. He Helplessness, Vulnerability I dreamt about children, dolls — dolls and babies all drowning. He skinned me and threw me in a heap with my sisters; I could feel the pain, I could feel everything. There was a small hurt animal lying in the road.

Guilt A shell heads for us (just the way it really did) and blows Guilt A shell heads for us (just the way it really did) and blows up, but I can’t tell whether it’s me or my buddy Jack who is blown up. I let my children play by themselves and they get run over by a car. I leave my children in a house somewhere and then I can’t find them.

Grief A mountain has split. A large round hill or mountain has split in Grief A mountain has split. A large round hill or mountain has split in two pieces, and there arrangements I have to make to take care of it. A huge tree has fallen down. I’m in this huge barren empty space. There ashes strewn all about.

Scoring for the CI (Central Image) Dream ID# 1. CI? (Y/N) 2. What is Scoring for the CI (Central Image) Dream ID# 1. CI? (Y/N) 2. What is it? 3. Intensity (rate 1 -3) 4. What emotion? 5. Second emotion?

I was walking along a beach somewhere. It wasn’t exactly like any of the I was walking along a beach somewhere. It wasn’t exactly like any of the beaches I know, I think my friend Jan was with me. Suddenly, a huge wave reared up out of the ocean and totally engulfed us. I’m not sure what happened after that. I struggled and struggled to get to the surface. There was no one else with me. I’m not sure whether I made it, and I awoke, terrified.

Most Recent Dream that Stands Out Most Recent Daydream that Stands Out Most Recent Dream that Stands Out Most Recent Daydream that Stands Out

Waking Sleep Onset NREM Waking Sleep Onset NREM

CI Intensity 2. 50 CI Intensity Score 2. 00 1. 50 1. 00 Mean CI Intensity 2. 50 CI Intensity Score 2. 00 1. 50 1. 00 Mean of Student Group 0. 50 0. 00 0 1 2 3 4 5 Cases 6 7 8 9 10

CI Scores in the Trauma Group (N=10) Versus Matched Student Control Group (N=30) (Mean CI Scores in the Trauma Group (N=10) Versus Matched Student Control Group (N=30) (Mean ± S. E. M. )

CI Scores in Students Reporting Abuse or No Abuse 1. 12 ± 1. 2 CI Scores in Students Reporting Abuse or No Abuse 1. 12 ± 1. 2 0. 65 ± 1. 0 * t = 2. 63, p = 0. 01

9/11 STUDY Methods: Participants • Complete data sets obtained from 44 persons, living in 9/11 STUDY Methods: Participants • Complete data sets obtained from 44 persons, living in the US who have recorded their dreams every morning for years. • 33 women, 11 men. Mean age about 50.

Methods • Each participant provided 20 dreams — the last ten recorded before 9/11 Methods • Each participant provided 20 dreams — the last ten recorded before 9/11 and the first ten after 9/11, without any selection or alteration.

Methods: Scoring • All dreams were scored on a blind basis for CI intensity, Methods: Scoring • All dreams were scored on a blind basis for CI intensity, emotion pictured by the CI, dreamlikeness, and vividness. • Dreams were also scored on three ad-hoc scales of content: 1) attacks 2) buildings like WTC or pentagon 3) airplanes, and on a scale of nightmare-likeness

Results: After vs. Before 9/11 Bef CI Aft Dif 1. 10 1. 28 . Results: After vs. Before 9/11 Bef CI Aft Dif 1. 10 1. 28 . 18 t p 3. 29. 001 one-tailed Length 12. 93 11. 88 -1. 04 1. 3 NS D-like 4. 50 4. 54 . 04 . 47 NS Viv 4. 22 4. 24 . 02 . 17 NS

Results, continued Bef Aft Dif t p Bldgs. . 059 . 104 . 045 Results, continued Bef Aft Dif t p Bldgs. . 059 . 104 . 045 1. 70 NS Planes . 045 . 061 -. 016 . 85 NS Attacks . 034 . 098 . 064 2. 74 <. 01 NM-like . 213 . 307 2. 28 <. 05 . 094

Conclusions: If we can generalize from these 44 dream journalers, our dream imagery overall Conclusions: If we can generalize from these 44 dream journalers, our dream imagery overall was more intense after 9/11/01 than before.

Conclusions (continued): However, dreams after 9/11/01 were not significantly longer, more dreamlike or more Conclusions (continued): However, dreams after 9/11/01 were not significantly longer, more dreamlike or more vivid. They did not contain more references to buildings or airplanes. They did contain slightly more references to attacks and they were scored as slightly more nightmare-like.

Conclusions (continued) • Consistent with previous studies the intensity of the dream’s central image Conclusions (continued) • Consistent with previous studies the intensity of the dream’s central image (CI) appears to be a measure of emotional arousal or emotional power.

• Scoring of “Emotions pictured” showed a shift towards more fear/terror and helplessness/vulnerability • Scoring of “Emotions pictured” showed a shift towards more fear/terror and helplessness/vulnerability after 9/11. • However this was not as clear as the change in “Central Image Instensity. ”

The Contemporary Theory of Dreaming • 1. Dreaming is a form of mental functioning The Contemporary Theory of Dreaming • 1. Dreaming is a form of mental functioning ( a “neurocognitive state”). It is one end of a continuum of mental functioning that runs from focused waking thought, at one end, through reverie and daydreaming, to dreaming at the other end. • ( Mental functioning involves varying patterns of activation of the cerebral cortex. )

The Contemporary Theory of Dreaming • 2. Dreaming is hyperconnective. At the dreaming end The Contemporary Theory of Dreaming • 2. Dreaming is hyperconnective. At the dreaming end of the continuum, connections are made more easily, more broadly, and more loosely than in waking. Dreaming avoids tightly structured, overlearned processes such as reading, writing, typing, calculating.

The Contemporary Theory of Dreaming • 3. The connections are not made randomly. They The Contemporary Theory of Dreaming • 3. The connections are not made randomly. They are guided by the emotions, and emotional concerns, of the dreamer. • 4. The dream, and especially the Central Image (CI) of the dream, pictures or expresses the dreamer’s emotion. The intensity of the imagery is a measure of the power of the emotion.

The Contemporary Theory of Dreaming • 1. Dreaming is a form of mental functioning The Contemporary Theory of Dreaming • 1. Dreaming is a form of mental functioning ( a “neurocognitive state”). It is one end of a continuum of mental functioning that runs from focused waking thought, at one end, through reverie and daydreaming, to dreaming at the other end. • ( Mental functioning involves varying patterns of activation of the cerebral cortex. )

A Continuum of Mental Functioning Focused Waking Thought Looser Waking Thought, Reverie Daydreaming Dreaming A Continuum of Mental Functioning Focused Waking Thought Looser Waking Thought, Reverie Daydreaming Dreaming

A Continuum of Mental Functioning Directed waking activity Math problem. Catch fly ball. Focused A Continuum of Mental Functioning Directed waking activity Math problem. Catch fly ball. Focused Waking Thought Looser Waking Thought, Reverie Daydreaming Dreaming

A Continuum of Mental Functioning Psychoanalysis: free association Focused Waking Thought Looser Waking Thought, A Continuum of Mental Functioning Psychoanalysis: free association Focused Waking Thought Looser Waking Thought, Reverie Daydreaming Dreaming

A Continuum of Mental Functioning Inspiration. Discovery. New work of art. Focused Waking Thought A Continuum of Mental Functioning Inspiration. Discovery. New work of art. Focused Waking Thought Looser Waking Thought, Reverie Daydreaming Dreaming

Creating a “dream” in the laboratory • If a dream involves the picturing of Creating a “dream” in the laboratory • If a dream involves the picturing of emotion (“contextualizing emotion”), could one create a dream or something very dream -like by allowing waking imagery (daydream) to develop under the influence of strong emotion?

• Dreams and Daydreams • The daydreams of students with thin boundaries are • Dreams and Daydreams • The daydreams of students with thin boundaries are as “dreamlike” and as “bizarre” as the dreams of students with thick boundaries. • STUDIES NEEDED

Views of the Mind Super Ego thoughts Ego emotions Id memories Linguistic Processing Modules Views of the Mind Super Ego thoughts Ego emotions Id memories Linguistic Processing Modules Semantic Processing Modules Other Modules

Boundaries in the Mind • • Between different sensory inputs Between thought and feeling Boundaries in the Mind • • Between different sensory inputs Between thought and feeling Around thoughts and feelings ( “spread”) Between sleep and waking Between dreaming and waking Between past, present, future Around oneself ( body boundaries)

Boundaries, continued • • Ego boundaries Interpersonal boundaries in family, etc. Between male and Boundaries, continued • • Ego boundaries Interpersonal boundaries in family, etc. Between male and female Between old and young Group boundaries – ethnic, race, nation. . Boundaries in organizing one’s life B’s in philosophy– the true, the beautiful, the good …

THICK • • • Keep things separate Distinct categories Absolutes. Definite. Black-or-white Solid member THICK • • • Keep things separate Distinct categories Absolutes. Definite. Black-or-white Solid member of one group • Persevering • Reliable THIN • • • Together Merging Flexible, “it depends” Shades of grey Many groups • Imaginative • Creative

A person with very thick Bs • I am awake or I’m asleep. That’s A person with very thick Bs • I am awake or I’m asleep. That’s it. No in-between states. • I don’t let my emotions interfere with my thinking. They get in the way. • I’m a man, you’re a woman. Vive la difference! • The accused is guilty, or he’s innocent! A person is sane, or insane! No in-betweens. • A good relationship ( or organization) is one where everything is clearly defined. • My group is this way. Other groups are totally different. Groups should remain separate.

A person with very thin boundaries • Sometimes I’m not sure whether I’m awake, A person with very thin boundaries • Sometimes I’m not sure whether I’m awake, or still asleep and dreaming. • There’s no such thing as thought without emotion. My emotions are always involved • I’m a man, but there’s a lot of feminine in me too. • We’re all a little bit crazy. There are no sharp dividing lines. • I’m a member of group A, but also sometimes groups B and C. Groups should mix more.

Measuring Boundaries: the BQ • The Boundary Questionnaire ( BQ) is a 138 item Measuring Boundaries: the BQ • The Boundary Questionnaire ( BQ) is a 138 item questionnaire, covering many different categories of boundaries. • The BQ has been taken by at least 10, 000 people by now.

Boundaries and Dreams • Overall there is a positive correlation between Sumound ( thinness Boundaries and Dreams • Overall there is a positive correlation between Sumound ( thinness of Bs) and dream recall frequency. Many studies. • Overall people with thin Bs have longer, more vivid, more “dream-like, ” more emotional, more bizarre dreams, and dreams with more intense Central Images. (CI score).

Boundaries and Dreams • Sumbound ( thinness of Bs) is significantly correlated with dream Boundaries and Dreams • Sumbound ( thinness of Bs) is significantly correlated with dream recall frequency, but the r’s are modest ( r =. 2 to. 5). • Correlation is more definite, r’s are higher, when less “ noise. ” Thus r =. 58 in members of IASD ( N = 42). • Or, when well-defined groups of Ss are compared, rather than individual Ss.

Boundaries and Dreams • Frequent dream recallers ( 7/wk) have much thinner boundaries (in Boundaries and Dreams • Frequent dream recallers ( 7/wk) have much thinner boundaries (in all 12 categories) than nonrecallers (+/- none). • Dreams reported by people with thin Bs are longer, more vivid, dreamlike, emotional than those in people with thick Bs (Three studies) • Dreams reported by people with thin Bs have more powerful Central Images (Two studies).

Boundaries and Dreams • People with thin boundaries have been called “dreamers” as opposed Boundaries and Dreams • People with thin boundaries have been called “dreamers” as opposed to people with thick boundaries (“thinkers”). Of course this is only relative. Everyone thinks and probably everyone dreams, but those with thin Bs do – or at least remember -- more dreaming and probably daydreaming, and are more comfortable with those forms of mental functioning.

A Continuum of Mental Functioning Focused Waking Thought Looser Waking Thought, Reverie Daydreaming Dreaming A Continuum of Mental Functioning Focused Waking Thought Looser Waking Thought, Reverie Daydreaming Dreaming People with thick boundaries spend more time at the left end of the continuum (focused waking). Those with thin boundaries spend more time in and are more Comfortable with the right end (daydreaming and dreaming).

A Continuum of Mental Functioning Focused Waking Thought Looser Waking Thought, Reverie Daydreaming Dreaming A Continuum of Mental Functioning Focused Waking Thought Looser Waking Thought, Reverie Daydreaming Dreaming Thick boundary functioning……………. Thin boundary functioning

Emotion and the Continuum Focused Waking Thought Looser Waking Thought, Reverie Daydreaming • EMOTION Emotion and the Continuum Focused Waking Thought Looser Waking Thought, Reverie Daydreaming • EMOTION Dreaming

The Continuum at the Cerebral Cortex The focused-waking-activity-to-dreaming continuum refers to patterns of activation The Continuum at the Cerebral Cortex The focused-waking-activity-to-dreaming continuum refers to patterns of activation in the cortex.

1. Regions of Activation Focused thought Looser thought Daydreaming Dreaming 1. Regions of Activation Focused thought Looser thought Daydreaming Dreaming

2. Spread of Activation Within a Region Focused thought Looser thought Daydreaming Dreaming 2. Spread of Activation Within a Region Focused thought Looser thought Daydreaming Dreaming

3. Single Units as a Network Focused thought Looser thought Daydreaming Dreaming 3. Single Units as a Network Focused thought Looser thought Daydreaming Dreaming

The Contemporary Theory of Dreaming • 2. Dreaming is hyperconnective. At the dreaming end The Contemporary Theory of Dreaming • 2. Dreaming is hyperconnective. At the dreaming end of the continuum, connections are made more easily, more broadly, and more loosely than in waking. Dreaming avoids tightly structured, overlearned processes such as reading, writing, typing, calculating.

We do not dream of “reading, writing and arithmetic” • Results from 250 good We do not dream of “reading, writing and arithmetic” • Results from 250 good dream recallers

RESULTS: Question A (Frequency of the “ 3 R’s” in dreams) READING 48% of RESULTS: Question A (Frequency of the “ 3 R’s” in dreams) READING 48% of subjects said “never, ” and an additional 36% said “hardly ever, ” although the group spent 150 ± 94 minutes per day reading. WRITING 56% of S’s said “never” and an additional 36% said “hardly ever, ” although this group spent 106 ± 87 minutes per day writing. TYPING 75% of S’s said “never” and an additional 19% said “hardly ever, ” although this group spent 98 ± 97 minutes per day typing. CALCULATING 73% of S’s said “never” and an additional 22% said “hardly ever, ” although this group spent 23 ± 29 minutes per day calculating.

Relative Prominence Scores for Six Activities: X ± S. E. M. 6 5 4 Relative Prominence Scores for Six Activities: X ± S. E. M. 6 5 4 3 2 1 Walking Writing Talking Reading with Friends Sexual Activity Typing Questionnaire study in 250 frequent dreamers. The scale on the left runs from 1: “The activity is far more prominent in my waking life; it hardly occurs in my dreams, ” to 7: “The activity is far more prominent in my dreams; it hardly occurs in my waking life. ”

The Contemporary Theory of Dreaming • 3. The connections are not made randomly. They The Contemporary Theory of Dreaming • 3. The connections are not made randomly. They are guided by the emotions, and emotional concerns, of the dreamer. • 4. The dream, and especially the Central Image (CI) of the dream, pictures or expresses the dreamer’s emotion. The intensity of the imagery is a measure of the power of the emotion.

The Contemporary Theory of Dreaming: Functions • 5. The making of connections, making new The Contemporary Theory of Dreaming: Functions • 5. The making of connections, making new connections guided by emotion probably has an adaptive function. It “weaves in” or integrates new material. In other words new experiences, especially if they are traumatic, stressful, emotional, are integrated, interconnected into existing memory stores ( in the cortex). STUDIES NEEDED • And making new connections can be adaptive in self-knowledge, discovery, creation.

Is Dreaming Psychotherapy? • “Making connections in a safe place. ” Is Dreaming Psychotherapy? • “Making connections in a safe place. ”

The Contemporary Theory of Dreaming (Functions) • 6. In addition to this specific function The Contemporary Theory of Dreaming (Functions) • 6. In addition to this specific function of dreaming, the entire focused waking-todreaming continuum has an adaptive function. It is obviously useful and adaptive for us to be able to think in a focused, serial -processing manner at certain times, and at other times to associate more broadly, loosely, creatively –in other words to daydream and dream.

Collaborators, Co-workers Adelman, S. Adinolfi, Sherry Angel, Corrine Baddour, A. Banar, M. Barrett, Deirdre Collaborators, Co-workers Adelman, S. Adinolfi, Sherry Angel, Corrine Baddour, A. Banar, M. Barrett, Deirdre Basile, Robert Beresen, L Cohen, R Bernstein, Jack Bevis, Judith Blitz, Robert Brezler, Tyler Brune, Patricia Bulkeley, Kelly Burr, A. Carpenter, John Cartright, Rosalind Chapwick, M. Clark, J. Cole, Jonathan Cooper, Steven Cravens, James Cutler, J. Dawani, Hannah Ducey, Charles Eddins, M. Edelberg, R. Elkin, Rachel Falke, Roberta Forgione, Albert Garg, Mithlesh Glaubman, Hananyah Grant, William Grace, Nancy Greenwald, David . Harrison, Robert Hauri, Peter Hengst, William Holevas, Adele Houran, James Hurwitz, Irwin Keller-Teschke, M. Kleman, Gerold Knudson, Roger Kramer, Milton Krippner, Stanley Krueger, Charles Kunzendorf, Robert La. Brie, Richard Latraverse, T. Lindsley, Gila Mac. Farlane, J. Mattle, L. Mc. Namara, Patrick

Collaborators, Co-workers Marsden, Herbert Mehta, N. Milosfsky, Eva Mitchell, William Moldofsky, Harvey Moulton, H. Collaborators, Co-workers Marsden, Herbert Mehta, N. Milosfsky, Eva Mitchell, William Moldofsky, Harvey Moulton, H. Murphy, M. Myers, B. Newsom, M. Oldfield, Molly Pavia, Holly Rand, William Regestein, Quentin Rosen, Rachel Russ, Diane Shannon, R. Sherry, Sally Sivan, Ilana Skoff, Barry Latraverse, T. Lindsley, Gila Mac. Farlane, J. Sivan, Ilana Skoff, Barry Spinweber, Cheryl Stickgold, Robert Teschke, M. Thalbourne, M. Thomas, L. Treger, F. Vaillant, George Van der Kolk, Bessel Ware, Catesby Watson, Robert Zborowski, Michael

Engine Wheels TRUCK Metal Gasoline Highways A Journey CAR IN MOTION Motion Beginnings, ends Engine Wheels TRUCK Metal Gasoline Highways A Journey CAR IN MOTION Motion Beginnings, ends Goal Brakes Start-stop RELATIONSHIP Speed Obstacles In control, out of control Exhilaration, danger Crash?

Dreams and poems • Is the Objective Correlative of the poem the same as Dreams and poems • Is the Objective Correlative of the poem the same as the Central Image of the dream?

• “I should have been a pair of ragged claws Scuttling across the • “I should have been a pair of ragged claws Scuttling across the floors of silent seas. ”

• “Let us go then, you and I, When the evening is spread • “Let us go then, you and I, When the evening is spread out against the sky, Like a patient etherized upon a table. ”

• And What rough beast, its hour come round at last, Slouches toward • And What rough beast, its hour come round at last, Slouches toward Bethlehem to be born?

Coleridge • • • In Xanadu did Kubla Khan A stately pleasure dome decree: Coleridge • • • In Xanadu did Kubla Khan A stately pleasure dome decree: Where Alph, the sacred river, ran Through caverns measureless to man Down to a sunless sea.

Ezra Pound: • Melopoieia • Phanopoieia • Logopoieia Ezra Pound: • Melopoieia • Phanopoieia • Logopoieia

Shakespeare: • The poet’s eye, in a fine frenzy rolling……. . • • • Shakespeare: • The poet’s eye, in a fine frenzy rolling……. . • • • Such tricks has strong imagination, That, if it would but apprehend some joy, It comprehends some bringer of that joy: Or in the night, imagining some fear, How easy is a bush supposed a bear.

The Emotion-Imagery Bridge Poet’s Emotion Poem’s Image Reader’s (audience’s) Emotion The Emotion-Imagery Bridge Poet’s Emotion Poem’s Image Reader’s (audience’s) Emotion

Art ( from the Encyclopedia Brittanica) • “The creation of a work of art Art ( from the Encyclopedia Brittanica) • “The creation of a work of art is the bringing together of a new combinations of elements in the medium (tones in music, words in literature paints in painting , and so on. ). Creation is the re-combination of preexisting materials. ” • …. “guided by the artist’s emotion. ”

“ I suggest that creation of a work of art relies on the same “ I suggest that creation of a work of art relies on the same basic mechanism we have identified in dreaming – making new connections guided by emotion. ”