DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT Achala Dahal Gyan Laxmi Shrestha Tara Prasad

DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT Achala Dahal/Gyan Laxmi Shrestha/Tara Prasad Kharel Nepal Administrative Staff College

Learning objectives 2 Having gone through this session participants will be able to: Understanding of Disaster Risk Management Disaster Governance Role of Government Approaches to DRM 2018 -03 -15

Your personal story about Disaster

5 42 cows dead, scores of people injured http: //kathmandupost. ekantipur. com/news/2017 -06 -18/42 -cows-dead-scores-ofpeople-injured. html Jun 18, 2017 Scores of people were injured and dozens of cows were charred to death when a fire tore through a cattle farm in Gokarneshwor Municipality-1, on the outskirts of Kathmandu, on Saturday. The Om Kirshi Farm, owned by Baburam Karki, had a total of 122 cows and 42 of them died in the incident. Other 53 cows have sustained minor injuries. According to police, the fire broke out at the farm at around 11 am due to electric short circuit. It took around two hours to personnel from Nepal Police and the Nepal Army, backed by locals, to douse the fire. Police said the total damage was yet to be ascertained. But Karki, the farm owner, claimed that property worth around Rs 70 million was destroyed in the blaze. It is learnt that the farm used to sell around 1, 000 litres of milk daily. The farm was shifted from Bhaktapur to Gokarneshwor five months ago. 2018 -03 -15 Most of the injured cows are said to be in critical condition, said police. Published: 18 -06 -2017 07: 59

Linkage of Climate Change and Disaster The problems of today, such as drought, forest fires, and flooding, will only be magnified by climate change Flooding and storms are also taking a bigger bite out of the economy Increased frequency and severity of hazards Communities dependent on natural resource based livelihoods are more vulnerable Livelihoods get affected Disaster risk is increasing If mal-development trends continue, will result in irrecoverable impacts

Nepal is beautiful country, but … Nepal is disaster prone due to Difficult Geological Terrain 8848 Meter 70 Meter 7

disaster prone due to … Unplanned settlement

disaster prone due to …. Poor construction practices Photo Kushal Goya

disaster prone due to … Cultivation of unsuitable land

Major Recurrent Disasters in Nepal 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Flood Landslide Earthquake Epidemics Fire Hailstone 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. Drought GLOF Avalanches Windstorm Thunderbolt Frequent Disaster : Landslide and Flood. . Hidden disaster : Thunderbolt Earthquake left massive destruction recently Earthquake is likely to happen again!!!!

Nepal’s vulnerability to natural hazards; …The Reality. • Nepal Ranks 11 th- in terms of Earthquake • 4 th to climatic hazards • 30 th in terms of floods: (UNDP / Bureau for Crisis Prevention & Recovery-BCPR, 2004) • Kathmandu, 21 st most vulnerable city of the world; • Natural Disaster HOT SPOT: (World Bank 2005) • Nepal lies on Seismic Active Zone

Video Watch Multi Disaster

1. Fundamental of Disaster Risk Management

Basic Terminologies

Hazard- k|sf]k A dangerous phenomenon, substance, human activity or condition that may cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, loss of livelihoods and services, social and economic disruption, or environmental damage. To: tf 8/nf. Ubf kl/36 gf, j: t', dfgj. Lo lqmofsnfk, jf kl/l: ylt h; sf sf/0 fn] Hofgsf] gf]S; fg. L, 3 f. Ot] x'g] ; Defjgf jf c. Go : jf: Yo; Da. Gw. L c; /x¿, wgdfnsf] Iflt, hgh. Lljsf tyf ; ]jfx¿sf] gf]S; fg. L, ; fdflhs tyf

Types of Hazard Natural Hazards : part of the natural environment 1. Hydro-meteorological hazards § Typhoons § Storm surges § Floods 2. Geologic hazards § Earthquake § Landslides 3. Oceanic Hazards § Tsunami § Tidal Surges 4. Biological Hazards § Epidemics § Insect Infestation

Types of Hazard Man-made Hazards : human induced hazards 1. Socio-natural Hazards § Forest denudation § Famine § Increased occurrences of natural hazards 2. Socio-political Hazards § War § Civil unrest 3. Technological Hazards § Transport accidents § Toxic substance poisoning § Contamination of food and water sources

Disaster - ljkb A serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society involving widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses and impacts, which exceeds the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources. Kf|efljt ; dfh jf ; d'bfon] cfˆg} ana'tf / ; |f]t ; fwgsf] k|of]u u/L ; fdgf ug{ g; Sg] : t/sf] To: tf] u. De. L/ k|sf]k h. Go 36 gf h; af 6 x'g; Sg] dfgj. Lo, ef}lts, cfly{s / jftfj/0 f. Lo Ifltn] ubf{

Exposure - : f. Dd'vtf People, property, systems, or other elements present in hazard zones that are thereby subject to potential losses. k|sf]k If]qdf cjl: yt dflg; , wgdfn, ; +o. Gq jf c. Go t. Tjx¿ / k|sf]ka. Lrsf] cj: yf ; fy} k|sf]ksf] k|efj / ; Defljt Iflt

Vulnerability - : fªs 6 f; GGftf The characteristics and circumstances of a community, system or asset that make it susceptible to the damaging effects of a hazard. A set of prevailing or consequential conditions which adversely affect people’s ability prevent, mitigate, prepare for and respond to hazardous events. s'g} ; d'bfo, k|0 ffn. L jf ; |f]t ; +; fwgdf k|sf]ksf sf/0 f lgl. Dtg ; Sg] 3 fts Pj+ ; +j]bgz. Ln cj: yf. ; d'bfodf /x]sf] ul/j. L, z}l. Ifs cj: yf nufot ljle. Gg k. Ifx¿; Fu

Factors of Vulnerability Physical / Material Vulnerability § Hazard-prone location of community houses, farmlands, infrastructure, basic services § Design and construction materials of houses and buildings § Insecure and risky sources of livelihood § Lack of basic services: education, health, safe drinking water, shelter, sanitation, roads, electricity, communication § Exposed to violence (domestic, armed conflicts) § Age and disability

Factors of Vulnerability Social / Organizational Vulnerability § Weak family / kinship structures § Lack of leadership and initiative to solve problems or conflicts § Exclusion of certain groups from decisionmaking or unequal participation in community affairs § Absence or weak community organizations § Social status (castes, ethnicity, gender) § Neglect from government and civil institutions

Factors of Vulnerability Motivational / Attitudinal Vulnerability § § § Negative attitude towards change Passivity, fatalism, hopelessness Lack of initiative Dependence on external support Lack of knowledge and skills Extremism

Capacity - Ifdtf The combination of all the strengths, attributes and resources available within …. resources, means and strengths, which a community, society or exist in householdstoand communities and which enable them cope with, withstand, organization that can be prepare for, prevent, mitigate, or quickly used to achieve agreed recover from a disaster. goals. pkn. Aw ; fwg, ; |f]t, 1 fg / ; Lksf] ; d'lrt pkof]u u/L s'g} klg k|lts"n cj: yf jf cfktsfn jf ljkbsf] cj: yfdf kl/l: yltsf] ; fdgf tyf Joj: yfkg ug{ Jol. Qm, ; d'bfo

Factors of Capacity Physical / Economic Capacity § § § § Money / Cash Real Properties Stable sources of income and livelihood Safe infrastructures Food security Balanced natural environment Limited number of hazards events

Factors of Capacity Social / Organizational Capacity § Relationship with relatives and family § People – centered government § Strong civil society / empowered community § Functional community based and civic organizations § Optimum availability of basic social and health services § Strong social networks and institutions

Factors of Capacity Motivational / Attitudinal Capacity § § § § Knowledgeable and skillful Confidence and self-esteem Proactive attitude Open to change and new ideas Continual learning Building on experiences Positive perception in life

Existing Institutional Instruments • • Natural Calamity (Relief ) Act, 1982 Local Self Governance Act, 1999 National Strategy for DRM 2009 Rescue and Relief Standards, 2007 Sector specific policies and plans (NPC) National Disaster Management Act ( Proposed) National Disaster Response Framework with 49 activities Disaster Preparedness and Response Plan almost all district

Central Natural Disaster Relief Fund Prime-Minister Natural Disaster Relief Fund Institutional Framework (in line with 1982 Act) Cabinet (Policy, Budget and Emergency Declaration) Central Natural Disaster Relief Committee (chaired by Home Minister) (Coordination, Response, Rescue, Relief) c Regional Natural Disaster Relief Committee Chaired by Regional Administrator District Disaster Relief Committee Chaired by Chief District Officer (Execution, Rescue & Relief, Data collection) Rescue and Treatment Sub-Committee Chaired by Minister of Health and Population Supply, Shelter and Rehabilitation Sub-Committee Chaired by Minister of PP&W National EOC Regional EOC District EOC

National Emergency Operation Centre (NEOC) Normal Phase (Preparedness & IM) Recovery Phase Alert Phase (Alerts agencies and authorities for an imminent emergency) (Coordinate Early Recovery efforts) Response Phase (leads coordination and communication for response) NEOC House

Emergency Response Mechanism (Go. N) UN Resident / Humanitarian Coordinator International Appeal GON Declares Disaster (area, time) UNDAC / USAR Teams Clusters Activated Government Line Agencies CNDRC meeting held Mo. HA, / NEOC INGOs & others Disaster Situation Analysis (CDO, DDRC) (Search, Rescue, Immediate Relief)

Disaster Risk The potential disaster losses, in lives, health status, livelihoods, assets and services, which could occur to a particular community or a society over some specified future time period.

HAZARD X CAPACITY VULNERABILITY : DISASTER RISK

Capacity Vulnerability Risk Hazard

Disaster Risk Management The systematic process of using administrative directives, organizations, and operational skills and capacities to implement strategies, policies and activities to lessen the adverse impacts of hazards and the possibility of disaster.

Our role in any disaster • What is our role in any disaster ? • • Personal role Organisational role

3. Disaster risk management cycle

c. Eof; ljkb Joj: yfkgdf ul/g] lqmofsnfkx? s] s] x'g<

c. Eof; Arrange following in disaster cycle order hf]lvd Go"lgs/0 f (Risk cl. Nks/0 f (Mitigation) k'g{: yfkgf (Rehabilitation) Reduction) k"j{; "rgf k|0 ffn. L (Early /f]syfd (Prevention) Warning System) k'g{lgdf{0 f k"j{ tof/L (Preparedness)(Reconstruction) ljkb cufl 8 (Pre Disaster) p 2 f/ (Rescue) ljkb k. Zrft (Post- /fxft (Relief) Disaster) k'g{nfe (Recovery) e 08 f/ dfkg (Stock Piling) k|ltsfo{ (Response)

DRM Cycle Disaster

DRM Cycle Disaster

DRM Cycle Preparedness Disaster Risk Reduction Response Recovery

DRM Cycle Preparedness Disaster Risk Reduction Response Recovery

DRM Cycle Preparedness Disaster Risk Reduction re P er st isa d sa i td os P er st Recovery Response

DRM Cycle Preparedness Disaster Risk Reduction re P er st isa d er st td os P sa i Recovery Response

DRM Cycle Early Warning Preparedness Disaster Stock pilling Mitigation Risk Reduction Prevention re P er st isa d er st Response sa i td os P Rescue Relief Rehabilitation Recovery Reconstruction

Disaster Risk Management Approaches -ljkb Joj: yfkgsf cjwf/0 fx? _

Traditional Approach -k/Dk/fut cjwf/0 ff_ One has to help others in peril Collection of grains and vegetables by relatives and neighbors during disaster Helping disabled and building resting platforms for victims collecting help from each other and others

Sustainable development approach -lbuf] ljsf; cjwf/0 ff_ This approach facilitates the adoption of disaster mitigation programmes -cl. Nks/0 f sfo{qmdx? _ at the local level including structural and non structural ; +/rgfut tyf u}/ ; +/rgfut_ measures. It promotes the incorporation of disaster risk management in development planning. It enhances the capacities of communities and coping systems at various levels and sectors towards self reliance and self sufficiency in managing disaster effectively.

Vulnerability reduction approach -; +s 6 f; Ggtf Go"lgs/0 f cjwf/0 ff_ This approach addresses both the vulnerability and resilience by dealing with the causes of stresses and disasters, and strengthening communities at risk. It includes a number of coordinated activities on vulnerability assessment, prevention and mitigation, and preparedness for response. This insists on the building resilience capacity of the communities through strengthening their livelihood capacities.

Vulnerability to resilience approach (V 2 R) -; +s 6 f; Ggtf b]lv p. Tyfgz. Lntf cjwf/0 ff_ Capacitates vulnerable communities to absorb hazard stresses and shocks and bring their livelihoods back to original position. It focuses on building adaptive capacity of livelihood elements to enhance their resilience capacities. It is a two way approach of reducing hazard, exposure and sensitivity at one side and enhancing coping and restoration capacity of those vulnerable on the other.

RESILIENCE 54 2018 -03 -15

Strengths for resilience

Key Challenges 57 Behaviour Lack of authority bearing or less accountability Converting situation towards personal opportunity to gain Tendency of playing with loopholes Weak compliance 2018 -03 -15

Structure 58 1. Technical and financial capacity to successfully implement plans; 2. Difficult terrain and weak logistics resulting in delayed response; 3. Management of warehouses and Limited stockpiling; 4. Trained and consolidated Search and Rescue Team; 5. Communication equipment and infrastructures; 6. Implementation of National Building Codes; 7. Management of evacuation sites; 8. Limited Fire Services 9. Risk insurance ? tranfering risk ? 2018 -03 -15

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Cost on human lives

Cost on human lives

Cost on children

Case of Surkhet

Vulnerability: Earthquake

Our behaviour-Our lost-Darchula

Cost on development

Cost on human lives

Value of Tree?

Collective solutions to individual The American dream: the individual solution European tradition: collective solutions What should we be doing?

Stay safe, keep safe Thank you