Diplomacy and Foreign Policy ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ
1. What is Diplomacy? q Diplomacy is the art and practice of conducting negotiations between representatives of groups or states. . ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻓﻦ ﻭﻣﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﻭﺿﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻤﺜﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺃﻮ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ q Diplomacy usually refers to international diplomacy, the conduct of international relations through the mediation ﻭﺳﺎﻃﺔ of professional diplomats with regard to issues of peacemaking, trade, wars, economics, cultures, environment and human rights. ﻫﻲ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺸﻴﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ، ﻭﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻭﺳﺎﻃﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﺮﻓﻴﻦ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺮﻭﺏ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ . ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ
2. Diplomatic Immunity ﺍﻟﺤﺼﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﺔ q The sanctity of diplomats has long been observed. This sanctity has come to be known as diplomatic immunity. While there have been a number of cases where diplomats have been killed, this is normally viewed as a great breach of honor. ﻣﻨﺬ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﺗﻢ ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻠﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﻴﻦ. ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻣﺔ ﻋﺮﻑ ﺍﻵﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺼﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﺔ. ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﻦ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻗﺘﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﻴﻦ، ﻭﻳﻨﻈﺮ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ . ﺧﺮﻗﺎ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻋﻈﻴﻢ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻑ
q If a diplomat does commit a serious crime while in a host country he may be declared as persona non grata (unwanted person). Such diplomats are then often tried for the crime in their homeland. ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺐ ﺩﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺮﻳﻤﺔ ﺧﻄﻴﺮﺓ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﻭﺟﻮﺩﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﺍﻻﻋﻼﻥ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺑﺎﻧﻪ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻴﻒ ﻓﺎﻧﻪ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺮﻏﻮﺏ ﻓﻴﻪ. ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻣﺤﺎﻛﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ . ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﺮﻳﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻭﻃﻨﻬﻢ
q. Diplomatic communications are also viewed as sacred, and diplomats have long been allowed to carry documents across borders without being searched. The mechanism for this is the so-called “diplomatic bag”. ، ﻭﻳﻨﻈﺮ ﺃﻴﻀﺎ ﻟﻼﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻣﻘﺪﺳﺔ ﻭﻣﻨﺬ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﺗﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺡ ﻟﻠﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﻴﻦ ﺑﺤﻤﻞ ﻭﺛﺎﺋﻖ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻀﻮﻉ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺘﻴﺶ. ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻵﻠﻴﺔ ﺳﻤﻰ ﺏ . " "ﺣﻘﻴﺒﺔ ﺩﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﺔ
q. In times of war, diplomats are often withdrawn for reasons of personal safety, as well as in some cases when the host country is friendly, but there is a perceived threat from internal dissidents. ﻷﺴﺒﺎﺏ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ، ﻛﺜﻴﺮﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺠﺮﻱ ﺳﺤﺐ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ، ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ . ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻴﻒ ﺻﺪﻳﻖ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺗﻬﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﺤﺘﻤﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺸﻘﻴﻦ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻴﻴﻦ q. Ambassadors and other diplomats are sometimes recalled temporarily by their home countries as a way to express displeasure with the host country. ﺳﺘﺪﻋﻮﻥ ﻣﺆﻘﺘﺎ ﺍﻷﺤﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﺮﺍﺀ ﻭﺩﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﻴﻦ آﺨﺮﻳﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ . ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻴﺎﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻴﻒ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻧﻬﻢ ﻛﻮﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻦ q. In both cases, lower-level employees still remain to actually do the business of diplomacy. ﺑﺎﻷﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻠﺘﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺘﻴﻦ، ﻳﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻣﻮﻇﻔﻮﻥ ﺫﻭﻭ ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ . ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﺔ
3. Diplomatic Espionage ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺳﻮﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﺔ Diplomacy is closely linked to espionage or gathering of intelligence. Embassies are bases for both diplomats and spies, and some diplomats are essentially openly acknowledged spies. . ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺒﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎ ﻭﺛﻴﻘﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺠﺴﺲ ﺃﻮ ﺟﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻮﺍﺳﻴﺲ، ﻭﺑﻌﺾ . ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﻴﻦ ﻳﻜﻮﻧﻮﻥ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻓﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻨﺎ ﺑﺄﻨﻬﻢ ﺟﻮﺍﺳﻴﺲ For instance, the job of military attachés includes learning as much as possible about the military of the nation to which they are assigned. They do not try to hide this role and, as such, are only invited to events allowed by their hosts, such as military parades or air shows. ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ، ﻓﺈﻥ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺤﻘﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﻴﻦ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻗﺪﺭ ﺍﻹﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻴﺶ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻌﻴﻨﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ. ﻓﻬﻢ ﻻ ﻳﺤﺎﻭﻟﻮﻥ ﺇﺧﻔﺎﺀ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﻬﻢ ﺩﻋﻥ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ . ﺑﺤﻀﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻭﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﺃﻮ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻭﺽ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻳﺔ
4. Informal Diplomacy ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺮ ﺭﺳﻤﻴﺔ q. Informal diplomacy sometimes called Track II diplomacy has been used for centuries to communicate between powers. ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺮ ﺭﺳﻤﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺃﺤﻴﺎﻧﺎ ﺑﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ . ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻟﻘﺮﻭﻥ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ q. Most diplomats work to recruit persons in other nations who might be able to give informal access to a country's leadership. ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﻴﻦ ﻳﻌﻤﻠﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺠﻨﻴﺪ ﺃﺸﺨﺎﺹ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﺨﺮﻯ ﻟﻴﺘﻤﻜﻨﻮﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺭﺳﻤﻲ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺩﺓ . ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ
• In some situations, such as between the United States and the People's Republic of China a large amount of diplomacy is done through semiformal channels ﻗﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺷﺒﻪ ﺭﺳﻤﻴﺔ using interlocutors such as academic members or think tanks ﻭﺍﻷﺒﺤﺎﺙ ﻣﺮﺍﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮ • ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ، ﻣﺜﻼ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻭﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺒﻴﺔ ﻳﺤﺼﻞ ﻗﺪﺭ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻗﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺷﺒﻪ ﺭﺳﻤﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﺤﺎﻭﺭﻳﻦ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺃﺸﺨﺎﺹ ﺃﻜﺎﺩﻳﻤﻴﻴﻦ ﺃﻮ ﻣﺮﺍﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮ ﻭﺍﻷﺒﺤﺎﺙ
q. Track II diplomacy is a specific kind of informal diplomacy, in which non-officials (academic scholars, retired civil and military officials, public figures, social activists) engage in dialogue, with the aim of conflict resolution, or confidence-building. ﺩﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻫﻲ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺧﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻤﻴﺔ، ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻨﺨﺮﻁ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺆﻮﻟﻴﻦ )ﺃﻜﺎﺩﻳﻤﻴﻴﻦ ﻭﻣﺘﻘﺎﻋﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻇﻔﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺸﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﻴﻦ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﻴﻦ( ﻓﻲ ﺣﻮﺍﺭ، ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻬﺪﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻞ ﻟﺤﻞ . ﺍﻟﻨﺰﺍﻉ ﺃﻮ ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺔ
5. Shuttle Diplomacy ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻛﻴﺔ q. International negotiations conducted by a mediator who frequently travels back and forth between the negotiating parties. For example, Henry Kissinger's shuttle diplomacy in the Middle East. ﺧﻼﻝ ﻭﺳﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺟﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﻭﺿﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻄﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻔﺎﻭﺿﺔ. ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﻳﺴﺎﻓﺮ ﻛﺜﻴﺮﺍ ﺫﻫﺎﺑﺎ ﻭﺇﻳﺎﺑﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ، ﺩﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻫﻨﺮﻱ ﻛﻴﺴﻨﺠﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻛﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻕ . ﺍﻷﻮﺳﻂ
6. Diplomatic Missions ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺜﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﺔ q. The collective term for a group of diplomats from a single country who reside in another country is a diplomatic mission. . ﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻠﺪ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻘﻴﻤﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻠﺪ آﺨﺮ ﺑﻌﺜﺔ ﺩﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﺔ q. Ambassador is the most senior diplomatic rank; a diplomatic mission headed by an ambassador is known as an embassy, with the exception of permanent missions at the United Nations, or other multilateral organizations, which are also headed by ambassadors. . ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻴﺮ ﻫﻮ ﺃﺮﻓﻊ ﺭﺗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﺔ؛ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻌﺜﺔ ﺩﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺑﺮﺋﺎﺳﺔ ﺳﻔﻴﺮ ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺄﻨﻬﺎ ﺳﻔﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻄﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻷﻤﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ، ﺃﻮ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﺴﺘﺜﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ . ﺍﻷﺨﺮﻯ، ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺮﺃﺴﻬﺎ ﺃﻴﻀﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﺮﺍﺀ q. The collective body of all diplomats assigned to a particular country is the diplomatic corps. . ﺳﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﻃﺎﻗﻢ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﻨﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻠﺪ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ
7. Arbitration and mediation ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺳﺎﻃﺔ q. Nations sometimes resort to international arbitration when faced with a specific question or point of contention in need of resolution. ﺍﻷﻤﻢ ﺗﻠﺠﺄ ﺃﺤﻴﺎﻧﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻮﺍﺟﻪ ﻣﺴﺄﻠﺔ . ﺧﻼﻑ ﺗﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﻞ ﻣﺤﺪﺩ ﺃﻮ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ q. Nations are generally accepted to abide by general principles and protocols related to international law and justice. ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻻﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ ﺗﻠﺘﺰﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ . ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺪﺍﻟﺔ
• In such cases, a commission of diplomats might be convened to hear all sides of an issue, and to come sort of ruling based on international law. ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺗﻨﻌﻘﺪ ﻟﺠﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﻴﻦ • ﻓﻲ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﻄﺮﺍﻑ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻗﻀﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﻣﺎ . ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ • Much of this work is often carried out by the International Court of Justice at the Hague, or other formal commissions, agencies and tribunals, working under the United Nations. ﺟﺮﻳﻪ ﻣﺤﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ • ﻛﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻛﺎﻻﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻬﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﻻﻫﺎﻱ، ﺃﻮ ﻏﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻤﻴﺔ . ﺍﻷﻤﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻣﻈﻠﺔ
Activities 1 1)- Write (T) for True and (F) for false: 1 - ( ) Military attachés try to learn as much as possible about the political and civil affairs of the country in which they are based. 2 - ( )A diplomat who is accused of committing serious crimes can be declared persona non grata and must leave the host country. 3 - ( )A country can sometimes recall its ambassador for consultation to express its unhappiness with the host country. 4 - ( ) Track II diplomacy is used by countries in situations where they do not want to engage in formal discussions or take a formal position on an issue. 5 - ( ) International arbitration is often based on rulings from the local laws of the countries in conflict. 6 - ( )A mediator is the highest diplomatic rank in an embassy. 7 - ( )The diplomatic bag can be searched at the airport of the host country.
2)- Provide a term for the following definitions: 1 - ……………. . ………… It is someone who frequently travels back and forth between negotiation parties or countries in effort to reach agreement on disputes. 2 - ……………. . ………… It means the right of diplomats for protection by the host country. 3 - ……………. . ………… Countries resort to it in situations of dispute or conflict which need resolution. 4 - ……………. . ………… it happens in situation which involve academic scholars, think tanks, public figures. 5 - ……………. . ………… it is carried across airports and borders without being searched. 6 - ……………. . ………… The collective term for a group of diplomats from a single country who reside in another country.
3)- Match the words in List (A) with words that relate to them in List (B) A 1. international 2. diplomatic 3. shuttle 4. withdraw 5. military 6. persona 7. international 8. gathering _ B _____ a. attaché _____ b. non-grata _____ c. relations _____ d. arbitration _____ e. of intelligence _____ f. mission _____ g. ambassador ____ h. diplomacy
4)- Complete the sentences below with a word from the list: treaties – channels – mission – intelligence – shuttle 1 - The frequent travels made by Henry Kissinger during the 1973 war is known as ……………. diplomacy. 2 - Some senior or low-level diplomats may sometimes engage in the gathering of …………. about the host country's political, economic or military situations. 3 - A diplomatic ……………. in a host country is often headed by an ambassador. 4 - In some situations, much diplomatic work takes place through semiformal ……………. such as academics, public figures or social activists. 5 - International ……………. are often negotiated between diplomats before they are signed by politicians.
5. Complete the following text with suitable words from the list: activities – anthem – respect – behaviour – rules – etiquette In international politics, protocol is the ……………. of diplomacy and affairs of state. A protocol involves ……………. which guide how an activity should be performed, especially in the field of diplomacy. Protocols specify the generally-accepted ……………. in matters of state and diplomacy, such as showing appropriate ……………. to a head of state, flag, dress code, national ……………. , and other official ……………. and events.
6)- Complete the following: 1. When a diplomat commits a serious crime, he/she ……………. . ………………………………………………………… 2. If countries agree to resort to international arbitration, they …. . . . …………………………………… 3. Track II diplomacy involves …. ……………………………………………………
: 7)- Translate the following into English 1. ﻳﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺟﺢ ﺃﻦ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻲ ﻭﺛﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﻬﺎ. ………………………………………………………………. 2. ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺰﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ، ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺭﺣﻼﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻛﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻷﻄﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻨﺎﺯﻋﺔ. ……………………………… Best Wishes 5102
1=Israel and Hamas Declare 72 -hour Truce Israel and the Palestinian resistance group Hamas started a 72 -hour ceasefire on Friday morning. The halt in hostilities was engineered by America's Secretary of State John Kerry and the U. N. Secretary. General Ban-ki Moon. The humanitarian truce will give Palestinians time to restock on basic supplies such as food and medicines. They also need to repair power stations which have been destroyed during the fighting of the past three weeks. Israelis and Palestinians are also to meet in the Egyptian capital, Cairo, to talk about the possibility of a permanent truce between the two sides. They will talk about resolving the big differences that have caused conflict for decades.
Hamas said it would abide by the pause in fighting. Its spokesman Sami Abu Zuhri said: "Accepting a call by the United Nations and in consideration of the situation of our people, the resistance factions agreed to a 72 -hour humanitarian ceasefire and mutual calm…as long as the other side abides by it. " He added: "All the Palestinian factions are united behind the issue. " The day before the ceasefire was announced, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu said Israel would continue to destroy the tunnels that have been dug under the Gaza-Israel border. John Kerry called the ceasefire "precious time. " He said: "It is a moment for the different factions to be able to come together with the state of Israel. "
Questions 1 1 - TRUE/FALSE: Read the text and check if the following sentences are true (T) or false (F): 1. ( ) Israel and Hamas started a 3 -day ceasefire on Friday morning. 2. ( ) The truce was planned by the leaders of Israel and Hamas. 3. ( ) The two sides will meet in Egypt to talk about a temporary ceasefire 4. ( ) The sides will only discuss the issue of tunnels when they meet. 5. ( ) Hamas said it doubted if Israel would abide by the ceasefire. 6. ( ) Hamas said all Palestinian groups supported the truce. 7. ( ) Israel said it would stop destroying the tunnels during the ceasefire 8. ( ) John Kerry called the ceasefire an important opportunity for all parties.
2 - PHRASE MATCH: Match the following phrases from the article 1. halt in _____ a. the big differences 2. abide by the pause _____ b. between the two sides 3. be able to come _____ c. of our people 4. destroyed _____ d. the Gaza-Israel border 5. permanent truce _____ e. calm 6. mutual _____ f. hostilities 7. caused conflict _____ g. together 8. in consideration of the situation _____ h. during the fighting 9. tunnels that have been dug under _____ i. in fighting 10. resolving _____ j. for decades
3 - Match the following synonyms from the article: 1. calm ______ a. request 2. hostilities ______ b. groups 3. Permanent ______ c. truce 4. Call ______ d. fighting 5. factions ______ e. essential 6. destroy ______ f. commit 7. basic ______ g. quiet 8. abide ______ h. fix 9. ceasefire ______ i. lasting 10. repair ______ j. demolish
4. Choose the correct answer: 1. When did the ceasefire begin? a. Friday afternoon b. it didn't c. Friday morning d. Friday evening 2. What did the Palestinian restock on? a. meat and fish b. basic supplies c. fruit and vegetables d. bandages 3. What do the Palestinians need? a. police stations b. internet c. tunnels d. power stations 4. For how long have the two sides been fighting? a. 18 days b. two weeks c. decades three days 5. What did Hamas say it would abide by? a. the rules b. the ceasefire c. the regulations d. the guidelines 6. What Palestinians agreed to the 72 -hour calm? a. the leaders b. on the leaders c. Palestinian factions d. Hamas 7. When did Netanyahu say Israel would continue to destroy the tunnels? a. next week b. two weeks ago c. he didn't say d. the day before the ceasefire 8. What did John Kerry call the ceasefire? a. precious moment b. wasted opportunity c. a moment of history
5 - Find an opposite to the following words: 1. calm x …………………. . 2. permanent x …………………. . 3. Continue x …………………. . 4. take x …………………. . 5. differences x …………………. . 6. destroy x …………………. . 7. precious x …………………. . 8. started x …………………. . 6 - Put each of the following words in a sentence: 1. ceasefire……………………. . ………………… 2. supplies……………………. . …………………
: 7)- Translate the following into English ﺍﻃﻼﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺭ ﻃﺎﻟﻤﺎ 1. ﺗﻠﺘﺰﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻄﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﻮﻗﻒ ﺍﻻﺳﺮﺍﺋﻴﻠﻲ ﺑﻮﻗﻒ ﻋﺪﻭﺍﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﻣﺖ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻄﻴﻨﻲ. . . . . . 2. ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺒﺖ ﺍﺳﺮﺍﺋﻴﻞ ﺟﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﺣﺮﺏ ﺑﺤﻖ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻏﺰﺓ ﻭﻳﺠﺐ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﺍﺳﺮﺍﺋﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺮﺍﺋﻤﻬﺎ ﻭﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﺎﺭ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻄﻴﻨﻲ. . . . . . Best Wishes
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