Dopamine Receptors and Neurodegeneration Claudia Rangel-Barajas 1, 2 ; Israel Coronel 3 ; Benjam#cod#x 000 ED; n Flor#cod#x 000 E 1; n 4 ; 1 Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences Program in Neurosciences, Indiana University Bloomington, IN 47405, USA ; 2 Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA. ; 3 Health Sciences Faculty, Anahuac University, Mexico Norte, State of Mexico, Mexico. ; 4 Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neurosciences CINVESTAV-IPN, Mexico. ; Figure 2. The D 2 -like DA Receptors Intracellular Signal Pathways. Shows the DA mediated effects through D 2 -like DA receptors that occur by a complex activation of intracellular signals that are related with events such as neurodevelopment, proteasomal degradation, cell proliferation and cognitive process. Stimulatory effects are indicated with red arrows, dashed red arrow indicates plausible activation and inhibitory effects in blue line ended with a circle. c. AMP, 3#cod#x 00027; -5#cod#x 00027; -cyclic adenosine monophosphate; #cod#x 003 b 1; io ATP, active G#cod#x 003 b 1; io protein; PKA, protein kinase A; DARPP-32, dopamine and cyclic AMP-regulated phosphoprotein, 32 k. Da; AC, adenylyl cyclase; PP 1, PP 2 A or PP 2 B, protein-phosphatase 1, 2 A or 2 B; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; PKC, protein kinase C; Akt, thymoma viral proto. Aging and Disease, null, 6(5), 349 -368. Doi: 10. 14336/AD. 2015. 0330 phospholipase C isoform #cod#x 003 b 2; ; PI 3 K, phosphatidylinositol 3 -kinase; PIP 2, PIP 3, oncogene; GSK-3, Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3; PLC#cod#x 003 b 2; , phosphatidylinositol 2 and 3; IP 3 , inositol triphosphate; Ca 2+ , calcium ; GIRK, G protein coupled inward rectifier potassium; MEK; Raf, ; ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase protein kinase; PDK, phosphoinositide-dependant kinase; m. TOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; p 70 S 6, p 70 S 6 kinase; rp. S 6, ribosomal S 6 protein; 4 E-BP, eukaryotic initiation factor 4 E-binding protein 1.
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