Digitisation Case Studies Emma Tonkin Interoperability Focus Officer UKOLN is supported by: www. ukoln. ac. uk A centre of expertise in digital information management www. bath. ac. uk
Approaching digitisation: things to do first • Copyright issues – Is the resource copyrighted? – To whom does the copyright default? • Document preparation • Conservation condition – Handling issues • In what order should digitisation occur? www. ukoln. ac. uk A centre of expertise in digital information management
“Look Before You Leap” www. ukoln. ac. uk A centre of expertise in digital information management
Before digitisation • Specifying and sourcing equipment • Source and destination formats – “The nice thing about standards is that there are so many to choose from” • Purpose of records: – Web-based access, download, supplying highquality copy, sales? • Managing collection requirements – Expected size, bandwidth requirements… www. ukoln. ac. uk A centre of expertise in digital information management
Case Study: Hantsphere http: //ahds. ac. uk/creating/case-studies/tracing-copyright/ • The Hantsphere project, organised via Hampshire County Council, was creating a local studies resource on the history and heritage of Hampshire, digitising, amongst other objects, postcards, photographs and prints from the late 18 th century to the present day. • A licence form was developed using advice from external legal sources; however, much advice given was very conservative, so the project chose to develop their own form based on similar projects. • The first step: determining copyright status of the objects – this was confused by the fact that several photographs were copies. www. ukoln. ac. uk A centre of expertise in digital information management
Case Study: Hantsphere • Existing leads were researched, often revealing that the original copyright owning entities were no longer in business; rights were then traced via Companies House and official government sites. • Local networks of knowledge were found particularly helpful in locating potential copyright holders, particularly senior and long -standing librarians, local history groups, and those involved in cataloguing the resources for the project. • Although time-consuming, the research undertaken helped the project expand its knowledge about the materials being digitised, as well as gaining public attention and effectively advertising the project. www. ukoln. ac. uk A centre of expertise in digital information management
Case Study: Bristol Bio. Med http: //www. tasi. ac. uk/resources/biomed. html • First created as a videodisc in the early ’ 90 s, Bristol Bio. Med included donated teaching slides from medical, dental and veterinary teaching staff to form a shared resource of approx. 20, 000 images. • Rights were re-negotiated with the donors to allow the images to be digitised for storage and delivery on CDROMS and networks, such as the Web. • Patient ethics was also a concern: images needed to be screened for compliance with the law, and patient permission obtained where necessary. www. ukoln. ac. uk A centre of expertise in digital information management
“Be Prepared” www. ukoln. ac. uk A centre of expertise in digital information management
Benchmarking • Investigating settings – Trial and error, informed guessing, experience? – Consider document type, characteristics and creation process www. ukoln. ac. uk A centre of expertise in digital information management
Benchmarking text/image content • Setting realistic requirements given source material: • Quality indexes • Resolution requirements – For legibility, stroke rendering, avoiding rendering effects • Greyscale or colour? www. ukoln. ac. uk A centre of expertise in digital information management
Benchmarking audio content • Quality of source material: – Wax cylinders, analogue tapes or discs, wire recordings, open-spool tape, CD, Mini. Disc, CD-R, PC files, DAT? • Appropriate storage formats: CD? • Appropriate output formats: – CD, mp 3, streaming audio… www. ukoln. ac. uk A centre of expertise in digital information management
Benchmarking video content • Quality of source material: – Video tape eg. c-format, quad, video cassette, Betamax, 8 mm, Hi-8, digital formats eg. D 1 D 3, D 5, DCT, S-VHS, DVCAM, file formats… • Appropriate storage formats: ? • Appropriate output formats: depend on quality requirements, platform and bandwidth? www. ukoln. ac. uk A centre of expertise in digital information management
Case Study: Staffordshire Past Track http: //www. tasi. ac. uk/resources/staffordshire. html • Staffordshire Past Track is a Web-based multimedia archive related to the history and cultural heritage of Staffordshire, mostly comprised of photographic or printed images from the past 150 years. • A proportion of images were inherited from previous projects. Some were of small dimensions and saved in JPEG, others were large, scanned at 600 dpi. • The rest were scanned using a flatbed scanner, a slide or transparency adaptor, digital camera, or contributed by other users – these varied in quality. www. ukoln. ac. uk A centre of expertise in digital information management
Case Study: Staffordshire Past Track http: //www. tasi. ac. uk/resources/staffordshire. html • A set of guidelines were developed for the project’s use detailing image capturing, which provided a guide as to expected bit depth and output file size, for various media types and original image sizes. However, where visual inspection showed that these guidelines were inappropriate (on images with many small features, for example) other resolutions were chosen. • “Inherited” images required reprocessing in order to integrate them with the new content. www. ukoln. ac. uk A centre of expertise in digital information management
“A place for everything…” (and everything in its place) www. ukoln. ac. uk A centre of expertise in digital information management
Metadata • Getting ready: collecting required information • Developing appropriate metadata schema • Appropriate storage for metadata www. ukoln. ac. uk A centre of expertise in digital information management
Case Study: Bristol Biomedical Image Archive Metadata http: //www. tasi. ac. uk/resources/biomed. html • A variable amount of contributed metadata was attached to each Bristol Bio. Med image. • Semantic and syntactic inconsistencies, use of synonyms and alternative spelling forms limited its usefulness. • The metadata was potentially valuable, but required a more disciplined categorisation system; a subject-specific, controlled vocabulary capability was required. The National Library of Medicine Subject Headings (Me. SH) was selected, and defined cataloguing categories used (extended Dublin Core Metadata Element Set). • Lesson Learnt: A clear set of guidelines for the provision of metadata are necessary for image donations; conforming metadata means quicker, more efficient and more accurate data entry. www. ukoln. ac. uk A centre of expertise in digital information management
“Keeping an eye on things” www. ukoln. ac. uk A centre of expertise in digital information management
Ongoing quality control • During capture process… • After capture process. • Defining acceptable quality for resource • Checking quality of metadata • Taking user feedback – accidents happen www. ukoln. ac. uk A centre of expertise in digital information management
Case Study: Staffordshire Past Track http: //www. tasi. ac. uk/resources/staffordshire. html • Staffordshire Past Track included several levels of quality control: • Adjustments were made in the scanning application to ensure contrast prior to the final scan. • Photoshop was used for necessary adjustments, such as rotation, deskewing, dust removal, brightness/contrast or levels adjustments. Optimisation was done with reference to the original immediately after scanning. www. ukoln. ac. uk A centre of expertise in digital information management
Case Study: Staffordshire Past Track • Raw images were retained on magnetic tape backup as uncompressed TIFF files, write-protected to avoid overwriting. • A little optimisation was done following the resizing process that created the delivery images, which were saved as high quality JPGs. • Sample images were checked by someone independent of the team to ensure their quality; less than 5% required correction/rescanning. www. ukoln. ac. uk A centre of expertise in digital information management
“Getting what you want!” www. ukoln. ac. uk A centre of expertise in digital information management
Resource Delivery • • Access Exposure Search Quality www. ukoln. ac. uk A centre of expertise in digital information management
Case Study: Natural Sound Archives http: //www. scielo. br/pdf/aabc/v 76 n 2/a 41 v 76 n 2. pdf • The British Library Sound Archive holds over 5 million recordings of music, speech and bioaccoustical sounds, with about 140, 000 bioaccoustic recordings, such as birdsong and other vocalisations, stored on audio CD or analogue quarterinch tape. . • These are most frequently accessed by on-site listening, or by supplying direct copies of the samples and their documentation, by sale or otherwise. • Today, broadcasting on web sites, television and radio broadcast has become a more popular option, as has direct networking over the Internet. www. ukoln. ac. uk A centre of expertise in digital information management
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