Disaster and ICT Systems in Japan December 2012

Disaster and ICT Systems in Japan December 2012 Michiko Fukahori Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications Japan

Contents Ⅰ. Disaster countermeasures and Great East Japan disaster Ⅱ. ICT systems which was effective in disaster situation Ⅱ-1. Disaster Warning System Ⅱ-2. Communications System Ⅱ-3. Information Sharing ØTV ØMobile TV ØRadio ØData Broadcasting ØInternet Ⅱ-4. Research and Development - for the future

Ⅰ. Disaster countermeasures and Great East Japan disaster

Outline of the Disaster Management System [National Level] Prime Minster | Central Disaster Management Council | Designated Government Organizations Designated Public Corporations Formulation and promoting implementation of the Basic Disaster Management Plans [Prefectural Level] Governor | Prefectural Disaster Management Council Designated Local Government Organizations Designated Local Public Corporations Formulation and promoting implementation of Local Disaster Management Plans [Municipal Level] Mayors of Cities, Towns and Villages | Municipal Disaster Management Council Formulation and promoting implementation of the Basic Disaster Operation Plans Formulation and promoting implementation of Local Disaster Management Plans [Residents level] Designated Government Organizations 24 ministries and agencies Designated Public Corporations 56 organizations including independent administrative agencies, Bank of Japan and gas companies and NTT Source: Cabinet Office, Disaster Management in Japan, p. 8 3

Organization of National Government Central Disaster Management Council President Prime Ministers Chief Cabinet Secretary Minister of State for Disaster Management Cabinet Secretariat in charge of security and risk management Ministries related to disaster management Disaster management, Cabinet Office Interact with each other Source: Cabinet Office, Disaster Management in Japan, p. 9 4

Structure of Basic Disaster Management Plan Natural Disasters Earthquake Disaster Countermeasures Storm and Flood Countermeasures Volcano Disaster Countermeasures Snow Disaster Countermeasures Maritime Disaster Countermeasures Aviation Disaster Countermeasures Railroad Disaster Countermeasures Road Disaster Countermeasures Nuclear Disaster Countermeasures Hazardous Materials Disaster Countermeasures Large-scale Fire Disaster Countermeasures Forest Fire Disaster Countermeasures Accident Disaster (Addressing all the disaster phases) Disaster Prevention and Preparedness Disaster Emergency Response Disaster Recovery and Rehabilitation (Tangible countermeasures to be taken by each stakeholder) National Government Local Governments Source: Cabinet Office, Disaster Management in Japan, p. 11 Residents 5

The number of victims (deaths and missing) of disasters Storm and Floods Snowfall Earthquake, Volcano and Tsunami Source: Cabinet Office, Disaster Management in Japan, p. 2 6

Earthquake in the vicinity of Japan Date Earthquakes or Hypocenters ① 1982. 3. 21 Uraga-oki Earthquake ② 1993. 1. 15 Kushiro-oki Earthquake ③ 1994. 10. 4 Hkkaido-Toho-oki Earthquake ④ 1994. 12. 28 Sanriku-Haruka-oki Earthquake ⑤ 1995. 1. 17 Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake ⑥ 1997. 5. 13 Satsuma region in Kagoshima Prefecture ⑦ 1998. 9. 3 Northern region in Iwate Prefecture ⑧ 2000. 7. 1 Niijima and Kozushima Earthquake ⑨ 2000. 10. 6 Western Tottori Earthquake ⑩ 2001. 3. 24 Geiyo Earthquake ⑪ 2003. 5. 26 Miyagi-ken-oki Earthquake ⑫ 2003. 7. 26 Northern Miyagi Earthquake ⑬ 2003. 9. 26 Tokachi-oki Earthquake ⑭ 2004. 10. 23 Niigata-ken-Chuetsu Earthquake ⑮ 2005. 3. 20 Fukuoka-ken-Seihou-oki Earthquake ⑯ 2005. 8. 16 Miyagi-ken-oki Earthquake ⑰ 2007. 3. 25 Noto-hanto Earthquake, 2007 ⑱ 2007. 7. 16 Niigata-Chuetsu-oki Earthquake, 2007 ⑲ 2008. 6. 14 Iwate-Miyagi Inland Earthquake, 2008 ⑳ 2008. 7. 14 Northern coastal area of Iwate Prefecture ③ ㉑ 2009. 8. 11 Legend ○: Earthquakes with seismic intensity of 6 or greater ～: Active faults ① ② ⑬ ④ ⑦⑳ ⑲ ⑪ ⑫ ⑯ ⑭ ⑰⑱ ⑮ ⑨ ⑤ ⑩ ㉑ ⑧ ⑥ Suruga Bay Source: Cabinet Office, Disaster Management in Japan, p. 24 7

The Great East Japan Earthquake & Tsunami - Date and Time: 11 March 2011 (FRI) 14: 46 JST (05: 46 UTC) - Magnitude: 9. 0 (the largest magnitude recorded in Japan’s history) - Epicenter: N 38. 1, E 142. 9 (130 km ESE off Oshika Peninsula) Depth 24 km 　 Miyako (Iwate) Run-up height: 38 m* JMA Seismic Intensity Sendai Otsuchi (Iwate) Run-up height: 17 m* Tokyo Epicenter Fukushima nuclear power station (Japan Meteorological Agency) Kesennuma (Miyagi) Run-up height: 20 m* * The 2011 Tohoku Earthquake Tsunami Joint Survey Group (http: //www. coastal. jp/) 8

The 3. 11 Disaster Miyako City, Iwate Prefecture 9

Summary of Damages Great East Japan Earthquake (2011. 3. 11) Great Hanshin Earthquake (1995. 1. 17) Magnitude 9. 0 7. 3 Dead 15, 835 6, 434 Missing 3, 669 3 Damaged Houses 903, 220 639, 686 Damaged Fishing Boats > 22, 000 40 Damaged Fishing Ports > 300 17 Damaged Farmland 23, 600 ha 214 ha *1 As of November 7, 2011 (source: National Police Agency) *2 As of November 24, 2011 (source: MAFF) 10

Damage to Fixed Lines, Mobile Base Stations Mobile Communications Fixed-line Communications ■　 In total, around 1. 9 million communication lines were damaged. ■　 In total, about 29, 000 base stations were damaged. Max. no. of damaged base stations Max. no. of damaged lines 15000 ～～ [Unit: fixed-line phones 10, 000 Lines] FTTH fixed-line FTTH phones ＋ADSL fixed-line phones [base stations ] 11

Emergence of Network Congestion Fixed-line Communications ■　Carriers restricted phone traffic by as much as 80 to 90 percent. * * There was 4 to 9 times the normal volume of traffic (NTT East. ) Max. outgoing traffic restrictions Mobile Communications ■　Carriers restricted voice traffic by as much as 70 to 95 percent. * ■　Packet traffic, however, was either not restricted or restricted at a lower rate (0 to 30 percent) than voice traffic. * There was 50 to 60 times the normal volume of traffic (Do. Co. Mo). e. Mobile was not subject to restrictions. Max. outgoing traffic restrictions voice packet 12

Locations of Damage to Mobile Networks Base stations collapsed or backup batteries ran out NTT central office (housing building) NTT central office, customer building, etc. (relay building) Backup generators ran out of fuel because of long power outages Transmission line relay station Area A Base station Communication cable RNC Trunk exchange 　 Cables cut off or duct destroyed Area B 13

Revision to Technical Standards on Measures for Countering Congestion and for Ensuring Important Communications ●Network design capacity and communications quality reporting, etc. • • • Reporting to MIC of basic policy for network capacity and measures for usage restrictions and preferential treatment of important communications. Regular actual measurement and reporting to MIC of communications quality (connection quality, etc. ). Disclosure in appropriate form of information helpful to users on basic policy for network capacity and on measures for usage restrictions. ●Analysis of communications status during usage restrictions • Preservation and analysis of data on status of important communications and general communications during usage restrictions in the event of disaster, and continuing review of network design capacity and implementation rules for usage restrictions etc. and reporting thereof to MIC. ●Disclosure of congestion status • • Immediate disclosure of status of congestion and usage restriction in the event congestion occurs. Announcements and appeals to avoid making inessential and non-urgent calls and to keep call time as short as possible, and to use communication methods other than voice calls, including emergency message services. Extending the list of target institutions for emergency priority calls Introducing call length limits Careful consideration based on a review of network design capacity Issue for future study Introducing phone calls with reduced sound quality Issue for future study 14

Thanks for assistance from all over the world Offers from 163 countries and regions, and 43 international organizations Condolences expressed by more than 180 countries and regions, and more than 60 international organizations As of October 17, 2011, survey by Ministry of Foreign Affairs Japan

Ⅱ. ICT systems which was effective in disaster situation Ⅱ-1. Disaster Warning System Ⅱ-2. Communications System Ⅱ-3. Information Sharing Ⅱ-4. Research and Development 　　　　　　 - for the future

Ⅱ-1. Disaster Warning Systems

Earthquake Early Warning System Main-wave P-wave S-wave Disaster management Organizations Immediate action against disasters Ensure Safety of residents Public Institutions (hospitals, schools, etc. ) Ensure evacuation and safety Use to reduce damage Residents Fire prevention, evacuation Japan Meteorological Agency Dissemination Transportation, elevators, etc. Emergency stop for safety Earthquake Early Warning Companies/Factories Source: Cabinet Office, Disaster Management in Japan, p. 13 Protection of workers and facilities against disasters Backup of important data 18

Early Warning Systems Loud Speaker National Government Roof-top Installation type Ministries and Agencies Japan Meteorological Related to Disaster Management Agency gs ers nin ord ar W tion ua ac Ev TV & Radio Local Governments Early Evacuation Loud Speaker On-street Installation type Indoor receivers Source: Cabinet Office, Disaster Management in Japan, p. 14 Public-relations vehicles (Official Vehicles) 19

Information flow on Earthquake and Tsunami Seismic data Gathering System 4, 200 sites around Japan Meteorological Agency EPOS (Earthquake Phenomena Observation System) 20

Monitoring earthquake activities Seismic data Gathering System 4200 sites around Japan. The earthquake monitoring system collates seismic data coming from seismographs installed in 4200 locations throughout Japan. 21

Gathering and analyzing information on earthquake and tsunami EPOS （Earthquake Phenomena Observation System）・Analyzes the seismic data for Earthquake and Tsunami. ・Announces Earthquake Warning alarm starting right after from detection of the earthquake. 22

Delivering Information on Earthquake and Tsunami Japan Meteorological Agency Fire and Disaster Management Agency Administrative Organ Local Government Telecom Carriers Media EPOS (Earthquake Phenomena Observation System) Earthquake or tsunami warnings are instantly delivered to central & local governments, broadcasters, telecom carriers. After receiving this warning, local government deliver alarm through their sirens or microphones. Lifeline carriers Transportation facilities Japan Coast Guard C I T I Z E N Ministry for Land, infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (MLIT) WEB 23

Early Warning to Mobile Phones Detection of earthquake Japan Meteorological Agency Earthquake Early Warning Process message delivery Mail Center Disaster/ Evacuation information From state/ local governments - No monthly fee or telecommunication fee is charged 24

Early Warning through Broadcasting System Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) Broadcasting Station EEW Alert information in Program only EWBS EEW: Earthquake Early Warning EWBS: Emergency Warning Broadcasting System Alert information with “Switch-on” signal of receivers Automatic activation !!

Mobile television – Example 1 One-seg Mobile TV Saved Many Lives during the 3. 11 Disaster A huge earthquake struck on March 11 in the north-east area of Japan. Right after the end of the violent shakes caused by the earthquake, Mr. Takahashi, Senior Managing Director of TOYO KNIFE, an industrial cutlery company located in Miyagino district, Sendai City, immediately turned on the one-seg TV function on his mobile phone in his office, to which the power supply was cut off. He got an emergency warning alarm for a tsunami on his one-seg TV (mobile phone). Regrettably his office was located very near the port (about 500 m from Sendai-Shiogama Port), so he and other staff did not have much time to evacuate, but 100 people managed to rush to a shelter on a hill. By the time they arrived at the shelter (Tagajyo Public Cultural Center) at 3: 30 pm, the TOYO KNIFE office and factory had been completely destroyed by the long-lasting, huge tsunami. Mr. Takahashi said “ We couldn’t watch TV because of the power cut, but we could get information on the disaster quickly from our one-seg TVs. ” Note: the one-seg TV function on a mobile phone is powered by the phone’s battery TOYO KNIFE Sendai-Shiogama Port ２５０ｍ Miyagino district, Sendai City (after the huge tsunami waves) (Summary from Sankei Shimbun (major Japanese national newspaper), June 24, 2011)

Mobile television – Example 2 Two policemen saved 40 lives from the train with the tsunami warning alarm from mobile TV(one-seg) right after the earthquake occurred at 14: 46 on March 11, 2011. They got a tsunami warning alarm from the passengers mobile phone with TV when checking if everyone is fine in the train. They quickly decided to lead the 40 passengers to the hill to avoid the disaster of tsunami. All passengers were safely evacuated from the tsunami area before the tsunami struck the train. Derailed cars of train Shinchi Station Route for evacuation Track of Japan railway Pacific Ocean Shinchi Station Town hall of Shinchi The hill Passengers got on the truck here The cars of train derailed off the track by huge tsunami waves. (March 12, 2011) (Summary from Yomiuri Shimbun(Japanese major national news paper), March 29, 2011) 27

Emergency system for high-speed train Measuring equipment of earthquake on railroad Measuring equipment of earthquake around coast Main-wave P-wave S-wave ! ! OP ST EARTHQUAKE Measuring control center Equipment of　 earthquake 28

Ⅱ-2. Communications Systems

Central Disaster Management Radio Communications System A Communications Satellite ヘリテレ Transmission of pictures from helicopters 官邸 Prime Minister’s (災害対策本部) Office Tachikawa Reserve Facility of the Government Headquarters for Disaster Management Real time pictures on the spot Designated Public Corporation Government designated Prefectures Tokyo Metropolitan Area Communication Network for Disaster Management Organizations Located Tachikawa Wide-area Disaster Management Base Ariake no Oka Core Wide-area Disaster Prevention Base Cabinet Office (Disaster Management) Mobile equipment Communications Network for Disaster Management Organizations in Central Tokyo On-site Disaster Management Headquarters Designated Local Public Corporations Communications Network for Local Disaster Management Organizations Source: Cabinet Office 30

Ⅱ-3. Information Sharing Ø Ø Ø TV Mobile TV Radio Data Broadcasting Internet

Media used at the time of earthquake Immediately after the earthquake, the usefulness of mobile phones, mobile phone messages and terrestrial broadcasts received higher evaluation and at the end of April, the evaluation of the usefulness of mobile phones, mobile phone messages and terrestrial broadcasts exceeded that of radios. During the period from the occurrence of the earthquake until the end of April, the websites and search sites of administrative agencies and news media received higher evaluation At the time of occurrence of the earthquake Immediately after the quake Until the end of April Immediately after the earthquake, radios were the only means to obtain information. However, radios were insufficient to grasp the actual state of damage in the area and it took a long time to know of the enormous damage caused by tsunami. We were unable to know who was doing what and felt highly anxiousness. Broadcasting o FA X ne f mou igh th bo fro rho m od Ot s he rs Wo rds dia l op -up p rov era ide tor d b s ne rin ern ha Int o s Internet ho S Tw SN itte r g w eb site et bro s Loc ad ati cas on tin ba g sed se rvi Ot ces he Dis r w ast er tel eb em ep erg site ho ne Dis op ency s m ast era ess tor er age s a bo nd rad m ard ob io an ile d p mi nis Ad Phone calls and Emails Vid e dio s ad cas tra In sta tin tiv e a terne tions g gen t cie radio s’ w s Ne ws eb site m ed s ia’s we bsi tes Sea rch sit es io rad Te mp ora ry ed Fix bro FM ra ios ra d AM stin g e t lin Pa y p ad ca ho ne s ele ph on Mo es bil e p ho Int ne Mo ern s bil et e p ph on ho es ne m ess age Int s ern Te et rre Em str ails ial bro ad BS cas br ts oa dca stin CS br g oa dca stin On g e s egm Ca ble en TV t b ro y At the time of occurrence of the quake, AM radios received the highest evaluation (60. 1%) followed by FM radios. Others 32

TV Relay Station after Disaster （Number of station） Number of relay station off the air for TV Number of relay stations off-the air for TV reached the maximum on 12 th March TV stations suffered significant damages and 120 stations in eleven prefectures were out of service. As there was no power supply in the large part of the disaster areas, both transmitters and receivers were not usable. Jun. 1 May 23 May 19 May 16 May 12 May 9 May 6 May 2 Apr. 28 Apr. 27 Apr. 26 Apr. 25 Apr. 22 Apr. 21 Apr. 20 Apr. 19 Apr. 18 Apr. 15 Apr. 14 Apr. 13 Apr. 12 Apr. 11 Apr. 10 Apr. 7 Apr. 6 Apr. 5 Mar. 30 Mar. 29 Mar. 28 Mar. 25 Mar. 24 Mar. 23 Mar. 22 Mar. 21 Mar. 20 Mar. 19 Mar. 18 Mar. 17 Mar. 16 Mar. 15 Mar. 14 Mar. 13 Mar. 12 Mar. 11 【Source】 Information material from MIC

Mobile TV in the Evacuation Center Many people watched mobile TV in the evacuation center. As power was disrupted, mobile TV was very important information source for the people in the disaster area. Image: People could see TV through the mobile phone even in the blackout in the afflicted area (Summary from Sankei Shimbun (major Japanese national newspaper), June 24, 2011) 34

Local Disaster FM stations Radio also played a very important role in the disaster area, as many radio receivers work with batteries and people can receive information even during a power outage. MIC also provided 10, 000 radios to the disaster areas free of charge. Temporary radio stations have been set up which have been actively providing information needed at local level. Many volunteers and local government officials contributed to the operation of such local radio stations. The Studio of “Natori Saigai(disaster) FM” established at Natori City office building, Miyagi prefecture 35

Temporary Disaster Designated Broadcasting Stations for Devastated Area Iwate l 26 stations are established. MIC has quickly granted broadcasting licenses to local disaster FM stations, which account for 21 in the disaster area. ● ● ● ● Miyagi ● ● J● ● Fukushima ● ● ● ● ● Newly established by communities Based on the community FM Established by broadcasters 36 国土地理院承認　平 14 総複第 149号 36 36

Digital Signage system at Normal Time 出典: デジタルサイネージ総研 Source: Digital signage Now

Digital Signage systems at the time of disaster Digital signage network is effective tool for information provision at the time of disaster. After the earthquake, all the train services stopped and there was terrible traffic jam in Tokyo. About 5 million people were not able to go home. Digital signage system was used as media to provide information. ■Scenes at each monitor in Tokyo on 11 March 2011 st A: At a monitor set on 1 Floor at Marunouchi Building (Photographed around at 22: 00) B: At a monitor set in Central Entrance on 1 st Floor of Otemachi Building (Photographed around at 16: 00) C: At a monitor set in Elevator Hall on B 1 Floor of Shin-Marunouchi Building (Photographed around at 22: 00) D: At a monitor set on B 1 Floor of Marunouchi Building (Photographed around at 22: 00) 38 (Source: MITSUBISHI ESTATE CO. , LTD. )

The Internet as a Lifeline - Person Finder (Google) –　Person Finder provides a registry and message board for survivors, family, and relatives affected by a natural disaster to post and search for information about each other's status. (Source: Google) 39

The Internet as a Lifeline - Posted Photos of Evacuee Lists

Traffic Information in Disaster Area Some car navigation system gathers driving information from navigation unit and the system consolidate information and send traffic information to users. On March 14, Honda released this driving information gathered through their navigation system on the website. This information became instantly available through Twitter and Facebook. Many people thanked that “We could deliver relief supplies”, or “We could reach family and relatives” by using this system. Road with traffic record : Blue No-traffic record : Gray Vehicle congestion : Red 22 March 6 May (Source: website of ITS Japan)

Ⅱ-4. Research and Development - for the future

R&D into Strengthening the Disaster Tolerance (3 rd FY 2011 Supplementary Budget) (1) Research and development of technologies for reducing the incidence of mobile-telephony congestion during disasters This project establishes communication technologies for maintaining the use of voice calling during disasters, when voice communication increases dramatically as users make safety confirmation calls. The technologies make intensive use of nonvoice communication-processing capabilities and of communications equipment located outside the affected regions. (2) Research and development of technologies for autonomous recovery of disaster-damaged infrastructure This project establishes radio communications technologies for ensuring autonomous access by local authorities and public facilities to the Internet and other communications even if the regular communications infrastructure has been damaged by disaster. Data transm ission System having improved flexibility Internet connection Transmitting images of coastal waters Information on we being important Emergency voice calling Wireline network Data line Mobile-telephone network Communications processing capabilities for different services flexibly shared out in the event of disaster (3) Provision of research center at Tohoku University, etc. Research and development, testing/verification/evaluation Forming a world-leading research center Fostering innovation, strengthening collaboration between industry, academia, and government, and promoting standardization and developing results through joint research with universities in the affected regions ● Achieving information and communications networks that are robust in disasters ● Reviving local economic activity in affected regions Japan’s National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT) has provided Tohoku University with test bed facilities for testing, verification, and evaluation supported by the NICT facilities-improvement fund. Provided are communications network testing equipment introducing the world’s most advanced optical transmission technology, used in testing technologies for reducing network congestion; field-portable radio network equipment, used in testing autonomous recovery technologies; and field-portable satellite earth station equipment. 43

R&D on Dynamic Control of Mobile Communication Networks at the Time of a Major Disaster - Flexible reconfiguration of communication processing resources - Maximum possible resources can be directed to basic communication services during a disaster. Next-generation congestion-proof system Voice calls Email, internet Voice calls Music Movies Normal use Files Email, internet Music … Basic communication services … Voice calls Email, internet (emergency message boards) Music Movies Files … Rich media etc. Emergency use Movies Files No possibility to reconfigure or redirect processing resources Voice calls Rich media etc. Email, internet (emergency message boards) Other Dynamic allocation of processing resources 44

R&D on Inter-Cloud Technology for Wide-area Disaster Responses - Sharing resources among multiple cloud systems by optimal communication route after a large-scale disaster - Transfer whole processing functions from one cloud to another within 30 minutes Advantages of the Inter-cloud approach - Individual operators can keep investment costs to a minimum. - Small and medium-sized operators will not be forced out of business. 2 stand-by facilities Cloud 1 Normal load 3 facilities Overload 4 facilities Cloud 2 Use stand-by facilities of other carriers Cloud data center A Cloud 3 1 stand-by facility Boost disaster response capacity by Inter- clouds dispersed around remote regions Available to local businesses in the Tohoku region 1 stand-by facility d Clou nter. I Inter-Cloud test bed Cloud data center C Cloud data center B Technology for instant switching based on validation using JGN-X 45

ITU-T FG-DR&NRR Tokyo, Japan: “Technical Tour of SENDAI CITY” R&D Projects for Resilient Information and Communication Networks in Japan MIC and NICT of Japan are promoting R&D projects for realizing a resilient information and communication network. Please come up to Sendai and check them out on a technical tour on 8 th February, 2013. Project examples: Contact; Mr. Yasuo SHINOZAWA Deputy Director Technology Policy Division Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communication E-mail: resilient-ICT@soumu. go. jp R&D for relieving service congestion in the mobile network caused by disaster ü Under a disaster, a vast amount of voice calls are made in mobile carrier networks and an unprecedented level of traffic (congestion) is generated. ü New network technology applicable to current and next generation networks to relieve service congestion in the network will be explained. Resource reallocation by dynamic control Voice Mail Music Video File By design High priority service Rich media communications In a disaster R&D on the reconfigurable communication “resource unit” for disaster recovery ü A “Resource Unit” which can meet the wide variety of communication demands under a disaster will be explained. ü The “Resource Unit” can be transported by means such as a high-mobility vehicle, can be connected to surviving communication networks, and can reconfigure the damaged networks immediately. Developments of next generation VSATs effective for severe disasters ü Even in the event of a destroyed ground communication infrastructure by disaster, easy and prompt establishment of satellite communications networks secures alternative communication paths. ü New multimode VSATs that can connect to heterogeneous satellite systems using easy procedures in a disaster will be explained.

Thank you for your attention!