Dots, Dashes, and other Fun Marks
History of the Hebrew Language
Northeastern Semitic Northwest Semitic South Semitic • Arabic • Old Akkadian • Mari tablets • Babylonian • Ugarit tablets • Ethiopian • Assyrian • Amarna letters Canaanite Aramaic
Hebrew Developments • Vowel markers added by Massortes • Qumran scrolls show evidence of other sorts of vowel markers • Massoretic text does not show evidence of attempts to iron out textual difficulties
Fr Gd s lvd th wrld tht h gv hs ‘nly bgttn sn tht whvr blvs ‘n hm shld nt prsh bt hv ‘trnl lf
' A _ < E e ' I O U . A u Kamets “A” as in Father Pathah “A” as in Hat Seghol “E” as in Met Tsere “E” as in They Hirek “I” as in Machine Holem Shurek “O” as in Roll “U” as in Put Kibbuts “U” as in True ; ;
Pathah _' < e Seghol Tsere Hirek . ' ; ; . A W u Kamets Holem Kibbuts Shurek
ty. IB; Hirek - “House” Pathah
%v, xo; - “Darkness” Seghol B Aramaic word for “cluster” (of grapes)
ba' Father
~d'a' Man
ha' Brother
vyai Man
ty. IB; House
!Be Son
rh; Mountain
b. Aj Good
~Ay Day
l. Aq Voice
~ve Name
yr; f' Sarai
~Wxn" Nahum
!roh]a; Aaron
qx'c. y. I Issac
hmol{v. Solomon
ty. Mil; Wv Shulamite
ha'le Leah
!y. Iq; Cain
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hy"[. v; y> Isaiah
rm'T' Tamar
![; n"K. Canaan
~y. Ir'c. mi Egypt
r. Wa Ur
lb, B' Babylon
ba'Am Moab
!ADg. Im. Megiddo
~l; iv'Wry> Jerusalem
~r'a] Aram
!Der>y: Jordan
~yhil{a/ ar'B' tyviare. B. taew> ~y. Im; V'h; tae `#r, a' God He created and In Beginning the Heavens h; the Earth
hf, []n: ~yhil{a/ rm, a. YOw: Wnmel. c; B. Wnte ~d'a' Wmd> We will make God And He said In our image man Like our likeness
^n>y. Be tyvia' hb'yaew> !ybe. W h. V'aih' !ybe. W H['r>z: !ybe. W Between you I will put And between Her seed And enmity The woman And between ^[]r>z: And between Your seed
h. T'a; w> Wvya. Wh varo > `bqe[' WNp, Wv. T. and you head he will bruise your heel bq He you will bruise his
r. Aa yhiy> ~yhil{a/ rm, a. YOw: r. Aa-yhiy>w:
r. Aah'-ta, ~yhil{a/l. DEb. Y: w: ar>Y: w: ~yhil{a/ b. Aj-y. Ki %v, xoh; !ybe. W r. Aah' !y. Be