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Dots, Dashes, and other Fun Marks Dots, Dashes, and other Fun Marks

History of the Hebrew Language History of the Hebrew Language

Northeastern Semitic Northwest Semitic South Semitic • Arabic • Old Akkadian • Mari tablets Northeastern Semitic Northwest Semitic South Semitic • Arabic • Old Akkadian • Mari tablets • Babylonian • Ugarit tablets • Ethiopian • Assyrian • Amarna letters Canaanite Aramaic

Hebrew Developments • Vowel markers added by Massortes • Qumran scrolls show evidence of Hebrew Developments • Vowel markers added by Massortes • Qumran scrolls show evidence of other sorts of vowel markers • Massoretic text does not show evidence of attempts to iron out textual difficulties

Fr Gd s lvd th wrld tht h gv hs ‘nly bgttn sn tht Fr Gd s lvd th wrld tht h gv hs ‘nly bgttn sn tht whvr blvs ‘n hm shld nt prsh bt hv ‘trnl lf

' A _ < E e ' I O U . A u Kamets ' A _ < E e ' I O U . A u Kamets “A” as in Father Pathah “A” as in Hat Seghol “E” as in Met Tsere “E” as in They Hirek “I” as in Machine Holem Shurek “O” as in Roll “U” as in Put Kibbuts “U” as in True ; ;

Pathah _' < e Seghol Tsere Hirek . ' ; ; . A W Pathah _' < e Seghol Tsere Hirek . ' ; ; . A W u Kamets Holem Kibbuts Shurek

ty. IB; Hirek - “House” Pathah ty. IB; Hirek - “House” Pathah

%v, xo; - “Darkness” Seghol B Aramaic word for “cluster” (of grapes) %v, xo; - “Darkness” Seghol B Aramaic word for “cluster” (of grapes)

ba' Father ba' Father

~d'a' Man ~d'a' Man

ha' Brother ha' Brother

vyai Man vyai Man

ty. IB; House ty. IB; House

!Be Son !Be Son

rh; Mountain rh; Mountain

b. Aj Good b. Aj Good

~Ay Day ~Ay Day

l. Aq Voice l. Aq Voice

~ve Name ~ve Name

yr; f' Sarai yr; f' Sarai

~Wxn ~Wxn" Nahum

!roh]a; Aaron !roh]a; Aaron

qx'c. y. I Issac qx'c. y. I Issac

hmol{v. Solomon hmol{v. Solomon

ty. Mil; Wv Shulamite ty. Mil; Wv Shulamite

ha'le Leah ha'le Leah

!y. Iq; Cain !y. Iq; Cain

Isaiah " src="https://present5.com/presentation/6dc99a62c24db93cc08d18681e0bedeb/image-31.jpg" alt="hy"[. v; y> Isaiah " /> hy"[. v; y> Isaiah

rm'T' Tamar rm'T' Tamar

![; n ![; n"K. Canaan

~y. Ir'c. mi Egypt ~y. Ir'c. mi Egypt

r. Wa Ur r. Wa Ur

lb, B' Babylon lb, B' Babylon

ba'Am Moab ba'Am Moab

!ADg. Im. Megiddo !ADg. Im. Megiddo

~l; iv'Wry> Jerusalem ~l; iv'Wry> Jerusalem

~r'a] Aram ~r'a] Aram

!Der>y: Jordan !Der>y: Jordan

~yhil{a/ ar'B' tyviare. B. taew> ~y. Im; V'h; tae `#r, a' God He created ~yhil{a/ ar'B' tyviare. B. taew> ~y. Im; V'h; tae `#r, a' God He created and In Beginning the Heavens h; the Earth

hf, []n: ~yhil{a/ rm, a. YOw: Wnmel. c; B. Wnte ~d'a' Wmd> We will hf, []n: ~yhil{a/ rm, a. YOw: Wnmel. c; B. Wnte ~d'a' Wmd> We will make God And He said In our image man Like our likeness

^n>y. Be tyvia' hb'yaew> !ybe. W h. V'aih' !ybe. W H['r>z: !ybe. W Between ^n>y. Be tyvia' hb'yaew> !ybe. W h. V'aih' !ybe. W H['r>z: !ybe. W Between you I will put And between Her seed And enmity The woman And between ^[]r>z: And between Your seed

h. T'a; w> Wvya. Wh varo > `bqe[' WNp, Wv. T. and you head h. T'a; w> Wvya. Wh varo > `bqe[' WNp, Wv. T. and you head he will bruise your heel bq He you will bruise his

h' #r x: Wrw> ~Aht. yn. EP. -l[; %v, xow> yn. EP." src="https://present5.com/presentation/6dc99a62c24db93cc08d18681e0bedeb/image-46.jpg" alt="Whbow" Whto ht'y>h' #r x: Wrw> ~Aht. yn. EP. -l[; %v, xow> yn. EP." /> Whbow" Whto ht'y>h' #r x: Wrw> ~Aht. yn. EP. -l[; %v, xow> yn. EP. -l[; tp, x, r: m. ~yhil{a/ ~y. IM'h;

r. Aa yhiy> ~yhil{a/ rm, a. YOw: r. Aa-yhiy>w: r. Aa yhiy> ~yhil{a/ rm, a. YOw: r. Aa-yhiy>w:

r. Aah'-ta, ~yhil{a/l. DEb. Y: w: ar>Y: w: ~yhil{a/ b. Aj-y. Ki %v, xoh; r. Aah'-ta, ~yhil{a/l. DEb. Y: w: ar>Y: w: ~yhil{a/ b. Aj-y. Ki %v, xoh; !ybe. W r. Aah' !y. Be